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PubMed1994

Toward a comprehensive biomechanical injury cost model.

The proposed biomechanical injury cost model utilizes surrogate-based injury assessment functions to predict the probability of occurrence and the probable cost of specific injuries to the head, thorax, abdomen, and lower extremities. The resulting probability cost is a function of the number, location, and severity of injuries. As more precise injury assessment functions and more accurate cost estimates become available, the model will become an effective tool for comparing and classifying different injury patterns.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗
PubMed1997

Cervical spine injury in maxillofacial trauma.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the incidence of associated facial injuries and injuries to the cervical spine. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Teaching hospital, India. SUBJECTS: 536 patients treated for maxillofacial injuries between January 1992 and November 1993. INTERVENTIONS: Review of hospital case notes and radiographs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Coexisting facial and cervical spine injuries, morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: 16 patients (3%) had sustained both facial and cervical spine injuries. There were 14 men (median age 40, range 21-64) and 2 women (aged 19 and 30). In 10 of the 16 patients the cause of the injury was a road traffic accident. In 11 patients the facial injury was to the soft tissue only, in 4 it was to both hard and soft tissue, and in 1 it was to hard tissue only. Soft tissue damage to the midface was more likely to be associated with injuries in the area of C5-7 and that to the lower third of the face was more likely to be associated with damage to the upper cervical spine. 11 patients had neurological deficits as a result of their injuries and 2 died. CONCLUSION: If diagnosis and treatment of simultaneous facial and cervical spine injuries are to be improved, further study of the biomechanics of injury is necessary.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2004

Bicycle helmets--does the dental profession have a role in promoting their use?

OBJECTIVES: To review the available literature regarding the: epidemiology of bicycle related head injuries; consequences of head injuries; rates of cycle helmet use; impact of educational campaigns and legislation on usage rates; effectiveness of cycle helmets in protecting against head and facial injuries; arguments against the compulsory use of bicycle helmets. DATA SOURCES: A computerised Medline search was conducted using the keywords: head injury, facial injury, bicycle helmets, accidents. DATA SELECTION: All available information was considered. DATA SYNTHESIS: Data was collated manually. CONCLUSIONS: The wearing of bicycle helmets contributes significantly to the prevention of head injuries (HI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly in children and adolescents. There is evidence to support the role of cycle helmets in the prevention of injuries to the middle third of the face and some dental injuries. There is a case for the implementation of legislation accompanied by educational campaigns to increase significantly the use of cycle helmets. The dental profession could: play an active role in promoting cycle helmet use; support calls for the compulsory wearing of cycling helmets, particularly for children; press for modification of helmet design and standards to increase protection of the face.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2000

[Injuries sustained in dinghy-sailing by beginners: an analysis].

In the sailing season of 1998 536 students have been assigned to a study investigating injuries that happened during beginners courses of dinghy-sailing. They were advised to document all injuries even minor ones and their circumstances while being on the boat. Injuries of the upper extremities were found in 39.5%, the head was affected in 32.4%, the lower extremities was injured in 26.5% and 1.6% had injuries of neck and/or trunk. Various types of injuries were observed: contusions in 55.1%, graze of skin in 17.2%, cuts and tears in 14.3%, bruises in 6.3%, tender spots, blisters and callus in 4.6%, lacerations in 1.7%, pulled muscles in 0.4% and fractures were seen in 0.4%. Typical situations in which injuries occurred were the collision with the main boom (31.1%), the rigging up and down (13%), capsizing (10.50%), docking and casting off (9.7%), the handling of the sheets (9.2%), the conditions in the harbour (8.8%) and slipping while onboard (6.8%). It becomes apparent that contusions and gazes of the head are caused by the standing rigging in contrast to skin-graze, lacerations, cuts and bruises which are rather caused by the running rigging. There is a higher risk of injuries for the helmsman than for the foredeckhand. However the incidence is evenly distributed among the sexes. Moreover there are significant differences in the accident rate concerning the direction and the strength of wind. Stronger and onshore winds make the sailor more accident-prone.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1959

Whiplash injury.

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Humans↗
PubMed1984

Wounds caused by tight contact with the barrel-cylinder gap of revolvers.

A case is presented in which the recognition of a tight cylinder gap contact wound was crucial. Experiments were carried out to reproduce the wound which was noted on the hand of a robbery suspect. Tight contact with the cylinder gap of a revolver produces a characteristic, readily recognizable wound. It is characterized by an L-shaped pattern of powder residue. Along one axis a searing burn may occur which may be deep and which may lead to significant tissue destruction.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Fatal big cat attacks.

Two cases of fatal attacks by large cats are presented. In the first case, a 30-year-old female zoo worker was attacked by a jaguar that had escaped its cage. In the second case, a 2-year-old girl was fatally injured by her father's pet leopard. The pattern of injuries in these cases is nearly identical to those of these cats' prey in the wild.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Impalement wounds of the head and chest by reinforced steel bars with recovery: an unusual case report.

A 31-year-old male who sustained completely penetrating impalement wounds of the head and chest by reinforced steel bars in a fall at a ferroconcrete building construction with a miraculous survival is reported. The bars were successfully removed; a surgical mallet was required to loosen the bar impacted in the patient's head. After 12 days he was discharged, and he has returned to construction work and is well 3 years postinjury.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2004

Specific occupant and collision characteristics are associated with motor vehicle collision-related blunt cerebrovascular artery injury.

BACKGROUND: Blunt cerebrovascular artery injury (BCI) remains difficult to diagnose but is recognized with increasing frequency after motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). Failure to detect this injury in a timely fashion can be devastating. Criteria that can be used to heighten the suspicion of this injury have been suggested; however, more encompassing screening has been recommended. To address this need, we sought to describe occupant, vehicle, and collision characteristics among MVC occupants who sustained a BCI. METHODS: All cases of BCI identified in the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System, a national probability sample of passenger vehicles involved in police-reported tow-away MVCs, between 1993 and 2001 were selected. Information on occupant (e.g., demographics, seating position, and restraint use), collision (e.g., collision type and severity), and vehicle characteristics were obtained and summarized using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Nine-hundred forty individuals with BCI were identified in the Crashworthiness Data System data files. Over half were belted (57.4%) and 82.3% had airbag deployment; 16.2% were partially or completely ejected from the vehicle. Head and thoracic injuries were common (44.4% and 40.8%, respectively); 27.8% sustained a cervical spine fracture and 21.0% sustained a soft-tissue injury to the neck. The mean Injury Severity Score was 33.6. The case fatality rate was 44.5%. The majority of BCI occupants were drivers (76.0%). Among belted occupants, the lap/shoulder was the most commonly attributed as the injury source (61.4%). Among unbelted occupants, frequent injury sources included air bags (15.0%), windshield (13.7%), and other interior objects. With respect to collision characteristics, the average change in velocity (Delta V) was 43.3 km/h. The majority of collisions were frontal (76.2%). CONCLUSION: This study indicates that BCI is both a rare and lethal injury typified by specific occupant and collision characteristics. These characteristics provide insight as to the cause of this injury that may aid in the evaluation and management of the blunt trauma patient at risk for BCI.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

Physical activity, trauma, and ALS: a case-control study.

AIMS: The association of trauma and physical activity with ALS is controversial. We explored the relation in a pilot case-control study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: ALS patients were selected from a university muscle disease clinic and paired with two matched controls: one from the clinic, but having different diseases, and one from the community. RESULTS: We found several strong and statistically significant differences between ALS cases and the matched controls. These included severe head, neck and back injury (OR = 5.3), the frequency of sweating in work (OR = 1.6) or leisure activity (also OR = 1.6), and earning a school letter (OR = 3.1). Other measures of trauma and activity, while not achieving statistical significance (p < 0.05), were in accord with these findings. DISCUSSION: Possible explanations include trauma and vigorous exercise precipitating ALS; trauma as an early sign of disease; or a third factor associated with ALS predisposing to injury. CONCLUSIONS: Severe head, neck, and back injury and frequency of sweating both in work and leisure activity showed a strong association with ALS. Further study could test narrower and less common exposures with greater statistical power.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMed2003

A 16 year study of injuries to professional boxers in the state of Victoria, Australia.

OBJECTIVES: Concerns about the significant injury risks in boxers have been well documented. To inform the continuing debate, updated information about the risk of injury for participants, and suitable means of modifying or preventing these risks, need to be identified. METHODS: Data describing all professional boxing fight outcomes and injuries sustained during competition, from August 1985 to August 2001, were obtained from the Victorian Professional Boxing and Combat Sports Board. RESULTS: A total of 107 injuries were recorded from 427 fight participations, corresponding to an injury rate of 250.6 injuries per 1000 fight participations. The most commonly injured body region was the head/neck/face (89.8%), followed by the upper extremities (7.4%). Specifically, injuries to the eye region (45.8%) and concussion (15.9%) were the most common. About three quarters of all injuries were lacerations/open wounds or superficial. No information was available on the mechanism of injury. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should collect information on the mechanism of injury, as this is crucial for the development and implementation of effective injury prevention strategies. A suggested boxing injury report form is provided to facilitate this.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1990

Whiplash injury.

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Humans↗