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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Linguistic reference performance in parents of schizophrenic patients.

Clinicians have often reported observing subtle signs of thought disorder or communication difficulties in parents of schizophrenic patients. Ascertaining empirically whether these impressions are valid and, if so, clarifying the nature of such disturbances is important for at least two reasons. First, it could assist in elucidating the etiologies of the illness. If distinguishing parental characteristics could be clearly defined, then further research could be undertaken to determine to what extent they represent genetic vulnerability markers, pathogenic environmental influences, or behavioral responses to having a disordered offspring. Secondly, it could facilitate our understanding of the cognitive processes involved in schizophrenia or in the constitutional vulnerability to schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Vamos a Traducir los MRV (let's translate the VRM): linguistic and cultural inferences drawn from translating a verbal coding system from English into Spanish.

Translating a verbal coding system from one language to another can yield unexpected insights into the process of communication in different cultures. This paper describes the problems and understandings we encountered as we translated a verbal response modes (VRM) taxonomy from English into Spanish. Standard translations of text (e.g., psychotherapeutic dialogue) systematically change the form of certain expressions, so supposedly equivalent expressions had different VRM codings in the two languages. Prominent examples of English forms whose translation had different codes in Spanish included tags, question forms, and "let's" expressions. Insofar as participants use such forms to convey nuances of their relationship, standard translations of counseling or psychotherapy sessions or other conversations may systematically misrepresent the relationship between the participants. The differences revealed in translating the VRM system point to subtle but important differences in the degrees of verbal directiveness and inclusion in English versus Spanish, which converge with other observations of differences in individualism and collectivism between Anglo and Hispanic cultures.

Classification↗
PubMed1995

Linguistic processes in the two cerebral hemispheres: implications for modularity vs interactionism.

Three experiments are reported on lexical decision to target stimuli presented to the right or left visual field (RVF, LVF) following a variety of priming stimuli, words, incomplete sentences, and scrambled sentences. Lexical decision performance is always superior for stimuli presented to the RVF. Primes always facilitate the discrimination of words from nonword target stimuli presented to either visual field. However, when the prime is a sentence which is completed syntactically and semantically by a target word (normal, congruent sentence), the facilitation for RVF presented targets is significantly greater than for LVF targets. When the prime is either: (1) a single word, (2) a nonstructured (scrambled) sentence, or (3) a noncongruent-related sentence, the difference in facilitation between RVF and LVF presented targets is much smaller. These data are discussed with respect to (1) the nature of priming by sentences versus words, (2) language processing by the two hemispheres, and (3) modularity versus interactionism in language processing.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A six-centre international study of the outcome of treatment in patients with clefts of the lip and palate: the results of a cross-linguistic investigation of cleft palate speech.

Speech samples of 131 subjects with complete unilateral clefts of the lip and palate from six European cleft palate centres were analysed and assessed using a specifically designed phonetic framework. This framework focused on consonants that are "vulnerable" in speech associated with cleft palate and common to the five languages of the project. The methodology used and the results of the reliability study are reported. Consonant articulation, resonance, and voice quality are also evaluated. The results show good outcomes with regard to consonant articulation across the whole study group with common areas of minor difficulty across languages. The results for resonance were less good, with slight hypernasality in 20% of subjects. There were, however, few indications of seriously disordered speech. The detectable differences between centres match the findings of the Eurocleft Orthodontic Group particularly in regard to the ranking of the centres.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Linguistics of nucleotide sequences. I: The significance of deviations from mean statistical characteristics and prediction of the frequencies of occurrence of words.

Mathematical models of the generation of genetic texts appeared simultaneously with the first sequencing DNA. They are used to establish functional and evolutionary relations between genetic texts, to predict the number and distribution of specific sites in a sequence and to identify "meaningful" words. The present paper deals with two problems: 1) The significance of deviations from the mean statistical characteristics in a genetic text. Anyone who has addressed himself to the statistical analysis of sequenced DNA is familiar with the question: what deviations from the expected frequencies of occurrence of particular words testify to the "biological" significance of those words? We propose a formula for the variance of the number of word's occurrences in the text, with allowance for word overlaps, making it possible to assess the significance of the deviations from the expected statistical characteristics. 2) A new method for predicting the frequencies of occurrence of particular words in a genetic text using the statistical characteristics of "spaced" L-grams. The method can be used for predicting the number of restriction sites in human DNA and in planning experiments on the physical mapping and sequencing of the human genome.

Bacteriophage lambda↗
PubMed1989

Linguistics of nucleotide sequences. II: Stationary words in genetic texts and the zonal structure of DNA.

Words are irregularly distributed in genetic texts. The analysis of this irregularity leads to the notion of stationary and non-stationary words. The polyW and polyS tracts are shown to be the most non-stationary words in genetic texts (here W-[A,T], S-[G,C], a polyW tract is a sequence of A,T nucleotides and a polyS tract is a sequence of G,C nucleotides. The distribution of stationary words suggests a method for partitioning DNA into zones. The zones obtained in the case of the phage are interpreted in the light of the Dowe hypothesis of the modular structure of bacteriophage genomes.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2005

Some effects of aging on event-related potentials during a linguistic monitoring task.

Two groups of adults, one young and one elderly, were compared on a dichotic task in which continuous speech was monitored for grammatically and semantically anomalous words. Event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by these anomalies were analyzed in terms of peak amplitude and peak latency of the evoked late-positive component (LPC). Results showed that while LPC peak amplitudes were overall reduced for the group of seniors, LPC peak latencies were similar between both groups of listeners. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that elderly persons can offset declines in memory, perceptual processes, and speed of mental processing by taking advantage of contextual and prosodic cues in running speech. Additionally, an apparently asymmetric processing negativity was observed in the waveforms of young adults but not seniors. Possible mechanisms include the N400 response to semantic incongruity and a processing negativity component associated with attentional bias toward right hemispace.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1984

Lexical agraphia. Further support for the two-system hypothesis of linguistic agraphia.

Eight patients with acquired agraphia were studied using the same writing tests and were compared with normal and brain-damaged controls. Four patients fulfilled the criteria for lexical agraphia and on CT scan had lesions of the posterior angular gyrus that spared the supramarginal gyrus. The other 4 fulfilled the criteria for phonological agraphia. They had lesions on CT scan that were similar to those found in previously described patients with phonological agraphia. Their lesions involved the supramarginal gyrus or insula deep to it and spared the angular gyrus. These studies support the hypothesis that there are two dissociable spelling systems and that these spelling systems are disrupted by focal lesions in separate but distinct brain regions. Further studies investigated the relationships between phonological agraphia and phonological dyslexia (alexia), and lexical agraphia and surface dyslexia (lexical alexia). The data support the hypothesis that individual systems subserve the four processes of phonological spelling, phonological reading, lexical spelling and lexical reading.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Hearing Status, Language Modality, and Young Children's Communicative and Linguistic Behavior.

This study examined early pragmatic skill development in a group of 38 children with severe or profound hearing loss between 1 and 4 years of age who were enrolled in a simultaneous communication (SC) approach to language learning. Both their use of intentionally communicative acts and their use of language were studied in an analysis of 30-min play sessions between a child and the primary caregiver. Results were compared with previously published data from two age-matched groups: 38 deaf children who were enrolled in oral communication (OC) programs and 84 normally hearing (NH) children. All groups showed a significant improvement with age in the communicative behaviors measured; therefore, the overall trend was toward growth-in all age groups-even when the rates of growth differed. By age 3 years, a pattern of communicative function use had emerged in all three groups. Patterns exhibited by deaf children in the SC and OC groups were similar to each other and to younger NH children but dissimilar to NH age mates. Although the use of signed input by normally hearing parents and teachers did not serve to ameliorate the profound effects of hearing loss on communication development in SC children, it did provide some early advantages. The children in SC groups did not exhibit an advantage over children in OC groups in their overall frequency of communication or the breadth of their vocabulary but they began using words earlier and used mature communicative functions significantly more often. Although children in the OC groups did not exhibit a significant advantage in the overall amount of speech used, they showed an advantage in the breadth of their spoken vocabulary in a conversational setting. Implications for early intervention programming are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Oral discourse after early-onset hydrocephalus: linguistic ambiguity, figurative language, speech acts, and script-based inferences.

Studied 101 children, ages 6 to 15 years (50 with early-onset hydrocephalus, 51 normally developing), on four oral discourse tasks: establishing alternate meanings for ambiguous sentences; understanding figurative expressions; making bridging inferences; and producing speech acts. Children with hydrocephalus performed more poorly than controls on all four discourse tasks; and a higher-IQ hydrocephalus subgroup performed more poorly than controls on all but the figurative expressions task. The fluent, grammatically framed, but content-impoverished language described in early-onset hydrocephalus appears to reflect not so much problems in deriving word- and sentence-based meaning as deficits in the pragmatic use and understanding of language in discourse.

Adolescent↗