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PubMed1990

Abnormal involuntary movements and chronic schizophrenic disorders.

We hypothesized that chronic schizophrenic patients with abnormal involuntary movements would exhibit specific psychopathological, neurological, and cognitive disturbances at a more severe level than those free of such movements. Twenty-two chronic schizophrenic patients were assessed for abnormal movements, cognitive impairment, psychopathology, and medication history. Unequivocal evidence of movement abnormality on the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale divided the subjects into groups with (n = 13) and without (n = 9) involuntary movement anomaly. Age, education, length of illness, depressive symptoms, total symptom ratings, and medication variables did not differ in the two groups. However, the group with involuntary movements had more negative symptomatology, greater impairment on voluntary motor tasks, lower premorbid intelligence, and a trend toward poorer recall on mental status examination. These results demonstrate that schizophrenic patients with abnormal involuntary movements have more severe psychopathology as reflected in certain defect symptoms, more abnormal voluntary movements, and more cognitive impairment than schizophrenic patients without involuntary movements.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Movements of the forelimbs of the cat during stepping on a treadmill.

In normal cats stepping on a treadmill an analysis has been made of movements of the scapula, shoulder, elbow, wrist and digits. The scapula is capable of making large and complicated movements over the rib cage. In locomotion they may be resolved into a cyclical, similunar movement of the glenoid cavity in the parasagittal plane of the cat's body. The movements of the scapula are rather constant over a wide range of velocities. They most resemble those of the hip which also shows a delay in the onset of extension and no yield phase. It is suggested that movements of the scapula have a high priority in the execution of locomotion in the forelimbs. The movements at the shoulder tend to parallel those of the elbow. The terms of palmar flexion and dorsiflexion are retained for the movements at the wrist and digits. The rapid phase of palmar flexion corresponds with the flexion phase at the elbow, and the phase of dorsiflexion with the first extension phase at the elbow. Palmar flexion during the second and third extension phases of the more proximal joints would appear to be initiated by contact of the foot with the ground. The sequences of movement at the wrist and digits allow a comparison of the roles of flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm during locomotion and the flexion reflex, which is compatible with the functional and anatomical organization of cervicothoracic segments. With exception of extension at the scapula the movements of the elbow provide an index of the onsets of flexion and extension at the other joints of the forelimb. Modifications are suggested for the Phillippson step cycle of both forelimbs and hindlimbs to include the delayed onset of extension at the scapula and hip and the particular movements of the wrist, digits and toes.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Electrocorticography of waves associated with eye movements in man during wakefulness.

Waves associated with horizontal saccadic eye movements were recorded from cortical occipital areas through multilead intracerebral electrodes implanted for a few days in 6 drug-resistant epileptic patients in order to localize epileptogenic foci. The waves were studied statistically when the EEG activity was not disturbed by interictal discharges. Cortical occipital waves related to free eye movements while scanning complex material started at the end of the eye movement, later in fact than the corresponding scalp parieto-occipital phenomena. The amplitude of the cortical waves increased with the complexity of the external field (contrasts having no marked effect) and was reduced in an unpatterned field and in dim light. Waves persisted in darkness. Their amplitude was independent of the size of the eye movement. The latency of the waves, calculated from the onset of eye movement, increased with the size of the movement, the complexity of the external field and also in darkness. Imposed eye movements induced cortical waves of larger amplitude and shorter latency and anticipatory potential changes beginning before onset of the eye movement. Waves related to eye movements differed from blinks and from responses to several types of light stimulation more strikingly in cortical records than in those from the scalp. These findings are discussed in relation to lambda waves, activation waves and eye movement potentials, expectancy waves and premotor potentials, and to the phenomena of perceptual blanks preceding normal perception after fixation of gaze. The importance of the subject's attention is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Distribution of somatic sensory and active-movement neuronal discharge properties in the MI-SI cortical border area in the rat.

The rat somatosensory (SI) cortex contains a precise map of the cutaneous periphery, yet its rostromedial edge, which includes part of the fore- and hind paw representation, has been reported to functionally overlap with the electrically excitable primary motor (MI) cortex. Thus, the MI cortex in the rat contains two subregions: (i) rostrally, the "MI-agranular" cortex (i.e., "typical" MI cortex), and (ii) caudally, the "MI-SI-granular" cortex (i.e., the MI-SI overlap). The aim of this study was to assess the degree of overlap in the physiologic properties of single neurons recorded across the MI-SI boundary zone in awake, freely moving rats. Computer techniques were used to characterize both somatosensory receptive fields (cutaneous or "passive joint-manipulation") and discharge correlates of active limb movement in these MI-agranular and MI-SI-granular subregions of the MI. "Active-movement" units were defined as those which discharged strongly in correlation with specific limb movements, but in a manner which could not be predicted by their observable somatosensory properties. Of 92 completely analyzed cells in the MI-SI-granular forepaw region, 86 exhibited specific cutaneous receptive fields on the palmar surface of the forepaw. By contrast with the similarity of these neurons' responses to passive stimulation, they varied markedly in their discharge during active limb movements. For example, many did not respond when their forepaw receptive fields touched the ground during stepping. Furthermore, 31 (of 92) neurons in this region were identified as active-movement, firing in correlation with reaching movements of the forelimb. Seven of these were completely unresponsive to any sensory stimuli, but 24 exhibited an apparent convergence of cutaneous and active-movement properties. Of 86 units recorded in the MI-agranular subregion, 46 responded strongly to passive joint manipulation, but only three responded exclusively to cutaneous stimulation. Twenty-eight (of 86) cells were defined as active-movement, discharging mainly in correlation with forelimb reaching movements. Thus, the active-movement properties of neurons in these two subregions were quite similar, whereas the somatosensory properties were markedly different.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

An evaluation of mandibular border movements: their character and significance.

1. A comparison of protrusive and lateral condylar border movement pathways of 163 subjects revealed considerable similarity when the frequency of 80% of the pathways was compared with the average pathway. 2. A description of the pathways of posterior cusps during lateral contact gliding movement must consider three simultaneously acting guidance factors: (1) the nonworking condyle pathway, (2) the amount of Bennett movement or the working-side condyle displacement, and (3) the anterior guidance or working-side tooth contacts. 3. A Bennett movement of 2.5 to 3.5 mm caused a dramatic flattening of lateral movement pathways of the molar cusp as seen in the frontal plane. The steepness of neither the anterior guidance nor the nonworking condylar pathway had much influence on the molar cusp pathway in the presence of this excessive Bennett movement. 4. Viewed in the horizontal plane, excessive Bennett movement contributed to the greatest potential for collisions of molar cusps during lateral movements. This phenomenon was more pronounced on the nonworking side. 5. When the Bennett movement was 0.75 mm or less the tracing in the frontal plane showed that the 40-degree anterior guidance became the dominant influence over molar cusp lateral movement pathways.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Head movements elicited by electrical stimulation of the anteromedial cortex of the rat.

Electrical stimulation, 5-sec trains, 0.5 msec rectangular pulses, 20 Hz pulse frequency, was applied to the anteromedial cortex of awake rats (N = 28) to determine if head orienting behavior could be elicited. Following recovery from surgery in which up to six monopolar electrodes were implanted, the rats were adapted to and tested on a small platform surrounded by water. Elicited behavior patterns reliable at 150 microA or less in Experiment 1 (66 sites) and at 100 microA or less in Experiment 2 (32 sites) were analyzed. The most common response was a single head turn in a direction contralateral to the side of stimulation. Positive sites occurred throughout the anterior cingulate and the medial precentral regions. Coordinated forelimb movements were associated with contralateral head movements at dorsal anterior cingulate sites. Ipsilateral head turns were elicited at sites in the most rostral and ventral parts of the anteromedial cortex, including the prelimbic area. Lateral scanning sites were widespread but tended to concentrate at the mergence of the contralateral and ipsilateral movement fields. Vertical movements were often elicited with ipsilateral movements; dorsal sites supported downward head movements and ventral sites supported upward head movements. Sites supporting forward head movements were concentrated in the anterior cingulate region caudal to the genu of the corpus callosum. Neck extension usually appeared in conjunction with lateral head movements and frequently with forelimb movements.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Voluntary selection of the target for smooth eye movement in the presence of superimposed, full-field stationary and moving stimuli.

Prior work has shown that smooth eye movements in the presence of both stationary and moving stimuli are determined, at least in part, by the voluntary selection of either the stationary or the moving stimulus as the target for smooth eye movements. The effectiveness of voluntary selection in eliminating the influence of the stimuli not selected (i.e. backgrounds) on smooth eye movement is not known because prior studies used targets and backgrounds with different physical characteristics. Thus, effects of voluntary selection were confounded with the relative strength of target and background as stimuli for smooth eye movements. We measured eye movements (resolution 1') of two highly-experienced eye movement subjects with a target and background with the same physical characteristics: two, identical, full-field, superimposed patterns of randomly-positioned dots (1 dot/deg2 or 8 dots/deg2). One field was stationary and the other moved at 70.2 minarc/sec. The effect of the moving background on smooth eye movements when the stationary field was the target, and the effect of the stationary background on smooth eye movements when the moving field was the target was negligible (0-4% for one subject; 0-2% for the other). The influence of the background on smooth eye movements was affected by a six-fold reduction in the intensity of either the target or background, but effects of such intensity changes were small and different for each subject. Taken together, these results show that the effectiveness of voluntary selection in eliminating the influence of background stimuli on smooth eye movements can be virtually complete. Any observed influence of the background--however small--can be attributed to voluntary factors (e.g. subjects' failure to apply sufficient effort or attention) rather than to the operation of an involuntary mechanism that automatically integrates velocity information from target and background. The attention and effort required to ensure that voluntary selection is perfect may impair the accuracy of psychophysical judgments made about the background.

Attention↗
PubMed1988

Planning of movement parameters in a visuo-motor tracking task.

Monkeys trained to track a continuously moving visual target with a joystick do so by making a series of intermittent positional corrections rather than in a single smooth movement. The amplitude of each correction is highly correlated both with the error between the target and joystick positions, and with the velocity of the target, measured at movement onset. This velocity estimate is used to predict where the target will be by the end of each movement, and thus helps to set its amplitude correctly. To do this successfully, the monkey must know in advance how long his next movement will take. But, confusingly, the eventual duration of each movement is also highly correlated with its amplitude. So it appears that the monkeys need to simultaneously know the amplitude and duration of a movement, but cannot determine one without prior knowledge of the other. We have examined two possible solutions to this problem; only one agrees with our data. The monkeys seem to select the amplitude of their movements by scaling target velocity by a standard time constant which gives the additional distance the target will move. They then add this to the positional error estimated at or near to the start of each movement, to get the final movement amplitude. The velocity scaling value that gives the best fit to the observed amplitudes is very close to the average duration of all the monkeys movements. We therefore propose that the monkeys use a standard time constant for the purpose of calculating how far the target will move during each of their positional corrections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The role of primate putamen neurons in the association of sensory stimuli with movement.

Neuronal activity in the putamen of monkeys was recorded while they performed operantly conditioned body movements. Two categories of neurons were observed. Type I cells had tonic spontaneous discharges and responded to the sensory trigger stimuli for movements with excitation followed by inhibition or with only inhibition. These responses to the trigger stimuli disappeared when the conditioned movement was extinguished. Type II cells were characterized by phasic activity time-locked to the movement. Two subclasses of type II cells were observed. Type IIa cells exhibited phasic discharges before the first movement of a learned, repetitive sequence of arm or orofacial movements that were triggered by the sensory stimuli. Type IIb cells showed phasic activity modulation during each movement in one direction, either flexion or extension, in an unconditioned manner. Activity of the type IIa cells preceded the onset of EMG in prime mover muscles, while most type IIb cells were activated after the EMG had appeared. Thus, in both type I and type IIa cells the activity can be said to be behaviourally contingent. Type I cells show a movement contingent sensory response, and type IIa cells show movement-related activity that is contingent upon the triggering of the movement by a sensory stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Trajectory determines movement dynamics.

The relation between figural and kimematic aspects of movement was studied in handwriting and drawing. It was found that, throughout the movement, the tangential velocity. V is proportional to the radius of curvature r of the trajectory: V= kr, or, equivalently, that the angular velocity is constant: dalpha(t)/dt = K. However, the constant k generally takes several distinct values during the movement, the changes being abrupt. These changes suggest a clear segmentation of the movement into units of action which overlap but do not coincide with the figural units as defined by the discontinuities of the movement (cuspids, points of inflection). This organisational principle holds even when movements are mechanically constrained or are executed under strict visuo-motor guidance. Moreover, the segmentation of a given trajectory is invariant with respect to the total duration of the movement. A tentative interpretation of the principle is proposed which results from the assumption that the actual movement is produced as a continuous approximation to an intended movement, and that the well known relationship between movement speed and extent in rectilinear trajectories (Fitts' law) also applies to such continuous approximation.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

Impairments of movement initiation and execution induced by a blockade of dopamine D1 or D2 receptors are reversed by a blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

The effects of a dopamine D1 or D2 receptor blockade on initiation and execution of movements were examined using a simple reaction time task for rats. The task demands stimulus-triggered rapid initiation of locomotion to get a food reward. Time and force parameters of the transition from stance to gait were recorded allowing a detailed and separate analysis of the initiation and initial execution of locomotor initiation. Systemic administration of the preferential dopamine D2 antagonist haloperidol (0.1; 0.15 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a delayed movement initiation, as indicated by an increase in reaction time. In addition, movement execution was slowed, as measured by an increase in movement time, a decrease in the rate of development and in the maximum of the accelerative force component. Systemic administration of the selective dopamine D1 antagonist 7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SCH-23390) (0.15 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a similar pattern of impairments as haloperidol. Dizocilpine, an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors in a dose which was largely ineffective when given alone (0.08 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed impairments of movement initiation and execution that were induced by the high dose of dopamine D1 or D2 antagonists (0.15 mg/kg, i.p., respectively). It is concluded that dopamine D1 and D2 receptors are both involved in movement initiation and execution processes, which control the onset and speed of a conditioned movement, as shown here for locomotor initiation of rats. According to our results, the processes related to movement initiation and execution may be mediated by separate neuronal mechanisms, as there were no correlations between impairments of movement initiation and execution, regardless of the treatment animals received. The reversal of SCH 23390- and haloperidol-induced impairments by dizocilpine suggests a functionally antagonistic involvement of dopamine D1/D2 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the control of movement initiation and execution. The results further imply that neuroleptics blocking dopamine D1 receptors probably induce similar extrapyramidal side effects as classical neuroleptics blocking dopamine D2 receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Finger movements and fingers postures in pre-term infants are not a good indicator of brain damage.

The aim of the study was to analyse, with a more detailed classification the occurrence of movements and postures of the fingers in normal and brain damaged pre-term infants. To this end the same videorecordings of normal subjects of the study described by Cioni and Prechtl and those with defined brain lesions from the investigation by Ferrari et al. have been reanalysed. In three general movements, selected randomly from each infant, we assessed the finger movement. There was no systematic trend with age and the repertoire of finger patterns per observation varied between different individuals. Only one or two finger(s) move (pattern B) and synchronized finger opening-closing (pattern D) and the complex and variable movement of three or more fingers (pattern E) are all more often or even only seen during arm movements. Fisting without arm movement (pattern A-) was only seen less frequently in the control cases, in the infants with flares and one-sided lesions. On the other hand, the two latter groups had more often pattern C+ (opening of all fingers with arm movement) while B+ (only one or two fingers move with arm movement) and E+ (three or more fingers move variably with arm movement) was less frequent in the severely damaged infants. Albeit significant differences, the plotted data immediately show the large overlap of the findings between the groups. There was no difference in the fisting between low-risk and neurologically abnormal pre-term infants. These findings corroborate the conclusions that abnormal movements and postures are not useful in the diagnosis of pre-term infants with confirmed brain lesions because of the wide overlap between the values for normal and brain damaged infants.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Eye movements evoked by the selective stimulation of the utricular nerve in cats.

OBJECTIVE: Eye movements evoked by otolith organ are not well-investigated compare with canal related eye movements due to the technical difficulties. We try to solve this problem by means of our methods. METHODS: Eye movements evoked by selective utricular (UT) nerve stimulation were investigated using both electrooculography (EOG) and video recording in decerebrated cats in the presence or absence of anesthesia. Electrical stimulation was applied to the UT nerve through implanted acupuncture needles. RESULTS: In the absence of anesthesia and with stimulus intensities less than 2.6+/-0.7 x N(1)T, we found ipsilaterally directed horizontal eye movements in both eyes in one cat, abduction in the ipsilateral eye in two cats, and adduction in the contralateral eye in another cat. Other types of eye movements (e.g., supraduction or diagonal eye movements) were observed in both eyes of cats in the absence of anesthesia at a stimulus intensity of 12.2+/-7.6 x N(1)T, an intensity in which current spread to the adjacent nerve could not be ruled out. In the presence of anesthesia, UT nerve stimulation alone failed to evoke horizontal eye movements, but with an intensity 13.8+/-6.4 x N(1)T, supraduction or diagonal eye movements were evoked. UT nerve stimulation at 2-3 x N(1)T facilitated horizontal eye movements induced by ipsilateral abducens (AB) nucleus stimulation or contralateral horizontal canal nerve stimulation. CONCLUSION: This is the first report to our knowledge in which UT nerve-evoked horizontal eye movements are documented. These results confirm the known monosynaptic and disynaptic anatomical connections from utricular primary afferents to the ipsilateral AB nucleus neurons.

Abducens Nerve↗
PubMed2006

Visual field recovery after vision restoration therapy (VRT) is independent of eye movements: an eye tracker study.

AIM: It has been argued that patients with visual field defects compensate for their deficit by making more frequent eye movements toward the hemianopic field and that visual field enlargements found after vision restoration therapy (VRT) may be an artefact of such eye movements. In order to determine if this was correct, we recorded eye movements in hemianopic subjects before and after VRT. METHODS: Visual fields were measured in subjects with homonymous visual field defects (n=15) caused by trauma, cerebral ischemia or haemorrhage (lesion age >6 months). Visual field charts were plotted using both high-resolution perimetry (HRP) and conventional perimetry before and after a 3-month period of VRT, with eye movements being recorded with a 2D-eye tracker. This permitted quantification of eye positions and measurements of deviation from fixation. RESULTS: VRT lead to significant visual field enlargements as indicated by an increase of stimulus detection of 3.8% when tested using HRP and about 2.2% (OD) and 3.5% (OS) fewer misses with conventional perimetry. Eye movements were expressed as the standard deviations (S.D.) of the eye position recordings from fixation. Before VRT, the S.D. was +/-0.82 degrees horizontally and +/-1.16 degrees vertically; after VRT, it was +/-0.68 degrees and +/-1.39 degrees , respectively. A cluster analysis of the horizontal eye movements before VRT showed three types of subjects with (i) small (n=7), (ii) medium (n=7) or (iii) large fixation instability (n=1). Saccades were directed equally to the right or the left side; i.e., with no preference toward the blind hemifield. After VRT, many subjects showed a smaller variability of horizontal eye movements. Before VRT, 81.6% of the recorded eye positions were found within a range of 1 degrees horizontally from fixation, whereas after VRT, 88.3% were within that range. In the 2 degrees range, we found 94.8% before and 98.9% after VRT. Subjects moved their eyes 5 degrees or more 0.3% of the time before VRT versus 0.1% after VRT. Thus, in this study, subjects with homonymous visual field defects who were attempting to fixate a central target while their fields were being plotted, typically showed brief horizontal shifts with no preference toward or away from the blind hemifield. These eye movements were usually less than 1 degrees from fixation. Large saccades toward the blind field after VRT were very rare. CONCLUSION: VRT has no effect on either the direction or the amplitude of horizontal eye movements during visual field testing. These results argue against the theory that the visual field enlargements are artefacts induced by eye movements.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Vertical torque allows recording of anticipatory postural adjustments associated with slow, arm-raising movements.

BACKGROUND: When performed in the upright position, voluntary arm-raising movements perturb balance. The maintenance of equilibrium requires postural adjustments, some of which can be anticipatory. It is usually suggested that the role of anticipatory postural adjustments is to stabilise the whole body centre of mass. During movements performed at low velocity (i.e. with a lower inertial perturbation), anticipatory postural adjustments have not systematically been detected by classical recording methods (mainly electromyography). The aim of this study was to use vertical torque to characterise anticipatory postural adjustments in slow movement and to determine the significance of this biomechanical parameter. METHODS: Twenty healthy subjects performed self-paced, right arm-raising movements at low and high velocities. Movements were recorded by an optoelectronic system enabling the synchronization of video, force plate and electromyographic data. The force platform provided information on vertical torque and centre of foot pressure anteroposterior displacement. Electromyography activity was recorded from the right anterior deltoid and the bilateral biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and soleus muscles. FINDINGS: Rapid, voluntary, unilateral movements were associated with an early centre of pressure backward shift, anticipatory vertical torque and electromyographic activities. In slow movements, only the anticipatory changes in vertical torque were consistently observed, with the same latency as in rapid movement. INTERPRETATION: The existence of vertical torque in slow movement (when stabilisation of the centre of mass is not necessary) shows that this parameter does not serve to minimise the centre of mass displacement but rather contributes to the generation of arm movement.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Temporal activation pattern of parietal and premotor areas related to praxis movements.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the cortical physiology underlying praxis movements in normal subjects using electroencephalography (EEG). METHODS: Eight normal subjects were instructed to perform six types of self-paced tool-use pantomime and communicative gesture movements with the right hand. We recorded 64-channel EEG using a linked ear reference and electromyogram (EMG) from right thumb and forearm flexors. RESULTS: Data revealed early slow wave components of the movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) beginning over the left parietal area about 3s before movement onset, similarly for both movement types. At movement onset, maximal amplitude was present over central and bilateral sensorimotor areas. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the beta band was seen over the left parietal and sensorimotor cortices during preparation, later spreading to the homologous area of the right hemisphere. Alpha ERD was mainly in the left sensorimotor cortex about 1.5s before movement onset. Beta ERD in mesial frontal areas was greater during preparation for tool use compared to communicative gesture movements. Mesial frontal beta event-related synchronization (ERS) developed more rapidly after communicative gestures than tool-use. CONCLUSIONS: The dynamics of parietal and frontal activities indicates the timing of these areas in the production of praxis. The posterior parietal cortex contributes to the early slow wave negativity of the MRCP. SIGNIFICANCE: Planning self-paced praxis movements begins as early as 3s before movement in the left parietal area and subsequently engages frontal cortical regions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Lateralization of brain activity during lower limb joints movement. An fMRI study.

Studies of unilateral finger movement in right-handed subjects have shown asymmetrical patterns of activation in primary motor cortex and subcortical regions. In order to investigate the existence of an analogous pattern during lower limb joints movements, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used. Eighteen healthy, right leg dominant volunteers participated in a motor block design study, performing unilateral right and left repetitive knee, ankle and toes flexion/extension movements. Aiming to relate lower limb joints activation to the well-described patterns of finger movement, serial finger-to-thumb opposition was also assessed. All movements were auditory paced at 72 beats/min (1.2 Hz). Brain activation during movement of the nondominant joints was more bilateral than during the same movement performed with the dominant joints. Finger movement had a stronger lateralized pattern of activation in comparison with lower limb joints, implying a different functional specialization. Differences were also evident between the joints of the lower limb. Ankle and toes movements elicited the same extend of MR signal change in the majority of the examined brain regions, whereas knee joint movement was associated with a different pattern. Finally, lateralization index in primary sensorimotor cortex and basal ganglia was significantly affected by the main effect of dominance, whereas the lateralization index in cerebellum was significantly affected by the joint main effect, demonstrating a lateralization index increase from proximal to distal joints.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Changes in tooth pulpal detection and pain thresholds in relation to jaw movement in man.

The effect of jaw movements on pulpal sensory thresholds to electrical stimulation was studied in healthy humans. The movements consisted of repeated jaw opening and closing at two different frequencies (1 and 3 s(-1)). The detection/perception and pain thresholds of an upper or lower central incisor were determined by stimulation with monopolar constant current pulses at two different durations (0.5 and 5.0 ms). In the absence of jaw movement, the control (baseline) pain threshold was significantly higher than the detection threshold, and both thresholds were significantly decreased with an increase of the stimulus pulse duration. During jaw movement, pulpal detection and pain thresholds were significantly elevated, independent of the duration of the stimulus pulse. The jaw movement-related increase in detection thresholds was significantly dependent on the rate of cyclical jaw movements and on the site of stimulation. An increase in pulpal sensory thresholds was observed with stimulation of the lower incisor only; there was no change in thresholds for the upper incisor. Pulpal detection thresholds were significantly more elevated during jaw movement than pulpal pain thresholds. The results indicate that the reduction in pulpal sensitivity is related to the jaw movements. The effect of jaw movement on pulpal detection thresholds was segmentally restricted. In contrast, modulation of the pulpal pain thresholds was considerably weaker. The jaw movement-related suppression of pulpal sensitivity may be explained by activation of segmental afferent-induced inhibition, corollary efferent barrage from motor to sensory areas, or a combination of both.

Adult↗