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PubMed2000

People's knowledge and practice about dengue, its vectors, and control means in Brasilia (DF), Brazil: its relevance with entomological factors.

In South America, the epidemiology and ecology of dengue fever are strongly associated with human habits because the vector Aedes aegypti is strictly urban. Thus, the evaluation of people's knowledge and practice (PKP) is of great importance to improve integrated control measures. A PKP evaluation has been done in a suburb of Brasilia. Thirty questions were submitted to 130 habitants about income level, education, sources of information, specific knowledge about dengue, vector biology, and control measures applied. Other questions were about the responsibility of dengue control and the opportunity of applying a fine to people who would not cooperate with the control measures. Level of PKP was fairly high, either for housekeepers, workers, or students. The mosquito bite was cited as source of infection by 60.8% of interviewed people but 22.3% had no knowledge about this topic. The most cited symptoms in association with dengue were fever (73.1%), headache (66.2%), and rash (35.4%). Knowledge about mosquito biology and control was also fairly accurate, as demonstrated by 96.9% of answers. Elimination of water containers was the most efficient means according to 73% of people. Such action should be done mainly by the citizen (75.3% of answers). Despite the good PKP, correlations existed only between the PKP about vector biology and presence of potential breeding containers in March, and between the PKP about the disease and potential breeding containers in April. In conclusion, global educational campaigns may have a real impact on the PKP but this did not result in effective control of the mosquito breeding containers by the people.

Aedes↗
PubMed2003

Monitoring mosquito net coverage for malaria control in Africa: possession vs. use by children under 5 years.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the strengths and weaknesses of the indicators 'proportion of households possessing mosquito net(s)' and 'proportion of children under 5 years of age who slept under a net the preceding night' for monitoring malaria control. METHODS: Review of data from household surveys including demographic and health surveys in sub-Saharan African countries. RESULTS: Net possession ranged among 14 surveyed regions from 0.1% to 28.5% for insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and among 69 regions from 3.6% to 79.7% for any net. Reported use during the preceding night by children under 5 years of age was between 0% and 16% for ITNs and between 0.7% and 74.5% for any net. On average, in households owning ITN(s), 55% of children slept under it (R2 = 0.97, P < 0.001). For any net, use was -4.2% + 0.875 x possession (R2 = 0.89, P < 0.001); the use of nets, however, also varied somewhat among the surveyed countries (P = 0.003). In-depth surveys suggested that use was lower than possession because: (i). nets were scarce (mean 1.8 per possessing household); (ii). nets were not always used for children and (iii). use was lower during hot, dry months than during cool rainy months, and many surveys had been conducted in the dry season. CONCLUSIONS: Not all mosquito nets owned by African households are being used for young children. Household education on the consistent use of nets for this vulnerable group is called for in malaria control programmes. Regular, district-level rapid assessments of household possession of nets should complement ongoing in-depth surveys. Data on 'use during the preceding night' must be interpreted taking the survey season into account.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Rationalizing historical successes of malaria control in Africa in terms of mosquito resource availability management.

Environmental management of mosquito resources is a promising approach with which to control malaria, but it has seen little application in Africa for more than half a century. Here we present a kinetic model of mosquito foraging for aquatic habitats and vertebrate hosts that allows estimation of malaria transmission intensity by defining the availability of these resources as the rate at which individual mosquitoes encounter and use them. The model captures historically observed responses of malaria transmission to environmental change, highlights important gaps in current understanding of vector ecology, and suggests convenient solutions. Resource availability is an intuitive concept that provides an adaptable framework for models of mosquito population dynamics, gene flow, and pathogen transmission that can be conveniently parameterized with direct field measurements. Furthermore, the model presented predicts that drastic reductions of malaria transmission are possible with environmental management and elucidates an ecologic basis for previous successes of integrated malaria control in Africa before the advent of DDT or chloroquine. Environmental management for malaria control requires specialist skills that are currently lacking in sub-Saharan Africa where they are needed most. Infrastructure and human capacity building in clinical, public health, and environmental disciplines should therefore be prioritized so that growing financial support for tackling malaria can be translated into truly integrated control programs.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The Mossie-Buster: a hose-driven insecticide delivery tool for the control of container-breeding mosquitoes.

A novel insecticide delivery tool, the Mossie-Buster, was recently developed to control larval populations from urban breeding sites in Townsville, Australia. This functional and user-friendly control device directly targets the main breeding sites of Aedes aegypti (L.) with a focused delivery of insecticides. The Mossie-Buster comprises a commercially available device and attachments that mix an insecticide solution into the flow of water emitted from a hose. Attached to the device is a trigger for controlled insecticide release. Preliminary laboratory and field trials demonstrated the tool to be effective in eliminating all Ae. aegypti present in various typical breeding containers in different environmental conditions for a minimum of 2 wk in exposed areas to 3 months in an unexposed area.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevention of malaria in travellers and expatriates].

Since the occurrence of the chloroquino-resistance, chemoprophylaxis for all is not anymore the sound principle to malaria prophylaxis for travellers and expatriates. Protection against malaria has now to be based on comprehensive actions (chemoprophylaxis, control of infecting bites, treatment of malaria cases as soon as first symptom occur), they have to be combined, as a whole or not, according to the area, the duration and the type of tropical stay, and even sometimes according to some parameters peculiar to an individual. The development of concepts concerning the epidemiology of human malaria and the use of antimalarial drugs, either as protective or curative, lead more and more to the necessity for any traveller or expatriate to take medical advice from a specialized physician.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Strategies for prevention of human malaria. Some proposals for central Africa].

The occurrence and the extension of chemoresistance of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalaria drugs in Central Africa set to think about new strategies of prevention. Beside chemoprophylaxis limited to certain groups at particular risks, the authors suggest to rehabilitate vector control and particularly to promote the systematized use of bed-nets impregnated with residual insecticides. Prevention of lethality has to continue to use, in first instance, quinine and amino-4-quinoleins, under condition that an efficient national organization be set up to monitor the chemosensibility of plasmodial strains toward different antimalarial drugs.

Africa, Central↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Genetic means for control of insect vectors of human diseases (author's transl)].

We divide genetical control methods in two major groups:--mechanisms operating between different species and an example is the attempt of control of A. gambiae in West Africa,--mechanisms operating in a single species with: gamma rays and chemical treatment for sterilisation, cytoplasmic incompatibility (ex.: C. pipiens). Genetical control also suppose the knowledge of biology and ecology of the target insect. This paper does not want to be an exhaustive review of this problem. Its only ambition is to try and expose the possible applications of genetics in the control of vectors.

Africa, Western↗