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Results for “MANDIBULAR CONDYLE”

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PubMed1989

The significance of condylar position using rigid fixation in orthognathic surgery.

Rigid fixation in orthognathic surgery has major advantages, particularly the elimination of postoperative intermaxillary fixation, which makes the procedure more comfortable for the patient. The main disadvantage of rigid fixation in these procedures is that errors in the position of bony segments and dislocations of the mandibular condyle during surgery may result in errors of the occlusion and cause adverse effects on the temporomandibular joint. When rigid fixation is used, the presurgical position of the condyles should be maintained. The principles of condylar positioning are described.

Fracture Fixation, Internal↗
PubMed1993

Pediatric condylar fractures: a long-term follow-up study of 55 patients.

Fifty-five patients between 5 and 20 years old who were previously treated conservatively for a fracture of the mandibular condyle were recalled for follow-up examination with a mean postoperative observation time of 10.1 years. Anamnestic information was obtained from a questionnaire, and clinical and radiologic examinations were performed. Anamnestic and clinical dysfunction indices were obtained. When the patients were divided into four different age groups it was found that the dysfunction index values increased significantly with increasing age at the time of trauma. Radiologic abnormalities such as reduced ramus height, deviation of the mandibular midline, and irregular shape of the condyle were seen frequently, but could not be correlated with the severity of dysfunction. No cases of ankylosis or serious asymmetry were found. The results support the opinion that conservative treatment is sufficient in pediatric patients, but in older age groups the results of conservative treatment are less satisfactory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[The study of the relationship between the face type and condyle morphology (a cephalometric and anthropometric study)].

The main purpose of this investigation was to study the shape and size of the mandibular condyles for any correlation with type of mandibular rotation. 40 mandibular bones that belongs to modern man, and late Roman stage were examined regarding the size and shape of condyles. The cephalograms of the mandibles were taken and the type of mandibular rotation was recorded on them according to Leiba analysis. The Leiba analysis results showed statistically significant differences while, the differences between the condyle sizes were found to be insignificant between the groups.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1992

Dimensions of the temporal glenoid fossa and tooth wear in prehistoric human skeletons.

Both the mandibular condyle and the glenoid fossa remodel in response to changes in the dentition during life, although the precise relationship between teeth and joint is not clear. This study was undertaken to ascertain changes, if any, occurring in the glenoid fossae in skeletons with much tooth wear. In a collection of skulls from an excavation site on the South African coast, occlusal wear was measured using the scale devised by Molnar. The dimensions of the glenoid fossae were measured using a reflex microscope. Profiles of the glenoid fossa at right angles to a line through its medial and lateral poles provided estimates of the slope of the articular eminence in three places: centrally, and midway between this slope and each of the poles. The mediolateral profile gave an estimate of the height and gabling of the fossa. Central and lateral slope angles showed weak correlation with molar wear, and the medial but not the lateral angel was significantly different from the central. The fossa appears to remodel in response to patterns of forces generated during function, but compared to the condyle, is not as strongly influenced. This may be accounted for if the relative load-bearing areas of the condyle and fossa are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Movement of temporomandibular joint tissues during mastication and passive manipulation in miniature pigs.

Movement is an important aspect of the biomechanics of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). To track the relative movements of TMJ components, radio-opaque markers were implanted in the left squamosal bone, mandible and retrodiscal tissue of miniature pigs. Medial-lateral (ML) and dorsal-ventral (DV) fluoroscopic records were made 8-10 weeks later during chewing and passive manipulation. Marker movements were digitized from the videotapes. During passive manipulation, the deformation of the lateral capsule was also measured with a differential variable-reluctance transducer. The results provide new details about porcine chewing pattern, which is distinguished by a regularly alternating chewing side. During masticatory opening, the mandible had a centre of rotation (CR) well inferior to the condyle and close to the angle. In contrast, the passive opening movement showed a higher CR location close to the condylar neck, indicating a different motion from masticatory opening. The retrodiscal tissue followed the movements of the mandibular condyle during both mastication and passive manipulation. The lateral capsule elongated during ipsilateral shifts and retrusion, implying a possible role in limiting such movements. These movement characteristics provide a useful reference for studies on the TMJ using pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Assessment of reliability of cineradiographic recording of temporomandibular joint movements.

As part of a cineradiographic study of temporomandibular joint movements, the reliability of the apparatus and techniques has been assessed. The areas of concern were the radiographic procedure, tracing apparatus and tracing technique. To assess the accuracy of the radiographic procedure, anatomical and radiographic measurements of mandibular condyles were compared. A range of variation of 0-46--0-8 mm was found, which compared favourably to the only previously published investigation. The use of mechanical devices simulating the fundamentals of mandibular movements suggested that the cineradiographic record showed paths of opening and closing separated more widely than occurred in vivo. The reliability of the tracing apparatus was assessed by calculated misalignments and found to be acceptable. The subjective error in tracing cineradiographic films by a regular observer was investigated by a point location error method. The error was found to be small and within acceptable limits.

Cineradiography↗
PubMed2003

[Static tension-stress effects on proliferation of mandibular condylar chondrocytes in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of static tension-stress on proliferation of mandibular condylar chondrocytes in rats. METHODS: The fourth-passage chondrocytes were harvested from the mandibular condyles of 2-week-old SD rats. A continuous static tension-stress was applied on the cells in vitro using a cellular static tension-stress device, and the proliferation of mandibular condylar chondrocytes were examined using a flow cytometry. The other 30 specimens in the control group were divided into six groups to examine the effects of calf serum on cellular static tension-stress without any stress. The experimental group consisted of 70 specimens which were divided into seven groups under continuous static tension-stress (5 kPa, 10 kPa) for 0 to 12 hours. Multivariable analyses were conducted to test the associations between proliferation of condylar chondrocytes and different continuous static tension stresses. RESULTS: The results showed that the lower calf serum inhibited the proliferation of rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes. There was little effect on the proliferation of chondrocytes under continuous static tension-stress (5 kPa, 10 kPa) for 2 hours. The proliferation of mandibular condylar chondrocytes was promoted as the application time of stress was prolonged (0-10 hours in 5 kPa groups and 0-8 hours in 10 kPa groups). The maximal proliferation appeared, when the condylar chondrocytes were cultured under 5 kPa continuous static tension-stress for 10 hours, and 8 hours under 10 kPa stress (P < 0.05). The proliferation of cells in the 5 kPa group was more obvious than in the 10 kPa group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The data prove that mechanical stimulates in vitro can influence and regulate the growth of condylar chondrocytes. It provides experimental evidence for advanced study on cellular mechanical research in functional orthopedics.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Age-associated changes in decorin in rat mandibular condylar cartilage.

The small proteoglycan decorin strongly binds the fibrils of collagen types I and II; this interaction is thought to play a part in the maintenance of tissue integrity and biomechanical properties. In limb articular cartilage, there is evidence that decorin synthesis increases with age and that it is elevated in response to increased loading or in osteoarthritic cartilage. The aim here was to characterize the presence and relative amount of decorin in the condylar cartilage of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with maturation by Western blotting, and to assess its tissue localization by immunohistochemistry. Comparative data were obtained from tibial articular cartilage, which has been extensively studied. Cartilage from the mandibular condyle and tibial plateau was harvested from 24-day-old (growing) and 161-day-old (young adult) female Sprague-Dawley rats. In growing animals, decorin appeared slightly more abundant in the mandibular condylar cartilage than in articular cartilage, whereas in young adult animals the decorin content in the TMJ cartilage was noticeably less than in limb articular cartilage. Although there was an increase in decorin abundance with age at the TMJ, the increase in decorin with age in limb articular cartilage was considerably more pronounced. These data indicate that, although decorin is present in mandibular condylar cartilage, its abundance in adults is less than in limb articular cartilage; thus, maturation-associated changes may be dissimilar in magnitude from those documented for limb articular cartilage.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Craniofacial growth in juvenile chronic arthritis.

The craniofacial growth in children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA), especially that of the mandible, and the degree of destruction of the mandibular condyles vary depending on the heterogeneity in duration and intensity of the disease. In JCA children showing destruction of the temporomandibular joint, the dentofacial morphology is characterized by overall smaller dimensions of the mandible, mandibular retrognathia, a steep mandibular plane, Class II malocclusion, dental crowding, and frontal open bite. In children with unilateral condylar destruction, asymmetries will develop, with the chin deviating to the affected side. The facial morphology of JCA children with condylar lesions becomes more abnormal during growth, reflecting a decelerated mandibular development and a backward-rotating growth pattern. The main single cause of the deviating craniofacial growth is mandibular condylar destruction. Other factors that may influence the craniofacial growth are head posture, soft tissue stretching, disease activity and drug therapy, type of onset of the disease, muscle weakness, decreased functional ability, and orthodontic treatment.

Arthritis, Juvenile↗
PubMed1990

Studies on the temporomandibular joints of an eighteenth-century London population (Spitalfields).

The mandibular condyles and glenoid fossae of 93 adult skulls of known age at death were studied in skeletons exhumed from the crypt of Christ Church, Spitalfields, London. Antero-posterior and mesio-lateral dimensions were recorded, as were the shapes together with form and surface changes. In addition, the teeth present and the extent of occlusal attrition were noted. There was sexual dimorphism in the mesio-lateral size of the condyle, and although ante-mortem tooth loss was higher than in previously studied Romano-British skulls, form and surface changes of the condyle were less marked. It is concluded that tooth loss is not the main factor involved in remodelling of the condyle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Immunohistochemical localization of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) in mouse mandibular condylar cartilage.

MMP-13 appears to be one of the most important MMPs in cartilage remodeling and mineralization, because it exhibits a substrate preference for the cartilage-specific type II collagen. The condylar process is constructed by rapid accumulation of hypertrophic chondrocytes during development, but its mechanism is still unclear. To investigate the role of MMP-13 in developing condylar cartilage, we immunohistochemically examined the localization of MMP-13 in the endochondral ossification of the mandibular condyle and tibiae of newborn mice. In the tibiae, the MMP-13 expression was detected only in the deepest layer of the terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes through every examined stage (day 1 to day 10 after birth). On the other hand, in the condylar cartilage at days 1 and 5, MMP-13 was expressed throughout the proliferating and the hypertrophic chondrocytes, and at day 10, MMP-13 was mainly localized in the deepest edge of the hypertrophic layer. A zymographical study showed that the activity of MMP-13 in the condyle was observed at day 1, earlier than in the tibia, and increased until day 7. The time-dependent and cell-specific expression of MMP-13 and its enzymatic property suggest that in the mandibular condylar cartilage, MMP-13 plays a role in making the space for cell enlargement by degradation of the cartilage matrix and in onset of mineralization during the early stage of development.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Incremental growth charts for condylar growth between 6 and 16 years of age.

This study provides sex specific reference data for the incremental growth of the mandibular condyle. The results pertain to a mixed-longitudinal sample of 113 males and 108 females followed annually between 6 and 16 years of age (total of 1647 observations). Growth of condylion was evaluated using naturally stable mandibular reference structures. The mean growth curves were estimated by multilevel models using iterative least squares procedures; between subject variation was estimated based on the sample's percentile distributions. Mean yearly velocities of condylar growth for males ranged between 2.1 and 3.1 mm/year. Growth rates decreased during childhood, increased during adolescence, and attained a maximum of 3.1 mm/year at approximately 14.3 years of age. Females showed a more constant rate of condylar growth during childhood (2.0-2.7 mm/year), a smaller adolescent peak (2.3 mm/year) at approximately 12.2 years and rapid deceleration after the peak. These reference data offer orthodontists an objective means of evaluating growth potential and treatment outcome in individual patients. Charts are provided for evaluating condylar growth of individual patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antelocation of mandibular disc. 2. Clinical examination of patients with reverse clicks].

119 sick who revealed clicks in mandibular joint during shifting downwords and adduction of mandible i.e. so called reverse dicks. It was possible to eliminate the clicks in the mandibular joint in a new therapeutic positioning of the mandible in 52 patients among these sick. These sick have been examined in details and treated. Algetic syndrome of dysfunction symptoms has also been found in 31 sick (60%) beside reverse clicks in the mandibular joint. The roentgenograms of mandibular joint have demonstrated various kinds of disturbances in the positioning of mandibular condyles in the greatest nodulation of the teeth in 50 sick (96.2%). The initial treatment by means of occlusion splints and/or temporary partial dentures in a new three-dimensional position of the mandible eliminating clicks in mandibular joint has been performed in all 52 sick. Follow-up examinations performed in 38 sick after 3-9 months of using the splints or temporary prosthetic restoration have demonstrated that complete elimination of the clicks in the mandibular joint has been gained in 29 persons under examination (75.3%) and in case of the remaining 9 sick (33.7%) these clicks have only significantly been diminished. From the examinations performed it follows that performing of initial prosthetic treatment is necessary in the sick with reverse clicks.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Type II and type III collagen in mandibular condylar cartilage of patients with temporomandibular joint pathology.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to examine the presence of type II and type III collagen in the cartilage of the mandibular condyle in different types of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), to assess to what degree the newly formed tissue is cartilaginous. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tissue samples from 46 TMJ surgery patients (37 women and 9 men; mean age, 37 years; range, 14 to 76 years) were investigated. The samples were obtained at surgery mostly from anteriorly situated osteophytes or the anterosuperior uneven articular surface of the condyle. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, toluidine blue, and Gomori's reticular stain. Type II and type III collagens were demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: The amount of type II collagen was variable in the mandibular condylar cartilage. Type III collagen was found in the new osteoid tissue as well as the new chondroid tissue that was synthesized in the most reactive situations. CONCLUSIONS: Type II collagen synthesis occurred mainly in condylar hypertrophy and the intermediate stage of internal derangement of the TMJ. Type III collagen, which is found in fibrous repair tissue, was also found in sites of repair of mandibular condylar cartilage, including RA and osteomyelitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Histologic structure of human costochondral junction.

Costochondral grafts are commonly used to restore dysplastic mandibular condyles. Despite their worldwide use, the growth of the condyle-ramus unit constructed with a costochondral graft is highly unpredictable, excess growth being the most common consequential problem. In a recent series of experiments on rats, it became evident that the amount of cartilage, more precisely the amount of germinative cells, in the rib graft has a direct bearing on its growth capacity. In the present study, the histology of the human costochondral junction of growing individuals was examined. It was implicit from the height of the proliferative plus hypertrophic cell zones of the junction that the grafts used clinically have always contained germinative cells, but in variable amounts. Thus the reported growth variability of the condyle-ramus unit may be due to the amount of cartilage included in the grafts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

A macroscopic study of the effect of oxygen on the growth of the rat mandible and femur in vivo.

The effect of oxygen on the growth of the mandible was studied in 40 Long-Evans/Turku rats. Pregnant rats were exposed to increased oxygen tension for 16 days from 7 to 23 days of gestation. After parturition the young rats were kept under normal laboratory conditions until the age of 50 days and then killed for macroscopic examination. Fifteen rats were exposed to increased oxygen tension from 15 to 50 days postnatally and then killed. The control animals were kept under normal laboratory conditions throughout. A prenatal increase in oxygen tension had no marked effects on the dimensions of the mandible at the age of 50 days, although the height of the mandible was increased when the dimensions were corrected for body weight. A postnatal increase in oxygen tension reduced the length of the mandible but increased its height. Although low oxygen tension has been thought to favor cartilage formation, and although function is considered necessary for the growth of the mandibular condyle, it seems that the latter process is stimulated by increased oxygen tension and reduced by loading.

Animals↗