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PubMed1982

The entry-level generalist dietitian: I. Employer's general opinions of the adequacy of educational preparation in administration.

Data were collected from 350 hospital food service directors regarding their general perceptions of the adequacy of preparation in administration provided in the internship (I), coordinated undergraduate (C), traineeship (T), and advanced degree (A) programs. Most employers (93 percent) said that they believed that the educational preparation varied in the four routes. Differences among the routes were highly significant for the measures theoretical, practical, and overall preparation. The direction of the proportions for these measures was A greater than I greater than C greater than T, I greater than T greater than C greater than A, and I much greater than C greater than T greater than A, respectively. Significant differences were observed for the employers' hiring preferences (I greater than greater than T greater than A approximately C) and their opinions about the least amount of on-the-job training required (I much greater than T greater than C approximately A). Findings also indicated that a significant majority (76 percent) would not vary the starting salary of the entry-level dietitian regardless of the route of attainment.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1982

The entry-level generalist dietitian: II. Employers' perceptions of the adequacy of preparation for specific administrative competencies.

Data were obtained from 269 employers of entry-level dietitians regarding their specific perceptions of the importance and adequacy of preparation for 69 administrative competencies provided in internship (I), coordinated undergraduate (C), traineeship (T), and advanced degree (A) programs. Sixty-three competencies were rated as important for entry-level performance. Preparation ratings indicated that 41, 55, 81, and 96 percent of all competencies were rated as inadequate or somewhat adequate for the routes I, T, A, and C, respectively. Differences among the routes for mean adequacy ratings across all competencies were highly significant. The direction of the mean ratings was I greater than T greater than A greater than C. Differences between specific routes for mean adequacy ratings across all competencies were highly significant for I greater than C, I greater than T, I greater than A and T greater than C, but not for T greater than A and A greater than C.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1978

[The experience in dental education of Cayetano Heredia University of Peru].

This article describes the educational experience gained in the dentistry program of Cayetano Heredia University in Peru. The programs for professional and auxiliary personnel training were drawn up after analyzing the health needs of the population and the services required to meet them, which resulted in the elaboration of an original methodology and taxonomy. Learning is an integral experience, one that takes place in the dental clinic, the hospital, and the community. The curriculum includes the following components: units for the intensive learning of clinical functions, fewer preclinical activities, clinical training with the ongoing assistance of auxiliary staff, extended interaction with marginal urban communities, rural internships, and hospital externships. A summary account is given of the gains made, the difficulties encountered, and plans for devising in-service teaching approaches that more effectively meet the needs of the community.

Community Dentistry↗
PubMed1981

MD-level competence in internal medicine. Objectives and the flexible clerkship.

The faculty of the Department of Medicine at the John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, defined MD-level competence as the capability of undertaking the first day of a primary-care internship. To meet this goal, a curriculum was developed that used a written statement of expected competencies and objective measurements of student performance. The duration of the clinical clerkship was made flexible to acknowledge the normal variation in the rate at which students learn. Six weeks of ambulatory patient care were included in the basic third-year clerkship to fulfill objectives otherwise unmet.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1994

The need for an orientation course on the use of clinical laboratories.

A recent study in our institution has confirmed a relationship between lack of adequate undergraduate exposure to the clinical laboratories and subsequent negative attitudes and improper use of these laboratories by medical graduates. An orientation course on the use of the clinical laboratories is here proposed, for new medical graduates, at the commencement of internship training, to help remedy this defect and improve usage of the laboratories.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1994

[The reform of military medical education and the tasks of the Military Medical Academy in improving personnel training].

The Military Medical Academy is a military educational institution which carries out the primary profile training of physicians for the Armed Services and all types of post-graduation training and advanced training of the scientific-pedagogical and medical specialists. Internship as a first stage of the post-graduation training is intended to improve practical medical training of the graduates of the Russian Military Medical Academy and other medico-military educational institutions by means of their primary specialization in one of the clinical or profile branches of medicine. The reforming of the post-graduation training rest system in the Military Medical Academy aims at its further development and putting specialists' training system into accordance with the Armed Forces reorganizations. This will make it possible to ensure high professional qualification of military doctors at the level of national and international standards.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cultures engaging cultures: international medical graduates training in the United States.

International medical graduates (IMGs) represent an increasing proportion of residents in all US residency training programs. Family practice residencies have experienced significant increases in IMG enrollment in the last 3 years. Residency programs in family practice need to make curricular adjustments to enhance the transition for IMGs. Adjusting the psychosocial curriculum, through changes in orientation, behavioral conferences, and family consultations, contributes to a culture-centered approach to teaching both IMGs and US medical graduates. Faculty need to identify both personal loss and cultural issues for IMGs in various stages of the resident's life cycle. Lifestyle changes and loss of self-esteem, country, and accessibility to family can be demoralizing for IMGs coping with the demands of internship. Specific stages of the family life cycle can exert additional stresses for IMGs and their families. Understanding the specific challenges for IMGs during each life cycle stage can be instructive and helpful. Faculty can introduce initiatives that encourage cultural pride and respect. Support groups, international meals, cultural retreats, adjusted advising systems, and ongoing faculty reflection on treatment of IMGs demonstrates residency appreciation of diversity and leads to a healthier, culturally rich learning environment for all involved in residency education.

Culture↗
PubMed1994

Attitudes toward and subsequent career choice of family practice: a weak relationship.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: This study examined longitudinal relationships between attitudes and career choice in family practice from admission to medical school through the end of internship. METHODS: The sample included medical students graduating in 1990 and 1991. Surveys completed at the beginning of each year of medical school, at graduation, and at the end of PGY1 included measures of attitudes toward family practice and stated career choice at the time of each survey. Regression examined the relationship between attitudes and choice; repeated ANOVA measures examined changes over time. RESULTS: Positive attitude scores toward family practice increased over the first 2 years, then declined; women's scores were higher. The proportion of students stating a preference for family practice also increased initially but declined overall; women chose family practice more frequently. Relationships between attitudes and choice were weak over time and neither attitude scores nor change in scores predicted specialty choice. CONCLUSIONS: Although attitudes toward family practice remained positive throughout the 5-year study, student interest in family practice declined during the clinical years. Women maintained stronger interests in family practice than men; the reasons for this are not clear. Attitudes were poor predictors of choice. Care is needed in interpreting cross-sectional studies reporting significant relationships. We need to develop more sensitive attitude measures to improve the predictive validity of attitude measurement scales.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

ACE--Alliance for Clinical Enhancement: a collaborative model.

This paper introduces an innovative collaborative model developed by nursing educators and practitioners, the Alliance for Clinical Enhancement Program (ACE), that combines components of traditional internship and extender programs. The goals of ACE are opportunities for role socialization, role transition, and role modeling for nursing students; enhancing clinical competence and provision of financial assistance to the students; increased recruitment of RN graduates by the involved hospital; and decreased RN time spent on non-nursing tasks by hospital RNs. The total development, implementation, and analysis of ACE Program is discussed.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed1994

[Risk of pregnancy complications associated with residency].

OBJECTIVE: To determine, through a review of published articles, whether a higher prevalence of pregnancy complications is associated with residency in medicine. DATA SOURCES: Articles published between January 1980 and December 1992 found through a MEDLINE search using the MeSH terms "pregnancy complications" and "internship and residency" and through a review of the bibliographies of articles found. STUDY SELECTION: Of the 17 articles found, 6 contained data on the prevalence of pregnancy complications in residents. DATA EXTRACTION: The methodologic quality of the studies was evaluated systematically with the use of a grid. Data on the prevalence of the six most common pregnancy complications were retained. DATA SYNTHESIS: Four of the six articles had methodologic weaknesses (missing or inappropriate control groups, poorly controlled historical bias). The best study showed a higher prevalence of premature labour, pre-eclampsia and voluntary abortion in the residents than in the control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: It is difficult to draw definitive conclusions from a single study that met the criteria for methodologic quality. More and better-controlled studies involving larger numbers of subjects are needed.

Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community health awareness among recent medical graduates of Bombay.

BACKGROUND: Since Independence in 1947, the need for reorientation of our western-style, hospital-based, urban-oriented medical education has been well recognized and much discussed but little action has been taken to make it more community-based. Against a background of 40 years of debate, we conducted a study of 342 medical graduates commencing their internship training in one government and two municipal medical colleges to assess the effects of medical education on them. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to examine recent interns' awareness of some aspects of community health, their perceptions of the concept of Primary Health Care and their knowledge of rational prescriptions for minor ailments and for major illnesses of public health importance. RESULTS: We found a lack of basic health information among recent medical graduates, an apathy towards matters of public health importance, and gaps in their knowledge of curative care and rational prescribing. CONCLUSION: We suggest that there is a need not only to effect changes in the curriculum but also to assess whether these changes might lead to the making of doctors more suited to work in our villages.

Awareness↗
PubMed1993

Arranging affiliation agreements and outside rotations.

Affiliation agreements are necessary when a sponsoring institution makes arrangements for all or part of the education elements of an internship or residency program to be delivered at another hospital. The sponsoring institution may be a college of osteopathic medicine or an osteopathic hospital. Some basic considerations, which are outlined herein, should be reviewed when the sponsoring institution enters such agreements. Some of these considerations are requirements of the American Osteopathic Association, while others are necessary to avoid later complications. Agreement should be reached on negotiable factors, accepted by both institutions, and then referred for legal review by appropriate authorities.

Internship and Residency↗
PubMed1977

Attrition from general practice: career patterns of Toronto medical school graduates.

Reported here are the results of a study of the degree to which medical careers in general practice versus specialization are pursued by graduates of the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine in the first six years after the completion of their internships. The retention rates in general practice and residency are documented on an annual basis using the life table method. The annual rate of attrition from general practice dropped substantially after the first three years. Fifteen percent of the initial general practice group dropped out during the first year, 10 percent of the remainder in the second year, and 8 percent of the rest in the third year. In each of the subsequent three years, the attrition rate was 4 percent, 4 percent, and 2 percent, respectively.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1996

Research stimulating programme for interns.

The present study shows that acquisition of research skills and competence is lacking in the usual training which is imparted to under graduate medical students. It also shows that the acquisition of these skills can be facilitated by suitable structured training programmes during their internship period. Funds for such activities are often available from various agencies, provided that the individual research study areas chosen are of interest to them.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

A survey of family-violence curricula in Virginia medical schools and residencies at university medical centers.

PURPOSE: To examine the status (as of 1995) of family violence curricula at Virginia's three medical schools and their affiliated residencies. METHOD: Questionnaires were sent in the fall of 1995 to the deans of undergraduate medical education at the three schools and the directors of the 69 fully accredited residencies at the university medical center. The questionnaires inquired about the presence of particular family-violence topics in the curricula (battered women, child abuse, elder abuse) and whether teaching about family violence was required or elective. In addition, the medical schools' departments were asked to identify faculty who were experts in the area of family violence. RESULTS: All three schools responded about undergraduate education, showing considerable variability among departments concerning whether instruction was required or elective and what instructional methods were used. A total of 48 (70%) of the 69 residencies responded. Twenty-six (54%) indicated that they had at least some curriculum content related to particular family-violence topics: child abuse, 20 (42%); battered women, 13 (27%); and elder abuse, nine (19%). A total of 27 faculty with expertise in family violence were identified, and 16 were experts in identifying and treating injuries related to family violence. No expert was identified in such areas as mental health sequelae or violence prevention. CONCLUSION: The results allowed for the development of recommendations regarding medical education about family violence in Virginia, including the formal integration of family-violence curricula into medical school and internship and residency programs, and the coordination of disciplines within Virginia in family-violence prevention.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1977

[Career aims of medical students in Brasilia (author's transl)].

Data obtained through a survey questionnaire show that on starting the internship, about half of the University of Brasilia medical graduates expressed a preference for primary care activities and predominant interest in assuming responsibility for patient care. Career aims and choice stability seem to be affected in various ways by personality, academic, and demographic factors. There is no evidence of a prevailing influence of the educational setting on the final pattern of career choice, notwithstanding the indications that the teaching model adopted may influence the development of the choice.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1997

Family practice house officer perceptions of faculty teaching behaviors.

In 1985, Wolverton and Bosworth published an often referenced study of family practice teaching behaviors. Their research identified 20 "most helpful" and 10 "least helpful" behaviors. In 1994 all United States Army family practice house officers were asked by survey to rate each of the original 38 Wolverton and Bosworth teaching behaviors as "not at all helpful," "somewhat helpful," "moderately helpful," "very helpful," or "most helpful" in aiding their learning. Mean values were calculated for each teaching behavior. Twenty most helpful and 10 least helpful faculty teaching behaviors were identified for U.S. Army family practice house officers; several differences were identified in comparison with Wolverton and Bosworth's original study. Additionally, three most helpful and four least helpful teaching behaviors were clearly illuminated. Incorporating the results of this new study into residency programs could improve the learning opportunities afforded family practice house officers during their internships and residencies.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Training surgically competent doctors for South African rural settings.

The training of surgically competent doctors for South African rural settings is governed by several factors and determinants which include population demographics, distribution of doctors, infrastructural development and socio-economic conditions of the communities. Demands will be influenced by the disease profile, available facilities and academic support. Training options will include community-oriented/based (undergraduate) curriculum and restructured internship training period and acquisition of skills. Postgraduate diplomas and fellowships and continuing medical education and academic support will form an integral part of the training.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗