Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Judgment”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Comparing objective and subjective learning curves: judgments of learning exhibit increased underconfidence with practice.

When participants studied a list of paired associates for several study-test cycles, their judgments of learning (JOLs) exhibited relatively good calibration on the 1st cycle, with a slight overconfidence. However, a shift toward marked underconfidence occurred from the 2nd cycle on. This underconfidence-with-practice (UWP) effect was very robust across several experimental manipulations, such as feedback or no feedback regarding the correctness of the answer, self-paced versus fixed-rate presentation, different incentives for correct performance, magnitude and direction of associative relationships, and conditions producing different degrees of knowing. It was also observed both in item-by-item JOLs and in aggregate JOLs. The UWP effect also occurred for list learning and for the memory of action events. Several theoretical explanations for this counterintuitive effect are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Role of structure and component in judgments of visual similarity of Chinese characters.

Skilled readers of Chinese participated in sorting and visual search experiments. The sorting results showed that under conditions of conflicting information about structure and component, subjective judgments of the visual similarity among characters were based on the characters' overall configurations (i.e., structures) rather than on the common components the characters possessed. In visual search, both structure and component contributed to the visual similarity reflected by the search efficiency. The steepest search slopes (thus the most similar target-distractor pairs) were found when the target and the distractor characters had the same structure and shared 1 common component, compared with when they had different structures and/or shared no common components. Results demonstrated that character structure plays a greater role in the visual similarity of Chinese characters than has been considered.

Form Perception↗
PubMed2002

Emotion concepts and emotional states in social judgment and categorization.

An objection to conclusions of research investigating effects of emotions on cognitive processes is that the effects are due to the activation of semantic concepts rather than to emotional feelings. A sentence unscrambling task was developed to prime concepts of happiness, sadness, or neutral ideas. Pilot studies demonstrated that unscrambling emotional sentences did not affect emotional state but did prime semantically related words. Experiment 1 showed that the induction of emotional state but not the sentence unscrambling task produced emotion-congruent judgments. Results of Experiment 2 showed that individuals in emotional states categorized according to emotional equivalence more often than participants in a neutral state. Sentence unscrambling had no effect on emotional response categorization. The influences of emotions and emotion knowledge in cognition and emotion are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

[Judgment of the credibility of rape allegations: a content analytic field experiment].

This study explores the issue of whether allegations of rape can be correctly identified as true or false on the basis of a set of content criteria used successfully in previous studies with respect to children's accounts of sexual abuse. A sample of 30 authentic protocols of police interrogations of women reporting rape were selected for the study. Fifteen cases were classified as false accounts because the complaints eventually confessed to having fabricated their allegations. The remaining cases were classified as true rapes on the basis of medical and other corroborating evidence. A group of experienced police officers (N = 30) judged these cases in terms of their credibility on the basis of the 19 content criteria suggested by Steller & Köhnken (1989) and gave an overall judgment of the true vs. false nature of each statement. A second group of police officers (N = 22) judged the credibility of the statements without reference to these criteria. The findings from a series of discriminant function analyses showed that the set of criteria as a whole is successful in distinguishing between true and false rape allegations. The results of the stepwise discriminant function analyses reveal which criteria in particular contribute to the correct identification of true and false cases. However, the higher percentage of correct classifications in the group using the content criteria was only marginally significant compared to the second group judging the cases without reference to the criteria. Altogether, the findings of this study support the basic tenet of statement analysis that the linguistic features of a statement contain essential clues for assessing its credibility.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The empirical basis of risk assessment in child welfare: the accuracy of risk assessment and clinical judgment.

The importance of risk assessment is juxtaposed with the lack of empirical support regarding the validity of risk inventories. This study compared risk ratings of one risk assessment tool to decisions made by case managers. The researchers sampled 450 children and compared predictive utility of risk assessment to child protection decisions. Risk assessment was consistent with clinical judgment in 74% to 81% of cases, more than previously reported in studies of risk assessment validity. Further analyses identified discriminate functions at the instrument's category and individual-item levels. The results have implications for the validity of the instrument and its utility in child welfare.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Nonvisual judgment of the crossability of path gaps.

The ability of persons to locomote without vision with the aid of a hand-held probe was investigated in 4 experiments focusing on the negotiation of gaps in a pathway. In Experiment 1, Ss of extreme heights judged under sighted and blindfolded conditions whether gaps of different sizes could be crossed by walking. Crossability boundaries were lower for shorter Ss, but the height effect disappeared under normalization by leg length. Experiments 2-4 altered mechanical aspects of the probe (length and mass distribution) in the nonvisual case. Ss' performance was still reliable in each experiment, and their performances were constrained by parameters of the gap and of their action systems. Probe variables, however, had surprisingly little influence on the judgments of crossability. Results were discussed in terms of potential roles for information in different perceptual modalities.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of the difficulty of prior items on the magnitude of judgments of learning for subsequent items.

Research on metacognition often uses various kinds of paired-associate items (e.g., foreign language translation equivalents) to investigate judgments of learning (JOLs) under the assumption that the JOLs are made independently of each other. We tested this assumption by exploring the effect of manipulating the difficulty of prior Swahili-English translation equivalents to determine whether there is a contrasting change in the magnitude of the JOLs assigned to subsequent Swahili-English translation equivalents (e.g., intermediate-difficulty items might receive lower JOLs when following easy items than when following difficult items). The magnitude of JOLs for the subsequent items did not vary as a function of the difficulty of the prior items, even when there were 10 prior items of homogeneous difficulty that differed from the difficulty of the subsequent to-be-judged items.

Cognition↗
PubMed1991

[The influence of biographical details in case reports on diagnostic judgment].

Diagnostic judgment of medical students is influenced by patients they have seen recently. Not only signs and symptoms but also biographic data of the demonstrated patient contribute to this phenomenon. In this study the question is raised whether practising physicians are susceptible to the same influence after reading a case report in a medical journal. A case to be published in this journal was transformed into two patient scripts. The first was based on the same diagnosis and the same signs and symptoms, the second was based on another diagnosis and contained partly similar partly different signs and symptoms. Both scripts contained the same, striking biographic data derived from the original case report. One of the two scripts was presented randomly to a control group of 53 practising doctors before the date of publication. They were asked to rate the probability of 8 diagnoses on a 7-point scale. The experimental group consisted of 16 doctors who stated having read the case report. The scores of both groups were compared using analysis of variance. The experimental group in both cases assigned a significantly higher probability to the diagnosis of the published case report. In the first case they were right, in the second they were wrong. These results are similar to the findings with medical students. The question to be explored further is how to present patient cases in medical education. On one hand they should be attractive with some real life data, on the other hand spectacular biographic data may impair the diagnostic process.

Demography↗
PubMed1990

The ethics of clinical judgment in critical care.

Ethical decision making is an inherent part of the clinical judgment process in critical care nursing. It can cause considerable mental discomfort and stress. Although applying ethical theories to the clinical decision-making process does not provide absolute solutions, it does increase the nurse's confidence in the basis on which the decisions are made. Increasing the awareness of the ethical component of clinical decisions will increase the nurse's ability to deal with the perplexing ethical issues that permeate critical care nursing.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Judgments of restrictiveness, social acceptability, and usage: review of research on procedures to decrease behavior.

Research on professionals', consumers', and others' judgments of the restrictiveness, social acceptability, and estimated frequency of use of procedures to decrease behavior was reviewed. General findings were that (a) respondents generally were consistent in rating procedures from least to most restrictive; (b) most respondents agreed that procedures judged more restrictive should be used as a last resort; (c) more restrictive procedures were not frequently used in practice; (d) respondents generally agreed that less restrictive procedures were more socially acceptable, and vice versa; and (e) the social acceptability of procedures changed as a function of contextual variables Problems related to research methodology were discussed and future research directions suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

An interpretive study describing the clinical judgment of nurse practitioners.

Devaluation of nursing practice by both practicing nurses and nurse educators is giving way to keen interest in clinical scholarship. A naturalistic study was conducted to provide a contextual account of the actual practice of experienced nurse practitioners. Data collection procedures consisted of clinical situation interviews with nurse practitioner pairs, participant observation of patient visits to nurse practitioners in four hospital-based ambulatory settings, individual interviews with nurse practitioners, and administration of a brief demographic questionnaire. The 199 clinical situations that constituted the resulting text were analyzed using phenomenological and existential perspectives. The clinical judgment of experienced nurse practitioners is described through interpretive analysis of the text according to the dictates of hermeneutical phenomenology. This methodology provides a way of describing and communicating the knowledge that develops among experienced practitioners and their patients. Text interpretation also produced an adaptation of Benner's (1984a) domains and competencies specifically for nurse practitioner practice, which may be useful as a conceptual framework for nurse practitioner practice, education, and research.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

Reality testing and judgment.

Both clinical and research efforts will be enhanced when professionals clearly understand the meaning of the terms reality testing and judgment. Until recently, clinicians and writers often failed to differentiate between them and also introduced other similar words and phrases that further diminished the specificity of the term reality testing. After reviewing some recent efforts to clarify the terminology, the author discusses the critical role of sensation as a precursor to perception and cognition, and the interaction of all three elements in the development of reality testing. He concludes with proposals to clarify the clinical applications of the terminology.

Ego↗
PubMed1988

Seeing her looking at you: acquaintance and variation in the judgment of gaze depth.

The acquaintance of subject and looker as well as the depth of gaze affected male subjects' judgments of a female assistant's looking behavior. In a situation ruling out visual interaction, eye-contact gazes were located no more accurately than other gazes. Nevertheless, although gaze depths were not accurately discriminated, gazes deviating vertically and horizontally, to the edge of the head and just beyond the head, were located with some accuracy. The pattern of errors was toward the head and away from the body. Acquaintance produces a stronger bias away from the body, and may produce other interaction-facilitating biases.

Convergence, Ocular↗
PubMed1985

Assessing clinical judgment with standardized patients.

Family physicians and general practitioners see the majority of patients with uncomplicated rheumatic disease, yet information on database collection and clinical judgment in such practices is limited. Trained patients with uncomplicated rheumatic disease (standardized patients) were used to evaluate these abilities in 26 family physicians at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in blinded, but previously consented to, brief new encounters. Ability to formulate an assessment and to plan was evaluated as well as ability to collect diagnostic information. Few physicians explored the psychosocial impact of the illness (4 percent) or the role of depression (0 percent). In the brief encounter with a localized complaint, little inquiry was directed to systemic disease (46 percent). Physicians more uniformly asked about the chief complaint (96 percent) and time of onset (88 percent). Physical examination items most commonly omitted were evaluation of systemic joint involvement (69 percent) and muscle wasting in the involved area (59 percent). Referral occurred on 15 percent of encounters and patient education occurred in 62 percent. Three quarters of physicians developed an adequate assessment and virtually all developed an adequate patient care plan.

Arizona↗
PubMed1979

The repetition effect in judgments of temporal duration across minutes, days, and months.

Three experiments assessed the stability of the repetition effect in time judgment. In Experiment 1, subjects (N = 18) produced intervals ranging from 8 to 31 sec in a two-phase procedure with a five min rest between phases. In Experiment 2, subjects (N = 20) made verbal estimates of intervals ranging from 8 to 20 sec with a 48-hour delay between phases. Experiment 3 involved daily productions by three subjects of intervals ranging from 8 to 54 sec over several months. The slope of the psychophysical function increased across phases in Experimental 1, declined (as expected for estimation) across days in Experiment 2, and increased across months in Experiment 3. It was concluded that the repetition effect is relatively permanent and thus more similar to habituation than to sensory adaptation.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[An analysis of moral judgments in impression formation (author's transl)].

This experiment was designed to test the assumption of additive information integration in moral judgment. 35 subjects gave punishment ratings for descriptions that varied in kind of offence, information about previous conviction and personality characteristics. The data, analysed by Anova, show regular deviations from additivity.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1984

Direct estimation considered within a comparative judgment framework.

Two experiments that employed the dimension of line length were conducted to support an interpretation of direct estimation within the framework of comparative judgment. It was reasoned that because memorial and processing demands increased, decreasing amounts of transmitted information should be found in discrimination, categorization, and estimation tasks when considered in that order. The data of the first experiment supported the prediction. However, external anchors provided to reduce demand in estimation had no apparent effect. A second study did indicate a marginal effect of anchors when subjects were instructed to employ them but, more strikingly, demonstrated that the shape of the psychophysical function was sensitive to the differential labels that accompanied the anchors. Labels derived from a Fechnerian assumption about psychophysical relations produced a Fechnerian function, whereas labels derived from the actual ratio of the stimulus line to the largest line produced a function consistent with Stevens's power law. It was concluded that the evidence favored a view of direct estimation consonant with cognitive interpretations rather than with the idea of a universal psychophysical function.

Cognition↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quality judgments of hearing aid-processed speech and music by normal and otopathologic listeners.

Ten normal listeners and ten listeners with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss were given a paired-comparison task designed to elicit relative quality preferences among hearing aids when male speech, female speech, and music were processed by five different instruments. Results revealed notably high intrasubject test-retest reliability within the two groups of listeners for the male speech condition and in normal listeners for the female speech condition. Preferences assigned for any one of the three stimuli were found to be statistically correlated with those assigned for each of the other two stimuli. Furthermore, preferences of the otopathologic listeners were statistically equivalent those yielded by the normal listeners. Within the separate groups of listeners, rankings derived from the preferences of individual subjects were highly related to those of the other subjects within the respective group, suggesting the lack of a hearing aid-listener interaction. The relationship between preferences and "goodness" of selected electroacoustic characteristics, examined descriptively, was found to be equivocal. Overall results suggest that, while paired-comparison quality judgments may serve as an adequately reliable and adequately differentiating index of behavioral performance with hearing aids, incorporation of such a task within the traditional philosophy of hearing aid evaluation appears unjustifiable.

Acoustics↗