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From the survey and research, it appears that sterile or non-sterile waterproof Indian ink used for tattooing patients produces few reported side effects and problems considering the number of patients tattooed. Marker pens also seem to be entirely suitable for patients and for radiotherapy centre requirements.
Several methods to visualize the vascular pattern of the mandibular cortex were tested. The most suitable method for young jaws proved to be one in which the organic material was partially removed to increase access to the vascular channels. The vessels were vacuum infiltrated with an India ink solution, and the jaws were then decalcified and cleared in glycerin. This resulted in completely transparent flexible cortical plates showing a sharp outline of the vascular pattern. The flexibility of the plates also improved the morphological study of the emergence of blood capillaries at the cortical surface in relation to bone remodeling.
The cerebral vessels of the rat were filled with inks of different colours. The topography of the vessels of the amygdala were reconstructed from serial sections. The circulation of the individual amygdaloid nuclei was studied in detail. The arteries of the amygdala arise from the deep and cortical branches of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. Eight major arteries were found to supply blood to the amygdala. All amygdaloid nuclei receive branches from both arterial trunks. The vast majority of the veins are collected by the middle cerebral and basal veins. Only a small fraction drains into the hippocampal vein. Of particular importance are the veins ending in the basal vein and those cortical ones that run in the rhinal sulcus. All amygdaloid nuclei have a multidirectional drainage.
The distribution of lymph vessels in the human testis was investigated using ink injection methods, light and electron microscopy. Lymph capillaries occur in the septula testis but are absent in the intertubular tissue. They consist of endothelial cells provided with an incomplete basal lamina and bound by anchoring filaments to the adjacent connective tissue. Frequently, the endothelial cells are separated by gaps (measuring up to 2 microns). The lymph capillaries of the septula testis are connected to lymph vessels in the rete testis and tunica albuginea. These vessels have occasional smooth muscle cells and valves. At the posterior margin of the testis, the network of lymphatics merges into collecting ducts that together with vessels derived from the rete testis are drained by lymphatics in the spermatic cord.
The vascular anatomy of the porcine small intestine was studied by injection of intestinal vessels with India Ink. Examination of transverse and longitudinal serial sections of the injected intestine facilitated a three-dimensional interpretation of the vascular pattern. An artery from the mesentery penetrated the tunica muscularis, supplied muscular branches and passed on to the submucosa where it formed an arterial rete. From the submucosal arteries, arterioles arose and followed a direct axial course to the tips of villi where they ramified into a subepithelial capillary plexus. Some of the capillaries, at the midpoint of the villus, fused into paraxial venules, which emptied into a "transverse venule" at the base of the villus. Other villus capillaries were continuous with those of the crypts. The pericryptal capillary plexus received a few arterial branches from the submucosal arteries. The transverse venule and the pericryptal capillary plexus emptied into large, segmentally dilated veins in the submucosa. The submucosal veins formed an extensive anastomosing network drained by large venous trunks which passed through the muscle layers to the mesentery. The observations suggest possible relationships between the vascular pattern and intestinal fluid movement.
A worker with strong chromium sensitivity was obliged to handle freshly printed paper with inks containing chromium. Because of his importance to the firm, he continued in the position despite a severe hand dermatitis. Gloves and barrier creams were unacceptable, as were oral antihistamines and corticosteroids. A solution of 10% ascorbic acid was applied to his hands at the worksite in order to reduce the active hexavalent chromium to the inactive trivalent form. This inexpensive, easy-to-use method resulted in a speedy recovery and long-term employment of a valued employee.
Inkbraille, a reduced size ink-image version of the familiar braille code, was conceived in an attempt to sidestep the major disadvantages of embossed braille, while retaining the unsurpassed reading rates achieved by the blind using that code. Inkbraille would ultimately be translated by a specially designed hand-held electronic device with appropriate tactile output. Such a device is not yet available, so in this study we test the readability of Inkbraille when read by means of a commercially available electronic reading aid, the Optacon, which presents its output tactually on a field of vibrating pins which are sensed with a finger. Three modes of tactual reading were compared: conventional embossed braille, and the Opticon's vibrating-pinfield presentation of typed letters and its presentation of Inkbraille. All subjects were able to read Inkbraille upon initial exposure. Subjects who were tested in multiple sessions exhibited significant increases in Inkbraille reading rates after only limited exposure. Since Inkbraille and letterprint reading rates were the same in this study, the results led the authors to conclude that a rate limitation may have been imposed by the device (the Optacon) that was used to translate both the Inkbraille and the letterprint.
The effect of Tahyña virus on the phagocytic activity of macrophages of BALB/c mice and their capacity to transmit the antigenic stimulus was studied. The phagocytic activity of mononuclear cells of different localization in Tahyña virus-infected mice was shown to vary. The capacity for elimination of Indian ink particles from the blood stream associated mainly with the function of liver macrophages in asymptomatic infection increases 24 hours postinoculation, then gets back to normal, and decreases on day 7. At the same time, no disorders in the phagocytosis of heterologous red cells by peritoneal macrophages were observed. In the period of maximum inhibition of humoral response to sheep red cells (days 4-7 of the test) the infected mice exhibited the most marked disorders in the capacity of peritoneal macrophages to transmit the antigenic stimulus in intact syngeneic recipients. It is this defect which appears to underlie the suppression of immune response to heterologous antigens caused by Tahyña virus.
The FDA disallows manufacturer ink dotting of hydrogels but permits practitioner utilization. A hard lens method works well with soft contacts. Sanford's Sharpie fine point marker No. 3000-C. Dot longevity varies with care.
Dermojet is a spring-loaded device that injects a high velocity microspray capable of perforating the globe. An accidental intraocular injection of triamcinolone acetonide from a Dermojet syringe by a dermatologist is reported. The lack of untoward effects led to experimental intravitreal injections. The Dermojet syringe was used for intravitreal injections in 7 rabbit eyes with normal saline as the vehicle in 6 and India ink in one. There were no irreversible effects attribute to the injection noted clinically or histopathologically. While modification and further animal experimentation with this device are in order, it should not be use on human eyes at this time.
Articulating paper/film is a sheet strip that is coated with ink- or dye-containing wax and is used for marking occlusal contacts and monitoring the results. New types of occlusal film systems have been developed recently, which are capable of being computer-interfaced to identify the occlusal contact points and digitize the occlusal force. The mechanical ductility and thickness of these occlusal sheets constitute some of their important properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate seven different occlusal sheets and compare their bulge ductility and thickness. A custom-designed photo-sensing bulge tester was used. Three paper-based sheets (BAP, BET and SFA), two plastic-based sheets (ACF and AOS), and advanced systems (TSS and FDP) were tested. The specimen size was 20 mm square. Fifteen samples were tested for each material. The sheet film thickness with coated layers was as follows: BAP, 62 microns; BET, 46 microns; SFA, 133 microns; ACF, 23 microns; AOS, 14 microns; TSS, 134 microns; and FDP, 82 microns. Ductility (standard deviation) was as follows: BAP, 2.10 (0.0060)%; BET, 2.14 (0.008)%; SFA, 5.19 (0.57)%; ACF, 8.68 (0.05)%; AOS, 16.26 (0.41)%; TSS, 16.26 (0.41)%; and FDP, 6.37 (0.09)%. One-way ANOVA analysis indicated that (1) there in no statistical difference between BAP and BET (p > 0.001), (2) there is a statistical difference (p < 0.001) among all the rest of the tested occlusal sheets, and (3) bulge ductility appears to be linearly related to film thickness, its correlation depending upon types of base materials.
The area of small irregular microscopic objects can be estimated by projecting the image of the objects on to tracing paper, making a tracing using a fibre tipped sketch pen, eluting the ink from the paper, and estimating the colour photometrically. Similarly treated spots of known area are used as standards. The method can also be used to measure the lengths of lines that are too complicated to be measured by other means.
Suspensions of india ink or gonococci were inoculated into the murine uterus through the cervix with a simple plastic vaginal speculum and a 23 gauge blunted needle. The inoculated suspensions were distributed throughout both uterine horns, cervix, and vagina, but did not flow into the peritoneal cavity. This method avoided surgical stress as well as being simple, fast, and reproducible.
OBJECTIVE: To examine relationships between chemical composition, biopsy findings, and clinical outcome in laser-treated tattoos. DESIGN: Observational nonblinded retrospective study. SETTINGS: University-based dermatology clinic and private practice. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty patients who underwent biopsy of laser-treated tattoos. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Biopsy specimens were analyzed after laser treatment, and the depths of changed particles were recorded. Ultrastructure of the changed particles was examined by electron microscopy. Presence of inorganic chemicals was determined by x-ray diffraction. Correlation between x-ray diffraction, microscopy, and clinical response was attempted. RESULTS: Of the 20 tattoos, 7 lightened, 9 failed to change, and 4 darkened after laser treatment. There was a significant association between presence of titanium dioxide and poor response to laser therapy. Microscopic studies showed variable changes in the ink particles, but there was a trend toward residual deep green pigment in the resistant tattoos. Also, round dark stippling was observed superficially in the darkened specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Titanium is overrepresented in tattoos that respond poorly to laser treatment. Further studies are necessary to show whether this metal is the primary cause of this poor response.
BACKGROUND: Pedicled flaps based on the posterior auricular artery have been used for small auricular and mastoid cavity defects. OBJECTIVE: To precisely define the vascular anatomy and angiosome (cutaneous distribution) of the posterior auricular artery. METHODS: A fresh cadaver model was used for 3 separate investigations, studying the posterior auricular artery. Intra-arterial ink injections defined the angiosome, and subtraction angiography and latex injection defined the vascular anatomy in relation to bony and soft tissue landmarks. SUBJECTS: Eight fresh cadavers, 6 men and 2 women, were used, varying in age from 58 to 85 years. RESULTS: The posterior auricular artery has a predictable course in the posterior auricular sulcus. The branching pattern over the auricle and temporal bone and the artery's relationship to bony and soft tissue landmarks were consistent. The angiosome includes the anterior and posterior surfaces of the auricle and the periauricular skin superiorly, posteriorly, and inferiorly. CONCLUSIONS: The investigation documented the consistent vascular anatomy and angiosome of the posterior auricular artery. The cutaneous distribution suggests that a large pedicled or island flap based on the posterior auricular artery may be raised safely as a myocutaneous or myofasciocutaneous flap with temporalis fascia and/or periosteum, extending previously published dimensions. Further studies may extend the clinical application to include free flaps based on the posterior auricular artery.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects on overall flap dynamics of altering the length of the primary flap in the Zitelli bilobed flap procedure, because the standard Zitelli design can result in distortion of the alar margin after repair of cutaneous nasal alar defects. METHODS: Identical 1.5-cm circular cutaneous defects were made on the nasal alae and cheeks of 6 fresh human cadavers. A rectangle was inked around each cheek defect in a standardized fashion. A standard-design Zitelli bilobed flap was used to close the nasal and cheek defects on 1 side of each specimen (n = 6). The contralateral defect was closed with a modified design in which the primary flap was either 10% longer (n = 3) or 10% shorter (n = 3) than the standard primary flap as measured from the pivot point. Alar margin retraction and cheek defect distortion were measured from standardized photographs obtained before and after the repair. RESULTS: The long-flap design resulted in alar retraction that was 1.33 mm less in the nasal reconstructions (P = .02) and distal defect distortion that was 2.17 mm less in the cheek reconstructions (P = .01) compared with the standard Zitelli bilobed flap. The short-flap design caused more distortion than did the standard design for both types of defect. CONCLUSION: Lengthening the primary flap in the Zitelli bilobed flap design may reduce distal wound distortion and alar retraction in the closure of certain cutaneous defects.
Because of a number of cases of peripheral neuropathy that occurred in factory workers employed in a fabric-printing plant in 1973, chronic inhalation experiments have been conducted using the printing-ink solvents methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) and methyl iso-butyl ketone (MIBK). After four months of intermittent respiratory exposure to 1,300 parts per million (ppm) MBK, all six rats tested developed severe symmetric weakness in the hindlimbs. Morphological studies showed massive focal axonal enlargements containing abnormally large numbers of neurofilaments and dying-back axonal degeneration in peripheral and central nerve fibers. Six rats similarly exposed for five months to 1,500 ppm of MIBK showed minimal distal axonal change, but remained neurologically intact. The principal conclusion of this study is that MBK is a neurotoxin in rats.
OBJECTIVE: To examine diagnostic utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in tuberculous meningitis (TBM). DESIGN: Comparison study. SETTING: Referral center for tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and research laboratory in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. PATIENTS: One hundred thirty-six consecutive patients, aged 4 months to 85 years, with features compatible with TBM seen during a 12-month period. MEASUREMENTS: Clinical examination; cytology; Gram, india ink, and Ziehl-Neelsen staining; culture of CSF for bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses; and CSF chloride, protein, and glucose. All these tests were performed in Vietnam. The PCR on CSF was performed in the Netherlands. RESULTS: Patients were managed in Vietnam without knowledge of PCR results. Based on clinical grounds and the results of initial CSF microscopy, antituberculous treatment was given to 104 patients, 66 of whom had evidence of extraneural tuberculosis. Among the 39 patients with confirmed TBM (ie, positive Ziehl-Neelsen staining or culture or PCR results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis), PCR detected 32 patients (82%), 1 case was proven positive through microscopy and 17 (44%) had positive culture results. There were no false-positive PCR results. In 99 patients with a final diagnosis of confirmed or probable TBM (ie, clinical features of TBM and response to antituberculous treatment), PCR had a sensitivity of 32%; culture, 17% and microscopy, 1%. CONCLUSIONS: Many patients who respond to treatment for TBM do not have M tuberculosis in the CSF identifiable by microscopy, PCR, or culture. Polymerase chain reaction on CSF is the best method for the laboratory diagnosis of TBM. Polymerase chain reaction is especially useful for the early diagnosis of TBM in those without active extraneural tuberculosis.