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PubMed1991

Effect of a controlled-release albendazole capsule on parasitism and productivity of sheep.

The efficacy of intraruminal albendazole (ABZ) capsules (Profitril-Captec) and the effect of treatment on productivity were studied in 300 ewes infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and the trematode Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Coprological tests revealed that treated animals remained negative for 10 weeks after the administration of capsules. Contamination of pasture with nematode larvae was significantly reduced during the whole experiment. Necropsy of 14 animals (seven treated and seven untreated) showed 96.9-99.2% efficacy against the nematodes Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Trichuris ovis, while efficacy was 88.5% against D. dendriticum. During the 6 month pasture season (May-October 1989), treated ewes produced on average 2.56 kg cheese and 0.6 kg wool per ewe more than untreated controls. Our study confirms the reliability of the ABZ slow-release capsules over 90 days and the positive effect of treatment on nematode contamination of pasture and ewe productivity.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1991

Chemoprophylaxis of coccidiosis in lambs with a single oral dose of toltrazuril.

The prophylactic efficacy of a single oral dose of toltrazuril against coccidiosis (mixed Eimeria infections) in naturally infected lambs was evaluated in two experiments. Toltrazuril at 20 mg kg-1, given on Day 7 or Day 10 after turnout on pasture, proved to be highly efficacious in preventing clinical coccidiosis under Norwegian conditions. Toltrazuril reduced the oocyst output to very low levels, prevented the development of diarrhoea and improved weight gain during the first 4-5 weeks after treatment. Treatment on Day 7 was superior to treatment on Day 10 with respect to improving weight gain and preventing the development of soft faeces. Lambs treated with toltrazuril on Day 7 seemed to be as immune as untreated lambs to natural reinfections with coccidia later in the grazing season. In one of the experiments, natural infections with the nematode Nematodirus battus produced a coccidiosis-like disease in some lambs simultaneously with the outbreak of coccidiosis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dirofilarial infection presenting as a facial mass: case report of an emerging zoonosis.

Dirofilariasis is a parasitic infection caused by nematodes. Human infection remains rare but is increasing in scope, particularly in endemic areas. Dirofilariasis typically presents as a subcutaneous mass or with pulmonary nodules. Here, we present the case of a 73-year-old woman whose asymptomatic facial mass was caused by dirofilarial infection. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dirofilariasis of the head and neck will be discussed. In endemic areas, dirofilariasis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of facial masses.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Suppression of in vivo polyclonal IgE responses by monoclonal antibody to the lymphokine B-cell stimulatory factor 1.

The lymphokine B-cell stimulatory factor 1 (BSF-1) has been shown to greatly enhance the differentiation of lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells into IgG1- and IgE-secreting cells in vitro. To determine whether in vivo IgG1 and IgE antibody responses are BSF-1 dependent, the ability of a monoclonal rat IgG1 anti-BSF-1 antibody, 11B11, to affect polyclonal IgG1 and IgE production in mice infected with the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or injected with a purified goat antibody to mouse IgD was studied. 11B11-containing ascites fluid or purified 11B11 strongly inhibited IgE production in both systems but did not affect IgG1 production, while control ascites or normal rat IgG1 had no IgE-inhibitory activity. These results indicate an important physiologic role for BSF-1 in the generation of IgE antibody responses and suggest means for limiting the production of antibodies responsible for allergic reactions without inhibiting protective antibody responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Delay in timing of the oxfendazole pulse release bolus in calves in The Netherlands.

The efficacy of the oxfendazole pulse release bolus (OPRB) was tested in a grazing experiment at the University of Utrecht. Three groups of four OPRB-treated calves and one group of four untreated control calves were grazed on separate pastures between 18 May and 21 October 1987. Based on faecal egg counts for strongyle-type eggs and Nematodirus eggs, embryonation of Nematodirus eggs and faecal larval counts for lungworm, the first pulse of oxfendazole was released after 28 to 63 days, which was later than the period of approximately three weeks indicated by the manufacturer and others. As far as could be detected, the second to fifth pulses were not as delayed, but generally the three-week period was also exceeded. This delayed release of the pulse resulted in a build-up of pasture infectivity for gastrointestinal nematode larvae and lungworm larvae. Nevertheless, this did not result in clinical gastrointestinal helminthiasis and husk in the treated groups of calves, whereas severe husk and mild gastrointestinal helminthiasis were seen in the control group.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Response to immunized, parenterally nourished rats to challenge infection with the nematode, Trichinella spiralis.

Experiments were desinged to test the hypothesis that structural and chemical changes in the small intestine associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) alter relationships between hosts and enteric parasites. Parenteral feeding of rats immunized to Trichinella spiralis (nematoda) led to a decrease in gut mass. This was reflected by a significant drop in gut wet weight and reductions in mucosal dry weight, DNA, protein, carbohydrate and lipid. These changes were accompanied also by lowered brush border enzyme activity. When challenged orally with 8 X 10(3) T. spiralis larvae and switched immediately to oral feeding, more worms became established in the small intestines of these rats than in rats given similar doses of larvae, but maintained by oral feeding throughout the experiment. Despite the significant difference in initial worm burden, both enterally fed and parenterally fed rats completely expelled their parasites by 7 and 8 days postinfection, respectively. Results indicated that factors involved in preventing establishment of T. spiralis in immunized rats were suppressed by the prolonged absence of food from the GI tract, whereas factors responsible for expelling worms that were able to gain residence in the mucosa appeared to be unaltered or at least functionally reversible.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Agreia bicolorata gen. nov., sp. nov., to accommodate actinobacteria isolated from narrow reed grass infected by the nematode Heteroanguina graminophila.

Agreia bicolorata gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain VKM Ac-1804T=UCM Ac-620T) is proposed to accommodate aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, weakly motile, coryneform actinobacteria isolated from leaf galls induced by the plant-parasitic nematode Heteroanguina graminophila in narrow reed grass, Calamagrostis neglecta. Bacteria assigned to Agreia bicolorata gen. nov., sp. nov. form a distinct lineage within the phylogenetic branch of the family Microbacteriaceae and possess the following chemotaxonomic characteristics: B-type peptidoglycan containing 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, ornithine, alanine, glycine, glutamate and hydroxyglutamate; cell wall sugars rhamnose, fucose and mannose; MK-10 as major menaquinone; phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol as principal phospholipids; and 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (anteiso-15:0), 14-methyl-pentadecanoic acid (iso-16:0) and 14-methyl-hexadecanoic acid (anteiso-17:0) as predominant fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of Agreia bicolorata is about 67.0 mol %.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1992

Production responses to internal parasite control in dairy cattle.

A significant increase in milk production, averaging 164 litres per cow per lactation (a 4.8% increase), was seen after cows infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, paramphistomes and Fasciola hepatica were treated with broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Three hundred and ninety pairs of cows from eight herds with year-round calving were studied. One cow in each matched pair was given 7.5 mg/kg fenbendazole, 7.5 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride and 15 mg/kg oxyclozanide in March, May and August of one year; the other cow in the pair received no anthelmintic. The number of nematode and trematode eggs was significantly decreased in the faeces of treated cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Field trials evaluating ivermectin controlled-release capsules for weaner sheep and for breeding ewes.

OBJECTIVE: To confirm the efficacy of ivermectin released from a controlled-release capsule administered to young sheep and to breeding ewes under field conditions. DESIGN: Randomised field trials. PROCEDURE: In each of ten field trials 25 weaned lambs were treated with ivermectin controlled-release capsules and 25 remained untreated. Eight similar field trials were conducted using adult ewes. Efficacy against infections of gastrointestinal nematodes was assessed by faecal egg counts and faecal larval culture. Body weights were recorded and faecal soiling of the breech wool (dags) was assessed. RESULTS: Nematode faecal egg counts in the two groups were not different (P = 0.13) before treatment in the weaner trials or before treatment in the ewe trials (P = 0.49), but thereafter eggs in the untreated sheep persisted, whereas counts in sheep given capsules were negligible (P < or = 0.01). In the weaner trials, dag scores for the two groups were not different at the start of the trials (P = 0.18) but at the end, untreated sheep had significantly more dags (P = 0.04) than treated sheep. In the ewe trials, dag scores remained low in both groups. Weaners treated with the capsule gained 1.4 kg (95% CL: 0.7, 3.1) more weight over the 16 week trial period compared to untreated weaners (P = 0.01). Both groups of ewes lost weight as a result of parturition but the mean loss by week 16 was greater for untreated (3.7 kg) (95% CL: -5.1, -2.2) than for treated ewes (1.8 kg) (95% CL: -3.3, -0.4). The mean change in ewe body weight for the two groups was however not significant (P = 0.07). Differentiation of nematode larvae recovered from cultures of faeces from untreated animals indicated that the capsules were effective against the common parasites of sheep. CONCLUSION: The capsule was efficacious against gastrointestinal nematodes judging from faecal egg counts. It has the potential to significantly reduce contamination of pasture with nematode eggs. Treated weaners had less dags for 16 weeks and gained more weight than untreated weaners.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Antibody to interleukin-5 inhibits helminth-induced eosinophilia in mice.

When rodents are infected with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, large numbers of eosinophils appear in their blood and lungs and their serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) is increased. Injection of a monoclonal antibody to interleukin-5 completely suppressed the blood eosinophilia and the infiltration of eosinophils in the lungs of parasitized mice but had no effect on serum IgE. In contrast, an antibody to interleukin-4 inhibited parasite-induced IgE but not the eosinophilia. These results show that interleukin-5 is important in eosinophil production in vivo and that IgE and eosinophil production are regulated by different cytokines produced by the TH2 subset of CD4-expressing T cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Field trials in sheep with the anthelmintic thiophanate.

Productivity and tolerance trials were conducted with the anthelmintic thiophanate (Nemafax; May & Baker) in sheep in the United Kingdom. Tolerance studies, conducted in sheep of various types under several management systems, in which thiophanate was given orally at recommended dosage (50 to 100 mg/kg), or multiples thereof, in single or repeated doses showed that treatment was in all cases well tolerated. Thiophanate administered at 75 mg per kg or 250 mg per kg to groups of growing lambs with low faecal egg counts produced no post treatment depression of weight gain. When breeding ewes were treated with thiophanate at 150 mg per kg on days 14, 21 and 28 after introduction of rams to the flock, the anthelmintic produced no adverse effect on lambing performance. Trials to assess the beneficial effects of treatment were conducted in weaned lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Groups of lambs were treated monthly with either thiophanate or tetramisole at recommended dosages. The two anthelmintics produced similar weight gains in the lambs and these were significantly better than those of untreated controls. In untreated controls faecal egg counts increased markedly and the clinical condition of these animals deteriorated.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

Mortality rate of adult ticks due to infection by entomopathogenic nematodes.

The mortality of Boophilus annulatus, Hyalomma excavatum, Rhipicephalus bursa, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus adult ticks was recorded after their exposure in petri dishes to 5 entomopathogenic nematode strains. The strains used were DT and Mexican of Steinernema carpocapsae, Hb HP88 of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and IS-3 and IS-5 of Heterorhabditis sp. The most rapid killing rates (LT50 and LT90) were observed for B. annulatus ticks (0.8-5.0 days). Most unfed males died 0.3-2.8 days after the unfed females, whereas even more time (0.8-8.0 days) passed before engorged females died. In most bioassays, the IS-3 and IS-5 strains of Heterorhabditis sp. nematodes appear to be the most pathogenic for ticks and, in most cases, killed ticks several days before the other 3 nematode strains. Unfed adult ticks exposed to nematodes died within less time than it takes for adults to complete their prefeeding period after molting.

Animals↗