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PubMed2006

Adiponectin is present in human milk and is associated with maternal factors.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that human milk has a role in the gastrointestinal, neural, and immune development of neonates. If present in milk, adiponectin would be a promising candidate for influencing infant development, given its metabolic functions. OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to determine whether adiponectin is present in human milk and to characterize maternal factors associated with potential variation in milk adiponectin concentrations. DESIGN: We quantified adiponectin concentrations in human milk samples from donors to the Cincinnati Children's Research Human Milk Bank and randomly selected participants in a cohort study in Mexico City funded by the National Institutes of Health. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data, we examined milk adiponectin concentrations in relation to lactation duration, maternal body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)), and ethnicity. RESULTS: Adiponectin was detected in human skim milk (range: 4.2-87.9 ng/mL). In cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, duration of lactation was negatively associated with milk adiponectin concentrations (beta = -0.059 +/- 0.024 and -0.059 +/- 0.007, respectively; P < 0.02 for both). Maternal postpregnancy BMI was positively associated with milk adiponectin concentrations (beta = 0.08 +/- 0.02, P < 0.0001; longitudinal analysis). Mexican mothers had lower median milk adiponectin concentrations at 1 mo than did the non-Hispanic white subjects from Cincinnati (11.5 and 19.8 ng/mL; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Adiponectin is present in human milk and its concentrations are associated with duration of lactation, maternal adiposity, and ethnicity. Given the importance of adiponectin in inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and fatty acid metabolism, future studies should examine milk adiponectin's role in infant metabolic development.

Adiponectin↗
PubMed2003

Effects of gender, anthropometric variables, and aging on the evolution of hip strength in men and women aged over 65.

Although gender differences in fall rates may partly explain the higher prevalence of fractures in elderly women than men, male bones may also be intrinsically stronger or suffer less structural degradation with age than those of women. We used hip structural analysis (HSA) to study gender differences in hip geometry and bone mineral density (BMD) as they evolved over time in elderly white men and women with the aim of identifying candidate biological pathways leading to heightened risk of hip fracture. We recruited 443 women and 439 men aged 67-79 years from a diet and cancer prospective population-based cohort study to a study of hip bone loss. Hip BMD was measured on two occasions 2-5 years apart by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and HSA software used to derive BMD and structural parameters at the narrow neck (NN), the intertrochanter (IT), and the shaft (S) regions. Structural indices calculated in each region were cross-sectional area (CSA)-amount of bone surface area in the cross section after excluding soft tissue space; section modulus (Z)-an index of bending resistance, subperiosteal width, endocortical width, cortical thickness; and cortical buckling ratio (CBR)-a measure of cortical instability. Compared to men, women had lower values of BMD, CSA, Z, subperiosteal width, endocortical width, and cortical thickness in all regions, except S endocortical width, after adjusting for weight, height, and age (P < 0.0001). CBR was higher in women than in men (P < 0.0001) in all regions. Longitudinal analysis of rates of change revealed faster rates of BMD decline in women than in men at the Hologic total hip, Hologic femoral neck, and IT regions (P < 0.029). Women had faster rates of subperiosteal and endosteal expansion than men at the NN (P < 0.011) and IT (P < 0.049) and faster increase in Z at the NN (P = 0.029). At the IT region, cortical thinning was faster in women than in men (P = 0.037) and CBR increased at a faster rate in women (P = 0.011). In conclusion, Z is lower in women than in men and expansion of the proximal femur occurs in both sexes, being faster in women than in men. Z does not decline at the same rate as BMD, implying that part of the effect of aging on BMD is due to expansion of the bony envelope without loss of bone mineral content. Faster expansion in the female femoral neck may in turn lead to greater fragility if wider diameter and thinner cortices become locally unstable.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Random-effects models in investigating the effect of vitamin A in childhood diarrhea.

PURPOSE: By adopting more appropriate and powerful statistical methods that fully exploit longitudinal structure, we re-analyze and extend previously published results from a large community trial to investigate the effect of vitamin A supplementation on the prevalence and severity of diarrhea in young children. METHODS: Generalized linear mixed models were used to allow for repeated measures in a reanalysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled community trial conducted in a cohort of children in northeastern Brazil during 1 year. The response variable was weekly number of days with diarrhea for each child, and Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods were used to estimate model parameters. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Random effects suitably accounted for the underlying heterogeneity between and within children, and our longitudinal analysis shows a significant beneficial effect of vitamin A supplementation that was inconclusive in previously reported simple summary analyses of these data. Risk for diarrhea infection was estimated to be 1.57 times greater for a child administered a placebo as opposed to vitamin A (95% credible interval, 1.17-2.12). Additionally, we identified previously unreported temporal effects in these data, showing a decreasing daily probability of diarrhea for both groups during the trial and treatment-time interaction.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed1998

Coping, personality and the development of a central pattern of body fat from youth into young adulthood: The Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that coping behaviour, in particular a defeat reaction to stress, is a determinant of the central pattern of body fat. To verify this hypothesis, this study investigated if coping behaviour, and associated personality traits, are associated with a central pattern of body fat or total body fatness in a healthy population of males (n=83) and females (n=98) early in life. METHODS: Problem-focused, emotion-focused and type A behaviour were measured at the mean ages of 21 y and 27 y. Personality traits (inadequacy, social inadequacy, dominance, rigidity and debilitating anxiety), a central pattern of body fat (subscapular/triceps, (S/T) ratio) and total body fatness (sum of four skinfolds (SSF): biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac) were measured six times between the ages of 13-27 y. RESULTS: In both genders, no association was found between either coping strategy and a central pattern of body fat or total body fatness. In males, type A behaviour was significantly negatively correlated with the S/T ratio (r = -0.27, P=0.01) after adjustment for total body fatness, at the mean age of 27 y. In a longitudinal analysis, adjusted for total body fatness, dominance and rigidity were negatively associated with the S/T ratio (beta = -0.09, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) (-0.17; -0.00) and beta = -0.11, 95% CI (-.19; -0.02), respectively) between the ages of 13-21 y in males. These associations of type A behaviour, dominance and rigidity, with a central pattern of body fat, were weaker and did not reach statistical significance with total body fatness. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study justify further research on the association between coping behaviour, personality and the development of a central pattern of body fat.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

The role of concomitant respiratory diseases on the rate of decline in FEV1 among adult asthmatics.

Several recent reports have presented evidence suggesting that adults with asthma have an accelerated rate of decline in pulmonary function compared with nonasthmatics. However, most of these studies have not taken into account the possible effect of comorbid lung disease in addition to asthma. This study was designed to determine if comorbid respiratory diseases modify or otherwise change the estimates of decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Study subjects were White, non-Mexican, American participants, who were > or = 20 yrs of age at the initial survey and had at least one pulmonary function testing. Respiratory disease status, based on self-reported questionnaires and pulmonary function tests, were assessed during 12 surveys spanning a period of up to 20 yrs. There were 2,926 subjects who met the inclusion criteria, 214 (7.3%) had physician-confirmed asthma, 325 (11.1%) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 125 (4.3%) both physician-confirmed asthma and COPD. Longitudinal analysis revealed that among those with longstanding asthma, FEV1 values were low but did not decline at a more rapid rate than normal. Likewise, subjects with both asthma and COPD had the lowest levels of FEV1, but also a rate of decline that was not significantly increased. Only those with COPD in the absence of asthma experienced both a low initial FEV1 level and a significantly steeper rate of decline. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that forced expiratory volume in one second does not decline more rapidly in asthmatics or in those with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with nonasthmatics.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The accuracy of sonography for evaluation of internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint in asymptomatic elementary school children: comparison with MR and CT.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In order to clarify the incidence and evolution of disk displacement in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in children, we performed a longitudinal analysis in 18 subjects. Some investigators have suggested that sonography can provide information about the articular disk position of the TMJ. The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of sonography for revealing internal derangement of the TMJ in elementary school children compared with our standard of reference, MR imaging and helical CT. METHODS: Eighteen children were examined using both sonography and MR imaging or helical CT or both. The sonographically revealed distance between the articular capsule and the lateral surface of the mandibular condyle was measured and compared with that obtained by MR or helical CT scanning. RESULTS: Compared with our MR/CT standard of reference, sonography revealed a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 96%, and an accuracy of 92% for identifying disk displacement (defined as a distance of 4 mm or more between the articular capsule and the lateral surface of the mandibular condyle). CONCLUSION: Although sonography's sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the diagnosis of disk displacement were slightly inferior to those of MR or helical CT, we assert it is a useful imaging method for longitudinal investigations of a large group of elementary school children. Internal derangement of the TMJ should be suspected if sonography reveals a distance between the articular capsule and the lateral surface of the mandibular condyle of 4 mm or more.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Obsessive-compulsive disorder in a birth cohort of 18-year-olds: prevalence and predictors.

OBJECTIVE: To report descriptive epidemiological information on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in an unselected birth cohort of 930 males and females, aged 18 years. METHOD: An epidermiological study of the prevalence of self-reported OCD at age 18, and a longitudinal analysis of the prospective predictors of OCD. RESULTS: Using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, the authors found a 1-year prevalence rate of 4%, with a male-female ratio of 0.7:1. The majority of OCD cases met criteria for a comorbid disorder, most commonly depression (62%), social phobia (38%), and substance dependence (alcohol 24%, marijuana 19%). CONCLUSIONS: Data collected on the sample from birth to age 18 years indicated that many childhood risk factors theorized in the literature did not predict OCD in this sample. However, a history of depression and substance use were prospective risk factors for OCD.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

T cell subsets in multiple sclerosis. A longitudinal study of exacerbating-remitting cases.

Twenty-four untreated MS patients with exacerbating-remitting disease were longitudinally studied for T-cell subset distribution within peripheral blood, using monoclonal antibodies OKT3, OKT4 and OKT8. A decreased percentage of OKT8 reactive cells, with a correlative increase of the OKT4/OKT8 ratio, was detected in relapsing MS patients, in most cases within 2 weeks before and 1 week after the onset of relapse. Longitudinal analysis of individual fluctuations allowed to detect during relapse an increase of OKT4/OKT8 ratio over the value recorded during remission in 78% of MS patients. Only 50% of patients however exhibited an OKT4/OKT8 ratio exceeding the 5% confidence upper limit of healthy control values. Relapse was more often associated with T-cell subset abnormalities in patients who suffered several attacks during the period of study. MS patients in remission, when considered as a group did not show significant abnormalities of the T-cell subset balance, although some individuals did present with wider T-cell subset fluctuations than healthy controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Regularities of formation in a general population of serum antibodies to previously circulated influenza A viruses].

The spectrum of antibody production against hemagglutinin of all known influenza A virus serotypes after influenza A (H3N2) infection in persons of all age groups (from 1 month to 72 years) was analysed to investigated the regularities of accumulation of antibodies against influenza A viruses gone out of circulation. For the same purpose, a long-term (many years) longitudinal analysis of serum anti-HA antibody levels against "old" influenza A (HSW1N1), A (H0N1), A (H1N1), A (H2N2), and A (H3N2) viruses was carried out in children and adults of various age groups in 6 cities of different geographical regions of the country. Based on the results of the study, the concept of the "original antigenic sin" is analysed critically, and a new original concept on the regularities of antibody genesis against previously prevalent influenza A viruses and the factors affecting this process has been formulated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Associations between plasma ghrelin levels and body composition in end-stage renal disease: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Ghrelin is a newly detected orexigenic gastric hormone that stimulates food intake. Increased levels of ghrelin are often found in disease states associated with wasting. Wasting is a common phenomenon in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in whom elevated ghrelin levels have been reported. However, no data are available on the relationship between body composition and plasma ghrelin levels in this patient group. METHODS: The study population consisted of 108 (71 males) ESRD patients aged 53+/-12 years. Body composition, nutritional status (subjective global assessment), estimated protein intake (nPNA), plasma ghrelin, plasma insulin and serum leptin were evaluated close to the start of dialysis treatment. Twelve healthy subjects (nine males, 44+/-6 years) served as the control group. A longitudinal evaluation of changes in plasma ghrelin and body composition was performed in 52 of the patients after 12 months of dialysis treatment. RESULTS: Markedly elevated plasma ghrelin levels (843+/-485 vs 443+/-302 pg/ml; P<0.01) were observed in ESRD patients compared with controls. Basal plasma ghrelin levels correlated significantly with plasma insulin (R = -0.32; P<0.05), body mass index (R = -0.24; P<0.05), log serum leptin levels (R = -0.23; P<0.05) and truncal fat mass (R = -0.25; P<0.05). The longitudinal analysis of body composition demonstrated that whereas fat mass increased (23.7+/-8.6 to 25.3+/-9.9 kg; P<0.05) and plasma ghrelin levels decreased (855+/-429 to 693+/-408 pg/ml; P<0.05) significantly in peritoneal dialysis patients, no significant changes in either body composition or plasma ghrelin levels were found in patients treated by haemodialysis. CONCLUSION: Markedly elevated plasma ghrelin levels are found in advanced renal failure and correlate with fat mass, plasma insulin and serum leptin levels. Changes in plasma ghrelin during 12 months of peritoneal dialysis treatment are associated with changes in body composition.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Daily home visiting in one general practice: a longitudinal study of patient-initiated workload.

New requests for home visits performed by one general practitioner were recorded every weekday over 13 years from 1977 to 1989. Overall, a steady reduction in patient-initiated demand for visits was seen. However, longitudinal analysis by age showed that this was statistically significant only in patients aged under 65 years, for whom there was a 71% decrease. There was no significant change in the rates of visits requested for elderly (65-74 years old) and very elderly (75 years and over) patients. In the last year of the study 75% of daily visiting was requested by 18% of the patients, that is by the elderly and very elderly, a sector of the population which is increasing. The findings challenge the prediction that home visits will decline until they eventually disappear. General practitioners in the UK still need to maintain a domiciliary service to their elderly patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Anthelmintic treatment improves the hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations of Tanzanian schoolchildren.

To investigate the relationships between helminth infections and iron status among school-aged children, 1,115 Tanzanian children in grades 2 through 5 were randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. The children in the treatment group were screened for infection with Schistosoma haematobium and hookworm at baseline, 3 months, and 15 months; infected children were given albendazole against hookworm and praziquantel against schistosomiasis. The control group received a placebo and did not undergo parasitological screening until 15 months after the baseline. Hematological variables were compared between the treatment and control groups. The main results were, first, that the hemoglobin concentration significantly improved after treatment for hookworm (p < .001) by 9.3 g/L in children treated for hookworm only and by 8.8 g/L in children treated for hookworm and schistosomiasis. The ferritin concentration also improved in children treated for schistosomiasis (p = .001) or hookworm (p = .019). Second, a longitudinal analysis of the data from the children in the control group showed that hookworm and schistosomiasis loads were negatively associated with hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations. Moreover, ferritin concentrations increased as C-reactive protein levels increased. Overall, the results showed that anthelmintic treatment is a useful tool for reducing anemia in areas with high hookworm and schistosomiasis endemicity. The empirical relationship between ferritin and C-reactive protein indicated that simple procedures for adjusting cutoff points for the use of ferritin as an indicator of low iron stores were unlikely to be useful in this population.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1997

[Adjuvant CMF chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer--results on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis].

Breast cancer disease and as well as CMF-chemotherapy are associated with an increased risk for thromboembolic complications. There is evidence that effects on the hemostatic system may play an important role. To minimize the impact of tumor associated hypercoagulability, we choose to study CMF-associated effects on the hemostatic system within an adjuvant setting. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis were examined before and 24 hours after intravenous application of CMF-therapy at 17 patients with breast cancer. 16 parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied. In a longitudinal analysis covering the complete 6 month treatment period we found a decrease of thromboplastin time (TPZ) factor VII (FVII) and protein C antigen (PC Ag) and activity (PC Act). Clinically relevant pathological results and cumulative effects were observed only for PC Ag and Act, while the mean values of TPZ and FVII returned to pre-treatment levels after each course of treatment. These data suggest a potential impact of CMF-chemotherapy on synthesis and activation of vitamin-K-dependent coagulation factors thus providing a possible explanation for the increased risk for thrombosis during CMF-chemotherapy.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1998

Elevated serum concentrations of cardiac troponin T in acute allograft rejection after human heart transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the concept and diagnostic efficacy of using serum troponin T for the detection of cardiac graft rejection. BACKGROUND: Cardiac troponin T is a cardiospecific myofibrillar protein, which is only detectable in the circulation after cardiac myocyte damage. It might be expected to be released during acute heart allograft rejection, allowing noninvasive rejection diagnosis. METHODS: In 35 control subjects and in 422 samples from 95 clinically unremarkable heart allograft recipients more than 3 months postoperatively, troponin T serum concentrations were compared to the histological grade of acute graft rejection in concurrent endomyocardial biopsies. RESULTS: Mean troponin T serum concentrations were identical in control subjects (23.2 +/- 1.4 ng/liter) and in heart transplant recipients without graft rejection (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation [ISHLT] grade 0; 22.4 +/- 1.7 ng/liter). Mean troponin T concentrations increased in parallel with the severity of graft rejection (ISHLT grade 1: 27.8 +/- 1.8 ng/liter; grade 2: 33.2 +/- 2.7 ng/liter; grade 3A: 54.6 +/- 6.5 ng/liter; grade 3B and 4: 105.4 +/- 53.7 ng/liter; p < 0.001 for grades 3 and 4 vs. grades 0 and 1). The proportion of positive samples also increased in parallel with rejection severity, reaching 100% in rejections of grade 3B and 4. Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of significant graft rejection (ISHLT grade 3/4) were 80.4% and 61.8%, respectively. The negative predictive value was most remarkable with 96.2%. Intraindividual longitudinal analysis of troponin T levels and biopsy results in 15 patients during long-term follow-up confirmed these findings. CONCLUSIONS: The present data demonstrate that acute allograft rejection after human heart transplantation is often associated with increased serum concentrations of troponin T. All cases of serious forms of graft rejection would have been detected before the development of clinical symptoms. Measurement of troponin T levels may become a useful ancillary parameter for noninvasive rejection diagnosis, being most valuable in the exclusion of severe cardiac graft rejection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

The role of Medicaid HMO enrollment in the longitudinal utilization of medical care services in a cohort of injecting drug users in Baltimore, Maryland.

Although injecting drug users (IDUs) are highly dependent on Medicaid, the literature has not explored the effect of Medicaid HMO enrollment on medical care utilization. This longitudinal analysis compares 6-month utilization levels of IDUs in Medicaid HMOs with those of other Medicaid-enrolled IDUs and IDUs in other insurance arrangements. The analysis includes 1064 participants from the AIDS Link to Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) study, a natural history study of HIV infection in a community-based sample of IDUs in Baltimore, Maryland. A generalized linear modeling approach was used to examine self-reported inpatient admissions, ER visits, and ambulatory care visits from January 1995 through June 1997. Non-HMO Medicaid beneficiaries had more inpatient admissions and ambulatory care visits than Medicaid HMO enrollees. These findings suggest that HMO enrollment has been effective in lowering utilization among IDUs in Medicaid, but it is unclear whether utilization differences are the result of inappropriate utilization or access issues.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Metabolic characterization of long-term successful pancreas transplants in type I diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The encouraging results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial emphasize the need for improved methods of glycemic control to prevent the potentially devastating complications of Type I diabetes mellitus. However, current conventional approaches have failed to consistently achieve normal HbAlc levels and increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Pancreas transplantation is a consistently reliable method of achieving postoperative normal glucose levels, but no extensive assessment has been made of the long-term stability of its metabolic benefits. METHODS: To ascertain long-term stability of metabolic function of pancreas transplants in Type I diabetic patients, we studied fasting glucose levels, glucose disposal after intravenous glucose challenge, HbAlc levels, and pancreatic islet beta and alpha cell responsiveness in a series of 96 successfully transplanted recipients. Patients were studied cross-sectionally and, when possible, longitudinally for up to five years post-transplantation. Special emphasis was given to the longitudinal analysis to determine whether initial metabolic benefits maintain stability or undergo deterioration during the first five postoperative years. RESULTS: Pancreas transplantation was accompanied by normal or nearly normal fasting plasma glucose levels, intravenous glucose disappearance rates, and HbAlc levels. Beta cell function assessed by acute insulin responses and acute C-peptide responses to intravenous glucose injections revealed no deterioration in the magnitude of these responses. Analysis of acute insulin and C-peptide responses to intravenous arginine provided similar results. Alpha cell function, assessed by measuring acute glucagon responses to intravenous arginine, were significantly (p > .001) greater than preoperative responses and remained stable over the ensuing five-year period. In grafts that maintained function, none of these metabolic measures showed deterioration during the five-year postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: Successful pancreas transplantation provides pancreatic islet function that results in normal or near normal glycemic control for up to five years postoperatively in Type I diabetic recipients receiving no exogenous insulin or oral hypoglycemic agent therapy.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1994

Natural interpregnancy intervals of fertile couples: a longitudinal survey of grand grand multiparous women.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the natural fecundity of grand grand multiparous women (> or = 10 deliveries) in relation to age, number of pregnancies, body mass index, and chronic diseases. DESIGN: A retrospective longitudinal analysis of interpregnancy intervals of married couples who had never used any kind of contraception. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: The interpregnancy intervals (months from delivery or spontaneous abortion to the next conception) of 96 grand grand multiparous women with a total of 1,327 pregnancies were evaluated from the first to the latest pregnancy (14 +/- 1.7; mean +/- SD). Because of the lack of reliable data on conception times, 109 pregnancies had to be excluded. The number of interpregnancy intervals remaining for evaluation was thus 1,218. RESULTS: The mean interpregnancy intervals in the material of 1,218 pregnancies was 8.5 +/- 4.9 months, being significantly shorter after an abortion (5.3 +/- 4.8 months) or stillbirth (6.0 +/- 4.7 months) than after a delivery (8.9 +/- 5.6 months). The interpregnancy interval was significantly longer in women over 30 years of age than in the younger women, approximately 7 months in the latter and exceeding 10 months around the age of 40 years. Body mass index and chronic medical illness did not influence the interpregnancy intervals. The incidence of spontaneous abortions increased after the age of 30 years. It was 6% until 30 years, 10% between 31 and 35 years, and 25% after 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective longitudinal review, the reproductive capacity of fertile couples remains rather sound until premenopausal age. The data suggest that a woman's delivery capacity could be 25 births between 16 and 45 years of age.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2005

Influence of RANTES, SDF-1 and TGF-beta levels on the value of interleukin-7 as a predictor of virological response in HIV-1-infected patients receiving double boosted protease inhibitor-based therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Interleukin-7 (IL-7), RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) appear to share certain biological properties in vitro and all are involved in HIV-1 disease progression. Our earlier observations indicated that IL-7 levels decrease upon CD4 T-cell recovery and represent a new, independent predictor of virological response. Here, we examine associations among circulating levels of IL-7, RANTES, SDF-1 and TGF-beta in hopes of gaining insight into their contribution to the predictive value of IL-7. METHODS: Levels of IL-7, RANTES, SDF-1 and TGF-beta, and immune and viral parameters were assessed in HIV-1-infected patients. RESULTS: Cross-sectional (n=148) and longitudinal (n=36) analyses showed that levels of IL-7, but not RANTES, SDF-1 or TGF-beta, were increased in HIV-1-infected adults compared with those of healthy controls. In the cross-sectional study, levels of IL-7 were correlated with RANTES (r=0.31, P=0.002) and TGF-beta (r=0.53, P<0.001) but not with SDF-1 (r=0.12, P=0.22), and these associations were more pronounced in patients with CD4 T-cell counts >200 cells/microL. In contrast to IL-7, levels of RANTES, SDF-1 and TGF-beta were not correlated with CD4 T-cell counts. Longitudinal analysis revealed a marked decline in IL-7 levels accompanied by an increase in CD4 T-cell count following antiretroviral therapy (ART), but no changes in RANTES, SDF-1 or TGF-beta levels. Multivariate regression analysis showed no influence of baseline RANTES, SDF-1 or TGF-beta levels on the value of IL-7 as a predictor of virological response at 48 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these results indicate that changes in IL-7 levels did not induce changes in RANTES, SDF-1 or TGF-beta. Furthermore, they indicate that RANTES, SDF-1 or TGF-beta levels do not explain the predictor value of IL-7 in patients receiving ART.

Adult↗