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PubMed1996

Modifying the insect cell N-glycosylation pathway with immediate early baculovirus expression vectors.

The baculovirus-insect cell expression system is well-suited for recombinant glycoprotein production because baculovirus vectors can provide high levels of expression and insect cells can modify newly synthesized proteins in eucaryotic fashion. However, the N-glycosylation pathway of baculovirus-infected insect cells differs from the pathway found in higher eucaryotes, as indicated by the fact that glycoproteins produced in the baculovirus system typically lack complex biantennary N-linked oligosaccharide side chains containing penultimate galactose and terminal sialic acid residues. We recently developed a new type of baculovirus vector that can express foreign genes immediately after infection under the control of the viral ie1 promoter. These immediate early baculovirus expression vectors can be used to modify the insect cell N-glycosylation pathway and produce a foreign glycoprotein with more extensively processed N-linked oligosaccharides. These vectors can also be used to study the influence of the late steps in N-linked oligosaccharide processing on glycoprotein function. Further development could lead to baculovirus-insect cell expression systems that can produce recombinant glycoproteins with complex biantennary N-linked oligosaccharides structurally identical to those produced by higher eucaryotes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Malaria vectors: from the field to genetics. Research in Africa].

Only about 60 Anopheline species transmit malaria among more than 3,000 mosquito species recorded in the world. In Africa, the major vectors are Anopheles gambiae,An. arabiensis, An. funestus, An. nili and An. moucheti. They all belong to species complexes or groups of closely related species that are very difficult to set apart on morphological grounds, but which may have highly variable behaviours and vectorial capacities. Understanding this complexity is of major importance in vector control programs or for implementing any public health intervention program such as drugs or vaccine trials. Among the seven species of the complex,Anopheles gambiaes.s. shows a huge chromosomal polymorphism related to adaptation to specific natural or anthropic environments, from equatorial forested Africa to dry sahelian areas. Recent studies conducted in West and Central Africa suggest an incipient speciation into 2 molecular forms provisionally called M and S. A similar evolutionary phenomenon is observed in An. funestus, in which sympatric populations carrying specific chromosomal paracentric inversions showed restricted gene flow. Distribution of species from An. nili group and An. moucheti complex is restricted to more humid regions of Africa. However in some areas these species play the major role in malaria transmission. Comprehensive knowledge of transmission cycles and of behavioural and underlying genetic heterogeneities that exist within and among natural vector populations will thus benefit the whole area of malaria control and epidemiology. Molecular and genetic studies, as well as in depth monitoring of vector biology, have been recently facilitated by advances in functional and comparative genomics, including recent publication of the nearly complete genome sequence of An. gambiae. Challenge for the next years is to answer to the very simple question: why is an insect a vector?

Africa↗
PubMed1963

Powassan and Silverwater viruses: ecology of two Ontario arboviruses.

Powassan virus was isolated from a pool of Ixodes marxi ticks collected during late August 1962, from a red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, and from blood obtained from a red squirrel during early October 1962 near Powassan, Ontario, where a child contracted fatal encephalitis due to this virus in September 1958. The frequent detection of Powassan virus neutralizing antibody in sera of squirrels captured during autumn, but rarely at other seasons, and the frequent I. marxi infestation of squirrels, some of which contain antibody, but the lack of occurrence of I. marxi on other forest rodents, suggest that I. marxi ticks are vectors and squirrels are reservoirs of Powassan virus infection. Isolation of Silverwater virus from Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris ticks which infested a snowshoe hare Lepus americanus near Powassan demonstrates the presence of this agent in the Powassan area also.

Animals↗