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PubMed1998

Facilitation of picture naming by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation of Wernicke's area.

On the basis of an evolutionary concept of language it was postulated that activation of the motor systems for arm movements, which are phylogenetically older, should facilitate language processes. In aphasic subjects picture naming can be improved by a concomitant movement of the dominant arm. In the present study it was investigated whether a similar facilitation can be observed in normal subjects by studying the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on picture naming latencies. Suprathreshold focal TMS was applied to the left motor cortex for proximal arm muscles in right-handed subjects. The effects were compared with TMS of Wernicke's area. While TMS of the motor cortex and the non-dominant temporal lobe had no facilitatory effects, TMS of Wernicke's area decreased picture naming latencies significantly when TMS preceded picture presentation by 500 or 1000 ms. The observed effects depended on the intensity of the stimulus used. While clearly present with intensities of 35% and 55% of maximum output the facilitation disappeared with higher stimulation intensities. It is concluded that focal magnetic stimulation is able to facilitate lexical processes due to a general preactivation of language-related neuronal networks when delivered over Wernicke's area.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

IGF-I, 17beta-estradiol and progesterone in SHR and in rats treated with L-NAME: fetal-placental development.

METHODS: The relationship between progesterone (P4), 17beta-estradiol, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and embryonic and fetal development, were examined. Female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: control untreated (n=60) and treated (n=63) with L-NAME (N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), 15 mg/day in drinking water from the first day after mating to day 18 of gestation. A further group was formed (n=63) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Mean systolic blood pressure was recorded daily. On days 6, 11 and 18 of pregnancy, the number of sites of implantation, litter and placenta weight was examined. In addition, serum levels of P4, 17beta-estradiol and IGF-I were determined. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mmHg) increased significantly in L-NAME and SHR rats over the course of the experiment. On day 6 of pregnancy, in the L-NAME group the number of implantation sites, levels of IGF-I and 17beta-estradiol were significantly lower than in the control group. In SHR, only the concentration of IGF-I was low (p<0.05). In contrast, on day 11 of pregnancy no variation was found in the parameters under study. On day 18 of gestation, a significant decrease in litter and placenta weight, concentration of P4 and IGF-I was observed in the experimental groups. CONCLUSION: The data further suggest that nitric oxide might regulate IGF-I production, indicating that growth factors may play an important role in fetal-placental development.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

L-NAME has opposite effects on the productions of S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine in V12-H-Ras and M-CR3B-Ras pheochromocytoma cells.

Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing, nonproteinogenic, neurotoxic amino acid biosynthesized during methyl cycles after demethylation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and subsequent hydrolysis of SAH into homocysteine and adenosine. Formed homocysteine is either catabolized into cystathionine (transsulfuration pathway) by cystathionine beta-synthase, or remethylated into methionine (remethylation pathway) by methionine synthase. To demonstrate the specificity of Ras-elicited effects on the activity of methyl cycles, wild-type pheochromocytoma PC12, mutant oncogenic rasH gene (MVR) expressing PC12 pheochromocytoma and normal c-rasH stably transfected M-CR3B cells were incubated with the N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and manumycin, (inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase and farnesyltransferase, respectively). We have found that L-NAME significantly changes the SAM/SAH ratio in both MCR and MVR cells. Moreover, these alterations have reciprocal character; in the MCR cells, the SAM/SAH ratio was raised, whereas in the MVR cells this ratio was decreased. We conclude that depletion of endogenous NO with L-NAME increased the production of SAH only in cells with mutated oncogenic RasH, possibly through enhancement of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress can increase cystathionine beta-synthase activity that switches methyl cycles from remethylation into transsulfuration pathway to maintain the intracellular glutathione pool (essential for the redox-regulating capacity of cells) via an adaptive process.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of stimulus repetition on the naming behavior of an aphasic adult: a clinical report.

This report describes the content of a management program aimed at enhancing naming skills in an adult aphasic. A single therapeutic variable, stimulus repetition, was examined as to its effect upon the aims of the management program. The data indicate that large amounts of stimulus repetition did not enhance naming skills in this S more than did small amounts of stimulus repetition. More importantly, the data suggest that the application of a systematic management program did enhance the naming skills of this subject. The need to investigate the clinical effectiveness of routinely employed therapeutic variables is discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1985

The effect of homogeneous versus heterogeneous stimuli on the confrontation-naming performance of aphasics.

The effect of semantic grouping on confrontation-naming performances of 16 fluent and 10 nonfluent aphasics was examined. Subjects were tested under two testing conditions: homogeneous stimuli within one semantic category and heterogeneous stimuli from several semantic categories. Both the response latencies and the number of correct responses were considered, as well as the types of naming errors produced. Performances of the aphasics were not uniformly facilitated in one naming condition over the other. Some of the individual patients, however, did appear to display performance discrepancies between the two conditions. Clinical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diversity of patterns of improvement in confrontation naming rehabilitation: some tentative hypotheses.

A previous group analysis of the effects of a computerized written naming rehabilitation program revealed global improvement with generalization of benefits to untrained items and to untreated oral naming (Deloche et al., 1992). The present multiple single-case analysis of the data indicates a variety of patterns of improvement and of generalization effects among individual patients. Patterns of relationships between written and oral naming behaviors help to explain the type of improvement that was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Decreased renin release and constant kallikrein secretion after injection of L-NAME in isolated perfused rat kidney.

A possible role of the endothelial L-arginine/NO pathway in the control of renal hemodynamics, renin release and kallikrein secretion was studied in an isolated rat kidney model perfused in a closed-circuit. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 1-50 microM), an inhibitor of nitric oxide biosynthesis, caused a dose-dependent increase in perfusion pressure (PP) and a dose-dependent decrease in renal perfusate flow. Renin release was inhibited independently of a rise in PP. L-NAME did not change the urinary kallikrein secretion. These results confirm the intervention of the L-arginine/NO pathway in the vasodilation of this isolated perfused kidney model and demonstrate the inhibitory effect of L-NAME on renin release. They suggest that nitric oxide synthesis plays a role in stimulating renin release and is not involved in the regulation of urinary kallikrein secretion.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

L-NAME and MK-801 attenuate sensitization to the locomotor-stimulating effect of cocaine.

Locomotor activity was tested daily following cocaine injections across 21 consecutive days. Subjects were pretreated 30-min before testing with physiological saline, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAME), or the NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801. Other rats received daily injections of physiological saline instead of cocaine just prior to testing. Rats pretreated with saline and injected daily with cocaine showed increased locomotor activity across the 21-day test period. L-NAME pretreatment depressed cocaine-stimulated locomotor activity, while MK-801 pretreatment increased locomotor activity. To test for behavioral sensitization to cocaine, rats were injected with cocaine 72 hours after their last daily injections. Sensitization was seen in saline pretreated subjects injected daily with cocaine compared to subjects injected daily with saline only, but both L-NAME and MK-801 pretreatment strongly attenuated cocaine sensitization. This finding is consistent with the proposed roles of nitric oxide and NMDA-receptors in cellular adaptation and learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Sex differences and ethnic variations in speed of automatized naming.

White American-Caucasian children from 6-12 yr showed significant sex differences on four tasks of rapid automatized naming; and in each case, girls outperformed boys. American-Chinese, native Japanese and native Korean schoolchildren did not differ from American-Caucasians in naming speed when scores for boys and girls were combined. However, in the three Asian subgroups, there were no sex differences on any naming task. It is suggested that biological as well as experiential factors contribute to behavioral sex differences; and that biological (genetic) variables associated with mating group membership modify the expression of cognitive sex differences.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Autonomic recognition of names and faces in prosopagnosia: a neuropsychological application of the Guilty Knowledge Test.

A prosopagnosic was shown two sets of faces, one comprised of famous personalities, the other of family members. After he was allowed to visually inspect each face, he was given five names, one of which was correct. Skin conductance was continuously recorded. He could not identify any of the faces spontaneously, and performed at chance level when given multiple choice names. However, electrodermal responses indicated far more accurate discrimination between correct and incorrect names, suggesting that the patient "recognized" facial identity at the psychophysiological level. Neuropsychological mechanisms for this phenomenon, which in this case involve multiple visual-limbic interrelationships, are postulated. The method appears useful for studying islands of spared recognition ability in associative agnosia.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Confrontation naming in parkinsonian patients: post-operative anomia revisited.

Forty-three consecutively admitted Parkinsonian patients, of whom over a third had undergone stereotactic surgery about a decade previously, and a small control group were given a confrontation naming task. A number of comparisons were made, under the rubrics of success in naming, types of error and response latency, in an attempt to ascertain whether evidence of post-operative anomia could be detected. No such evidence was found. However, Parkinsonian lesions were shown to exert a constant quantitative effect on performance in the confrontation naming of objects.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Semantically-bounded anomia: implications for the neural implementation of naming.

We describe a patient whose anomia is disproportionately severe for fruits and vegetables when familiarity and name frequency are taken into account. His fruit and vegetable naming impairment was evident in a variety of different tasks. In contrast, he retained good general knowledge of fruits and vegetables, and he could access their names when given a phonemic cue. We discuss the phenomenon of semantically-bounded anomia in relation to the issues of local vs distributed representation, the existence of semantic "maps" in the brain, and the implementation of arbitrary associations in neural networks.

Anomia↗
PubMed1994

Impaired retrieval of object-colour knowledge with preserved colour naming.

Two cases (G.G. and A.V.) are described of cognitive impairment resulting from herpes simplex infection. Both cases demonstrated anomic disorders and impairments in drawing but only in G.G.'s drawings was there a reliable selective impairment for items from natural categories. Both cases, however, showed an impairment for the retrieval of knowledge concerning the colours of objects. The impairment has, in the past, been ascribed to interference from colour anomia; this was not so for the present cases. For G.G. and A.V., impairments in object-colour retrieval were related to errors in picture naming. More errors were associated with items that induced circumlocutions than to those that were correctly named. The impairment was also present for some items that were named correctly. The patients' impairments are discussed within a model in which object-colour knowledge is functionally situated between an object's shape description and its output phonology but on a separate route from other associated object knowledge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Pure anomia with spared action naming due to a left temporal lesion.

We report the case of a patient who, after surgical ablation of an angioma in the depth of the left temporal lobe, developed a highly selective impairment of naming. A detailed investigation allowed to exclude a disorder of visual recognition or of semantic memory, and indicated the output lexicon as the most probable site of impairment. Grammatical class effects, with superior action naming, and a high consistency within and across output modalities further characterized the patient's performance. Together with some other recently reported cases, this patient suggests a correlation between temporal lobe lesions outside Wernicke's area and output lexicon disorders. A relatively spared action naming seems to be a characteristic feature of this pattern of impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The emergence of the capacity to name left visual field stimuli in a callosotomy patient: implications for functional plasticity.

Callosotomized patient J.W. has a well-documented history of right hemisphere language abilities, including an auditory and visual lexical-semantic system with limited phonology and syntax. However, J.W. has not previously exhibited the ability to name stimuli presented to the left visual field (LVF). We report the emergence of this ability. Experiments were conducted in which pictures and text were presented to the subject's LVF using retinal stabilization techniques to ensure lateralization. J.W. was able to correctly name approximately one-quarter of these stimuli under a variety of presentation conditions. The newly developed ability to respond verbally to complex LVF stimuli can be the result of (1) enhanced inter-hemispheric transfer of information via sub-cortical pathways, (2) sophisticated cross cueing strategies, or (3) control of motor speech in the right hemisphere. Although it appears that the first two mechanisms make a contribution to J.W.'s LVF naming performance, accuracy for unpredictable stimulus sets and the error patterns require acknowledgement that control of motor speech is now available to the right hemisphere.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Aphasic naming: what matters?

This paper investigates the factors which affect naming performance for two groups of aphasic subjects. The effects of word age-of-acquisition, operativity, frequency, familiarity, imageability, concreteness, length and the visual complexity of the stimulus picture were examined. In contrast to previous studies, we found remarkably small effects of word frequency on naming performance; these studies, we argue, have failed to control sufficiently for the effects of variables which intercorrelate with frequency. However, many patients were significantly affected by age-of-acquisition even when any effects of frequency and familiarity had been accounted for. Operativity, imageability and word length were also predictive of naming performance for some of the patients investigated, unlike visual complexity. The applicability of conclusions drawn from groups of aphasics is again thrown into doubt, as these two groups showed different patterns of predictor variables, and the variables affecting the performance of individuals could be different from those affecting the group.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Surface color naming in dichromats.

In previous experiments, Montag and Boynton [(1987) Vision Research, 27, 2153-2162] found that many dichromats can categorize colors using color naming in fair agreement with color-normal subjects. The contribution of rods to color vision was suspected as underlying this ability. Here we follow up on these experiments by having dichromats name colors under various conditions. When the stimuli are limited to a brief presentation time (60 msec) the dichromats' categorization in the three dimensions of the OSA color space is impaired. Using high light levels so that the rods are saturated does not impair performance. The dichromats named colors during the period of the cone plateau following a rod bleach. Contrary to Montag and Boynton (1987) there was no deficit. These results suggest that an anomalous third cone pigment is responsible for the categorization in three dimensions. It is concluded that the receptors containing the anomalous pigment require greater temporal and spatial summation in order to contribute to the dichromats' color categorization.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1986

Rapid alternating stimulus naming in the developmental dyslexias.

A rapid, alternating stimulus (RAS) naming measure was designed to study the developing ability in dyslexic readers to direct attention to contextual patterns while performing a rapid serial naming task. The results from a 3-year longitudinal investigation of 98 children indicate three trends. RAS performances differentiate both average from impaired readers and dyslexic subgroups from each other. The largest, most impaired subgroup can not complete the RAS tasks in kindergarten; the smaller subgroups have little name access speed deficits. Early RAS performances are highly predictive of later reading, particularly at the single-word reading level. Implications for understanding the development of automaticity and the relationship between retrieval speed and reading are discussed.

Child↗