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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed2007

Dynamical origins of stereotypy: relation of postural movements during sitting to stereotyped movements during body-rocking.

The relation between the movement dynamic properties of sitting still and of seated body-rocking in adults with stereotyped movement disorder and mental retardation and a contrast group of typically developing age-matched adults was examined. Continuous measurement of sequential displacements in center-of-pressure was made using a force platform while subjects were engaged in seated body-rocking and quiet sitting. Properties of movement were compared across conditions (rocking, sitting) and groups (stereotyped movement disorder, contrast). The contrast group had the same modal frequency for both movement properties. The intrinsic dynamics of the stereotyped movement disorder group were similar to those of the contrast group for body-rocking but very different for quiet sitting. Findings support the suggestion that body-rocking in stereotyped movement disorder originates partly as an adaptation to an inability to control posture in a seated position.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The treatment of a chronic organic mental disorder with dextromethorphan in a man with severe mental retardation.

Response to dextromethorphan (15 mg b.i.d.), an antitussive agent not usually considered to have psychotropic properties, was seen in a 25-year-old man with severe developmental disabilities, congenital rubella, and an organic mental disorder. Dextromethorphan affects CNS serotonergic systems, and this was the probable therapeutic mechanism. This and other published cases suggest the existence of a distinct organic mental syndrome in developmentally disabled persons which responds to drugs that increase indoleaminergic activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Translation, cultural adjustment, and validation of a measure of adaptive behavior.

This paper investigates whether a measure of adaptive behavior, which has been developed and validated in western countries, could be successfully adapted to a nonwestern country, Indonesia. The purposes of the study were to (a) delineate procedures for cross-cultural adaptation and validation of adaptive behavior measurement, (b) create an operational version of an instrument in an Indonesian setting, and (c) investigate the validity of the resultant instrument by studying whether it had the same psychometric properties as its United States counterpart. The results are discussed in terms of the usefulness of the methodology employed for ascertaining the worth of any operationalizations of constructs and themes borrowed from other cultures that will form the basis for educational program development and individual pupil assessment.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

Further analysis of the relationship between self-injury and self-restraint.

It has been suggested that self-restraint, a phenomenon often correlated with self-injurious behavior (SIB), may be maintained by negative reinforcement in the form of escape from the aversive properties of SIB (e.g., pain). We examined the effects of blocking SIB (and presumably removing any aversive effects) on the self-restraint of a 19-year-old male with severe mental retardation. Consistent with the negative reinforcement hypothesis, blocking SIB resulted in near-zero levels of SIB and moderate reductions in self-restraint.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Inferiority in normal and anxious populations].

BACKGROUND: The construct of inferiority can be defined as an intimate, unrealistic and persistent conviction to be always low-ranking in merit, value, intellectual and/or physical capacities (Weiner et Mohl, 1996; Yao et al., 1996). This can be considered as an important cognitive factor in anxiety disorders. But, does a feeling of inferiority also exist in normal subjects? We hypothesized that the feeling of inferiority might be a normal phenomenon if it is a transient experience, in relation to external events, and represents an aspect of self esteem. The Inferiority Scale (Yao et al., 1998), aimed at measuring the feeling of inferiority in anxiety, is a self-report instrument including 17 items assessing self-appraisal of inferiority and 17 items assessing inferiority linked to others' judgements. It showed good psychometric properties of reliability and validity in previous studies. The aim of our study was to confirm the existence of inferiority feeling in non-clinical subjects, and its continuity between normal and anxious populations. Method - We included 264 non-clinical subjects in the study. The mean age of the sample was 30.38 years old (SD=10.25) and 36% (94 Ss) were men. The anxious population was composed with 57 subjects suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and 43 patients with social phobia according to DSM IV. The mean age of this population was 34.0 years old (SD=10.6) and 51% of them were men. The Inferiority Scale was used in our study for evaluating the feeling of inferiority. RESULTS: Most of non-clinical subjects reported low inferiority feelings and a part of the non-clinical subjects (15%) presented a moderate or strong feeling of inferiority, on the Inferiority Scale. The non-clinical subjects group was divided into two sub-groups (Low and High Inferiority) with the median of the Inferiority Scale total score. The total score and the sub-scores of the Inferiority Scale were all significantly higher in the two anxiety groups than in the two non-clinical sub-groups (p<0.0001) and higher in non-clinical subjects with high inferiority, compared to those with low inferiority (p<0.0001). Noting that the social phobic group presented higher scores of the Inferiority Scale than the OCD group (p=0.0058). There was a significant and negative correlation between age and the Inferiority Scale in non-clinical subjects, but there was no between-sex difference on the scale. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the existence of inferiority feeling in non-clinical subjects and suggest the existence of continuity of inferiority feeling as a psychological trait between normal and pathological populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Self-injurious behavior: a state-wide prevalence survey of the extent and circumstances.

A state-wide prevalence survey was conducted to determine the extent and circumstances of self-injurious behavior (SIB) among institutionalized mentally retarded individuals with 13.6% of the population (1,352 individuals) identified as being self-injurious from the approximately 10,000 clients in Texas' 13 residential facilities serving the mentally retarded. It was found that: (a) 89.8% of the clients were severely and profoundly mentally retarded; (b) differential therapeutic treatment modalities may have occurred according to the sex of the client; (c) 58.4% of the clients engaged in more than one SIB response topography; (d) 57% of the clients emitted SIB at least once per day; (e) 55% of all clients were aggressive toward others, with a higher incidence of aggression, property destruction, and sleep disturbances among clients who received psychoactive medication; and (f) 33.1% of the clients were on formalized positive treatment programs and 6.8% of the clients were on formalized aversive programs. Discussion highlights the extent and circumstances to which SIB exists and the need to implement effective and appropriate programming.

Aggression↗
PubMed2000

Hemizygosity of delta-catenin (CTNND2) is associated with severe mental retardation in cri-du-chat syndrome.

Delta-catenin is an adherens junction protein involved in cell motility and expressed early in neuronal development. It was discovered as an interactor with presenilin-1. The genomic structure of the human delta-catenin gene (Human Gene Nomenclature Committee-approved symbol CTNND2) was determined and mapped to 5p15.2. A deletion of this chromosomal region has been associated with the cri-du-chat syndrome (CDCS), a segmental aneusomy syndrome of 5p that is associated with an unusual high-pitched cry at birth, facial dysmorphology, poor growth, and severe mental retardation. delta-catenin maps to a specific region in 5p15.2 that has been implicated in the mental retardation phenotype. The breakpoints in patients with 5p terminal deletions were characterized with respect to the severity of mental retardation and the physical location of the delta-catenin gene. A strong correlation was found between the hemizygous loss of delta-catenin and severe mental retardation. These findings and the properties of delta-catenin as a neuronal-specific protein, expressed early in development and involved in cell motility, support its role in the mental retardation of CDCS when present in only one copy.

Armadillo Domain Proteins↗
PubMed1994

Competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility: an analysis in South Carolina.

Files of 160 defendants with mental retardation evaluated for competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility were reviewed. Referrals increased significantly over the years, and those for crimes against people were more common than those against property. Sexual and burglary/larceny offenses were the most frequent. The mean time from offense to court order was 113 days and increased over the years. About 3 more months passed before court. A judgment of competent occurred 66% of the time and criminally responsible, 87%. No offenders judged not competent went to jail. Concerns were expressed and improvements in the evaluation process were described.

Criminal Law↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of illness scale: reliability, validity, and cross-cultural utility.

We report on the development of a brief (nine-item) Impact of Illness Scale (IIS), which measures the degree that an illness is perceived to restrict psychosocial functioning. The measure is shown to have high internal consistency in a variety of samples. Its construct validity is indicated by correlations with other scales measuring general functioning in samples affected by illness. There is little variation in correlations between the IIS and other measures across a number of groups from different language and cultural backgrounds. This, together with the finding that items retain their psychometric properties when used to make general ratings of mental disorders, suggests that the content of the IIS is valid. The results suggest the IIS is a reliable and valid measure of psychosocial impact of illness that may be applicable in a wide range of sociocultural settings.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Brief report: clonazepam behavioral side effects with an individual with mental retardation.

Behavioral side effects associated with clonazepam may include agitation, aggression, hyperactivity, irritability, property destruction, and temper tantrums. These side effects may be inadvertently confused with other behavioral or psychiatric conditions, especially if exacerbation of existing challenging behavior occurs. This report describes an individual with mental retardation who experienced behavioral exacerbation associated with clonazepam prescribed at 2 mg/day (0.02 mg/kg/day) to treat aggression, self-injurious behavior, property destruction, and screaming, which was measured with a 15-minute partial interval recording measurement method. When clonazepam was reduced and discontinued, these behaviors significantly decreased from 3.1% of intervals (95% confidence band = 1.6% to 4.6%) to 0.1% of intervals (95% confidence band = 0% to 0.1%). Indicators suggesting review by appropriate medical personnel for possible clonazepam behavioral side effects are provided.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

[Maternal environment and developmental brain damages].

To estimate and to prevent the developmental brain damage caused by maternal environmental agents, the results were compared between epidemiological and experimental studies. I. Ethanol. The features of CNS involvement in human FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome) and FAE (fetal alcohol effects) were developmental delay and intellectual impairment. In rat FAS or FAE, a beneficial effect of supplementary zinc on the fetal cerebrum was observed, but was limited. The consistent dysformation of synapses during early brain development may be associated with the functional impairment of CNS in FAS and FAE II. Caffeine. A reduction in the fetal cerebral weight was observed with caffeine ingestion during pregnancy at levels of 1.5-3.0 micrograms caffeine/ml or g wet wt. in dams and fetuses. Maternal caffeine disturbs the neonatal cerebrum and produces behavioral abnormalities in developing rats. III. X-irradiation. Our study provides evidence of the protection by vitamin E of neuronal development in X-irradiated rat fetuses, through its antioxidant properties, against attacks by free radicals and/or lipid peroxide. IV. Low copper level in brain. A teratogenic effect of triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride, a chelating drug for copper, on the mouse brain was noted, both grossly and microscopically, with a dose of higher than 6,000 micrograms/l, which is twenty times as high as the clinical treatment dose. V. Tobacco. Thirty-three percent of human FTS (fetal tobacco syndrome) cases had CNS involvement, which was characterized by developmental delay. Fifty percent or more of FTS children of women who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day had CNS involvement. In conclusion, the concomitant effects of maternal environmental agents on human brain development should be studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Progress in spinal cord research - a refined strategy for the International Spinal Research Trust.

Achieving regeneration in the central nervous system represents one of the greatest intellectual and practical challenges in neurobiology, and yet it is an absolute requirement if spinal cord injury patients are to have any hope of recovery. The mission of the International Spinal Research Trust (ISRT), established in 1980, is to raise money specifically for spinal research, with a view to ending the permanence of paralysis caused by spinal cord injury. This review summarises some of the major steps forward made in recent years in understanding the mechanisms involved in spinal cord injury and where these discoveries fit in with the ISRT's overall objectives. We review approaches aimed at (1) preventing immediate adverse reactions to injury such as neuronal death and scar formation; (2) minimising inhibitory properties of the CNS environment and maximising the growth potential of damaged neurons; (3) understanding axonal guidance systems that will be required for directed outgrowth and functional reconnection; and (4) optimising the function of surviving systems. We also discuss 'infrastructural' prerequisites for applying knowledge gained through spinal research to the clinical condition, including basic scientific issues such as developing representative animal models of spinal cord injury and sensitive quantitative methods for assessing growth and functional restoration. In addition, we point out the importance of communication. The need to share knowledge between research groups is vital for advancing our understanding of injury and repair mechanisms. Equally important is the need for communication between basic scientists and clinicians which will be essential for what is the ultimate goal of the ISRT, the development of relevant treatment strategies that will prove beneficial to the spinal injured patient.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1975

The need for an ethnomedical science.

Ethnomedicine is an intellectual area which embraces theoretical concerns that are relevant to both the social and biological sciences. The relation which exists between disease, social behavior, and human adaptation constitutes the primary subject matter of ethnomedicine. This relation is examined in terms of man's unique capacities for symbolization and culture. Since ethnomedical generalizations explain how social groups deal with a generic disease, they can be used to examine contemporary problems which involve the organization and practice of medicine as well as problems that stem from relations of the medical system with other subsystems in the group. Recasting contemporary social problems in this way may help to clarify their roots and sources (13,28). In focusing on fundamental properties of disease in man, ethnomedicine can also help to clarify the effects and meanings of disease and thereby make its control more rational. A theory of disease, an ultimate aim of ethnomedical inquiry, will serve as an explanatory device with wide-ranging applications.

Disease↗
PubMed1995

Measuring behavioral phenotypes: provocations from the "new genetics".

Recent revolutionary advances in genetics bring a renewed importance to the behavioral phenotypes of mental retardation syndromes. Although the so-called "new genetics" calls for improved research on syndromic behavior, this work has not been a priority in the larger mental retardation field. Further, the work has suffered from inconsistent definitions and methodologies. In this paper key properties of behavioral phenotypes were clarified, including within-syndrome variability and between-syndrome similarities and qualitative differences. Three strategies were offered that improve the traditional focus on easily observed syndromic traits: a psychiatric approach, psychometric methods, and syndrome-specific observations. The need to combine these approaches was discussed as were complications of the work due to developmental and environmental issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Overview of standardised diagnostic instruments of dementia].

The symptoms of dementia refer to a decline in intellectual abilities and to an impairment of general and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL). Beside cognitive decline and loss of ADL's the diagnosis of dementia requires the documentation of changes in social adaptation, psychopathology and behaviour. There are a large number of scales used in the assessment of the various manifestations of the disease. Some scales focus on a particular aspect of the symptomatology, others prefer a comprehensive approach in the detection of dementia symptoms. We present a list of assessment procedures and scales which seem appropriate to detect different aspects of dementia and which are widely accepted in the scientific community. We describe these scales in detail including their methodology and source of informations, psychometric properties regarding validity and reliability as well as time taken to complete the scales. Our synopsis may serve as an orientation mark in the selection of adequate instruments for the assessment of different symptom domains during the process of diagnosis, the observation of the course of dementia and the efficacy of treatment interventions.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Arm tremor, tardive dyskinesia, and mental retardation.

The arm tremor of adults diagnosed as having mental retardation and/or tardive dyskinesia was examined through an analysis of the acceleration properties of several arm postures. The degree of arm acceleration was increased in all groups compared to a control group without mental retardation. The tardive dyskinesia and/or mentally retarded groups also showed a shift to a lower modal frequency of physiological tremor. Results showed that both time domain and frequency properties of the tremor acceleration signal are necessary to distinguish between groups. The neuroleptic medication appears to engender a dual and opposing influence on performance in the arm tremor task for the mentally retarded group. The medication reduces behavioral variability as indexed by analyses of arm acceleration over time (time domain) but lowers the modal frequency of physiological tremor.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Measuring interpersonal problems in people with mental retardation.

Despite interpersonal problems being commonplace in the clinical presentations of people with mental retardation, previous efforts to index interpersonal difficulties have tended to unsatisfactorily rely on external ratings. The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-32 is a psychometrically robust self-report measure of interpersonal problems in adult populations. We found that this instrument retained many of its psychometric properties when used with a sample of 255 respondents with mild mental retardation. Results indicate four usable subscales alongside the full-scale when employed with this population. The subscales produced generally satisfactory internal and test-retest reliabilities and sound concurrent and internal-external criterion-related validities. Results are discussed with reference to further development of the measure in relation to people with mental retardation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Morningness-Eveningness for Children Scale: psychometric properties and month of birth effect].

There is strong evidence that individuals can be arranged on a continuum from Eveningness to Morningness reflecting their preferred time range for different activities. This preference, which mostly reflects the phase of the circadian pacemaker, is determined in part by mutations on the CLOCK gene, and by environmental factors such as the month of birth. It has been suggested that eveningness might be a susceptibility factor for depressive disorders. Two self-rated questionnaires are available (the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, MEQ, and the Composite Scale for Morningness) and have been adapted for use with youngsters: the Junior-MEQ and the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC), respectively. Most studies concern adult samples, but it is accepted that puberty is associated with a phase delay in the circadian pacemaker die a shift towards eveningness) occuring around age 12 in both genders. In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the French version of the MESC in 3 independent samples of adolescents (total n = 392) recruited in the community or during hospitalization in paediatric department, most of them after they attempted suicide. A three-way ANCOVA showed no gender or age effect but rather a strong group effect: hospitalized adolescents scored about 3 points below the community samples (ie towards an eveningness tendency). In each sample, the internal consistency for this 10-item measure was satisfactory (mean alpha = 0.76) and the same two-factor structure was found (Morningness and Planification) as shown by procrustes rotations. As expected, there was a negative correlation between the MESC scores and reported times of rising, of going to bed, of best intellectual and physical performances, but no correlation with the number of minutes of sleep needed. The test-retest stability was acceptable within a 8-month delay although the sample size was limited (n = 20). In line with literature data, we found a modest negative correlation about -0.20 in 2 of the samples with two depression measures (MADRS and CES-D). Finally, we assessed the effect of the month of birth on the MESC total score by a non-linear regression adjusted for age and gender that included a one-cycle cosinus function. We found that birth in March-April was associated with eveningness while birth in September-October was associated with morningness. The peak and nadir occur two months before those found in a large sample of young adults. However, this result could not be replicated in the sample of hospitalized adolescents suggesting that the effect might have been smoothed by a "pathological" factor. Reasons for this descrepancy and implications for developmental psychiatry are discussed. More precisely, we postulate a relationship between morningness and impulsivity-related personality traits. In conclusion, the MESC is a psychometrically sound instrument in need of further validity assessment.

Adolescent↗