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PubMed1985

[Meconium aspiration syndrome. Determination of a prognostic index].

A study was undertaken on 54 cases of meconial aspiration in order to establish a prognostic index allowing the early estimation of the risk of occurrence of refractory hypoxia. In order to do so, the factors statistically related to the occurrence of refractory hypoxia were taken into account. These factors consisted of the first arterial blood gas determination, first chest x-ray film and the initial Silverman index. A value was assigned to each parameter, with respect to the corresponding percentage of observed refractory hypoxias. The sum of the values determined the prognostic index, which varied from 6 to 25. For a high-risk threshold fixed at 15, sensibility was 78%, specificity 90% and the predictive value 84%. For an index between 16 and 20, 70% of patients developed refractory hypoxia. Occurrence was 100% for an index above 20 and refractory hypoxia occurred early. On the contrary with indexes between 6 and 14, occurrence was 15%. The calculation of this index might help clinicians in their therapeutic decisions.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed1979

Cholesterol Index of foods. Teaching tool for fat-modified diets.

The Cholesterol Index of foods expresses the relative effect of individual portions of foods on the serum cholesterol of an average individual. It is calculated from food cholesterol content and fatty acid composition. The total Cholesterol Index for the day has a value of 100 for a 2,400-kcal, prudent diet and a value of slightly above 200 for an equicaloric average American diet. The Cholesterol Index for a recipe prepared at home is the sum of the Index values for its ingredients. The Index can be adapted to individual dietary prescriptions fo patients with hyperlipidemia. After publication of Cholesterol Index tables, the Index could be used by dietitians or by individuals who wish to alter their present food pattern to a more prudent diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Assessment of systolic ventricular muscle function in man: the end systolic index.

Accurate assessment of ventricular muscle contractile function in patients with heart disease is impaired by alterations in afterload, preload and wall thickness which often accompany the disease. The relationship between pressure and volume at end systole is considered to provide a contractile index which is independent of preload and which accounts for afterload. Use of the index prerequisites determinations of the left ventricular end systolic pressure, wall thickness as well as the dimensions or volumes, respectively, which may be assessed with either invasive or noninvasive methods. In patients with aortic stenosis and congestive heart failure, there was a significantly reduced slope (0.9 +/- 0.5) of the end systolic stress-volume relationship as compared with healthy subjects (5.8 +/- 1.3) or patients with aortic stenosis without congestive heart failure (3.9 +/- 1.3), while the ejection fraction showed no significant differences. In patients with mitral regurgitation with no or only minimal symptoms postoperatively, preoperatively the end systolic index (ESS/ESVI) was higher (3.3 +/- 0.4) than in patients with marked symptoms postoperatively or those who died perioperatively (2.2 +/- 0.2) and the values of both patient groups were lower than those of normals. In contrast, the values for ejection fraction among the normals and both groups of patients showed substantial overlap. In patients with aortic insufficiency and congestive heart failure, as opposed to patients with aortic insufficiency and only slight symptoms, there was a significantly compromised ejection fraction as well as diminished end systolic index (ESS/ESVI). Patients with hypertension accompanied by congestive heart failure had a significantly diminished slope of the relationship between end systolic left ventricular stress and volume while the values for hypertensive patients without congestive heart failure were within normal limits; in both groups of patients, the ejection fraction was normal. In patients with mitral stenosis, the end systolic index at 5.28 +/- 0.53 did not differ significantly from that of healthy subjects at 4.87 +/- 0.53, while the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening was diminished. Patients with large atrial septal defects and symptoms of congestive heart failure did not differ with respect to end systolic index or ejection fraction as compared with atrial septum defect patients without symptoms. In children with aortic stenosis and high pressure gradients, there was an increased ejection fraction together with a normal end systolic index.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMed1994

[Validity of "the risk index" to predict the infectiousness of tuberculosis patients].

It has been proposed that "the risk index" obtained by multiplying the score of sputum-smear examination (Gaffky number) by the duration of symptomatic period in months is useful for the prediction of the infectiousness of a tuberculosis patient. To verify this theory, contacts examination of 498 index cases, who were newly registered by the Kochi Chuo Health Center from 1986 to 1988 as pulmonary tuberculosis patients, was carried out. Of the index cases, 58 cases (11.6%) were suspected to be responsible for significantly strong tuberculin reactions of one or more persons among their respective contacts. The proportion of such infectious cases was higher among the smear-positive index cases as well as those with cough, in comparison with smear-negative ones and those without cough. The rate of infectious case rose significantly according to the rank of "the risk index" of the index case. From these results, it was concluded that "the risk index" was useful to predict the infectiousness of the tuberculosis patients.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Amniotic fluid index. Gestational age-specific values for normal human pregnancy.

Amniotic fluid volume is an important parameter in the assessment of fetal well-being. The purpose of this study was to define the values of the amniotic fluid index for normal pregnancy by week of gestation in our population. The amniotic fluid index was measured prospectively in 892 patients with a normal singleton pregnancy between 15 and 40 weeks and an estimated fetal weight between the 10th and 90th percentile. The results were stratified by week of gestation. From a median of 10.3 cm (range, 8.7-13.7, 5th-95th percentile) at 15 weeks' gestation, the amniotic fluid index rose progressively to a maximum median of 14.0 cm (range, 4.0-18.6) at 30 weeks. The index then gradually declined to a median of 9.1 cm (range, 4.8-14.2) by 40 weeks' gestation. The difference between the median index for preterm patients (11.9 cm) and that for the term group (10.8 cm) was found to be statistically significant (P < .05). The difference between the median amniotic fluid index for the total group and the medians for the preterm and term patients was also significant (P < .05). Gestational age-specific values of amniotic fluid index should be used, and the 5th and 95th percentiles serve as the lower and upper limits, respectively, of normal.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1993

Acute amniotic fluid loss and changes in the amniotic fluid index. Correlation and effect on umbilical artery velocimetry.

This study was undertaken to determine whether changes in the amniotic fluid index accurately reflected measured amniotic fluid loss after artificial rupture of membranes and whether this acute loss of fluid volume affected umbilical artery resistance as measured by Doppler velocimetry. Twenty-five uncomplicated term pregnancies underwent umbilical artery velocimetry and amniotic fluid index determination in the active phase of labor before and after amniotomy. Amniotic fluid loss was measured by direct collection of fluid during and immediately following rupture of the membranes. The preamniotomy and postamniotomy data were compared using the paired t test, and the relationship between amniotic fluid index change and actual fluid loss was tested by linear regression. The change in the amniotic fluid index after amniotomy was significant (paired t test, P < .0001), and a significant relationship was found by linear regression between the actual amniotic fluid loss and the change in the amniotic fluid index (P < .01, r2 = .28). Despite significant changes in the amniotic fluid index, however, no significant change in the umbilical artery systolic/diastolic ratio could be demonstrated. Our data suggest that amniotomy in the active phase of labor in uncomplicated pregnancies does not affect umbilical artery resistance and that the amniotic fluid index is a limited, semiquantitative method of assessing acute changes in amniotic fluid volume.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function in patients with arterial hypertension and normal left ventricular mass index].

UNLABELLED: Data about disturbances of the diastolic function of the left ventricle (LV) are well known in literature and registered even in the limited form of hypertension i.e. before the occurrence of myocardial hypertrophy. The aim of this work was to check this hypothesis in patients with arterial hypertension and normal LV mass index. The total number of examined patients was 144. The control group consisted of 30 patients, while the number of hypertensive patients in the other group was 114. The following parameters were observed: blood pressure, heart rate, systolic and diastolic dimensions of LV, wall thickness, left ventricular mass index, wall stress, endsystolic and enddiastolic volume index, cardiac index, ejection fraction, shortening fraction, velocity peak of early and late diastolic filling and their mutual relationship, integral of speed-time of early and late diastolic pressure, as well as the index of early and late filling. A significant difference was found in the size of LV mass index, wall stress, velocity peak of early diastolic filling and the relationship of velocity peak of early and late filling. It should be noted that the values of the observed parameters were in normal ranges, but those in the group of hypertensive patients were closer to pathological values. CONCLUSION: Microstructural changes of LV myocard mass can be registered in hypertensive patients before the significant enlargement of LV mass index. Diastolic disfunction of the left ventricle precedes myocardial hypertrophy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The refractive index and protein distribution in the blue eye trevally lens.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between structure (crystallin distribution) and function (refractive index) in the lens is not understood and can be studied by comparing biochemical and optical properties. Such a comparison has been made using a blue eyed trevally lens. METHODS: The optical parameter of refractive index distribution was determined using a nondestructive ray tracing technique. The distributions of the various classes of proteins in the lens were determined by dissolving lenses in concentric layers and using biochemical protein assay. HPLC and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis were used to investigate the proportion of proteins in each layer. RESULTS: The refractive index distribution, from center to edge, follows a second order polynomial. The proteins do not vary in their proportions over most of the lens; only in the inner-most regions is there a rapid increase in insoluble protein and a concomitant decrease in the soluble protein classes. The smallest proteins (gamma crystallins) become insoluble later than the alpha- and beta-crystallins. CONCLUSIONS: There are no similarities in the distributions of any of the protein classes to that of the refractive index in the fish lens. This result indicates that a quantitative relationship cannot be derived by comparing protein to refractive index distributions. However, the findings are consistent with those made in other species: a high content of gamma-crystallins is always found in lenses which have steep refractive index gradients and high index magnitudes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

New index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance: a simple and reproducible measure of cardiac function--a study in normals and dilated cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Because systolic and diastolic dysfunction frequently coexist, it is hypothesized that a combined measure of left ventricular chamber performance may be more reflective of overall cardiac dysfunction than systolic or diastolic measures alone. METHODS Study patients consisted of 170 subjects: 70 normals, 47 patients with severe dilated cardiomyopathy in NYHA class III-IV awaiting cardiac transplantation and 53 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy of intermediate severity [NYHA class II, ejection fractions (EF) 30-50%]. EF, stroke volume and cardiac indexes were measured using conventional echo-Doppler methods. Pre-ejection period/ejection time (PEP/ET), isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT), isovolumetric contraction time/ET (ICT/ET) were also measured. A new derived index of myocardial performance: (ICT+IRT)/ET, was obtained by subtracting ET from the interval between cessation and onset of the mitral inflow velocity to give the sum of ICT and IRT. RESULTS The index was easily measured, reproducible, and had a narrow range in normals. The mean value of the index was significantly different between normal, intermediate and pre-transplant subjects (0.39 +/- 0.05, 0.59 +/- 0.10 and 1.06 +/- 0.24, respectively, p < 0.001 for all comparisons). The degree of inter-group overlap was smaller for the index compared to PEP/ET, ICT/ET and other parameters. Within functional groups, the value of the index did not appear to be related to heart rate, mean arterial pressure and the degree of mitral regurgitation. CONCLUSION (ICT+IRT)/ET is a conceptually new, simple and reproducible Doppler index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance in patients with primary myocardial systolic dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Significance of sacroiliac index in diagnostics of seronegative spondyloarthropathies.

Sacroiliac index (SI index) was determined by the quantitative scintigraphy in 106 patients:28 with ankylosing spondilitis, 51 with Reiter's disease, 9 with psoriatic, 18 with unclassified seronegative spondylarthropathy and in 20 controls. For the right joint, statistically significant difference was found between the control group SI-index value and the one in patients' group (p < 0.001 to p < 0.005) except in patients with psoriatic spondylarthropathy. Analysing each group of patients separately, statistically significant difference between the SI index of both left and right joint was present only in the group with Reiter's disease (t = 2.08: p < 0.05). Increased SI-index was found in 45.28% of all patients and this also confirmed sensitivity of the applied method, while the value of test specificity was 86.96%. Correlation between sedimentation rate and SI index as well as between radiographic finding and SI index was not present. There was a positive correlation between clinical findings and Reiter's disease but only in 56% of cases. It was concluded that scintigraphy is a useful but insufficient method in the diagnosis of seronegative spondylarthropathies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Childhood tuberculosis: an index measuring the ability to detect cases early.

SETTING: Tuberculosis control programmes are conventionally monitored using data from sputum smear positive adult patients. Good overall results may mask significant and avoidable shortcomings with tuberculosis control in children. OBJECTIVE: To develop a specific surveillance tool for child patients, using the ability to detect cases early as a parameter for the impact of control measures. DESIGN: A simple index of early detection was compiled with values ranging from 0 to 100. Three groups of tuberculous children diagnosed in Germany between 1985 and 1994 (n = 303), and five other groups from the literature, were used to make a preliminary assessment of the validity of the index. RESULTS: The index values of 10, 13 and 24 for the German groups correlate well with other analysed patient data and the different functions of the institutions where the patients were diagnosed. Comparable characteristics could be found when applying the index to published data of other cases, with values of between 12 and 74. CONCLUSION: The proposed index seems suitable for monitoring early detection of child cases. Unexpected trends can be disclosed or effects of changed programme activities assessed. Routine use of the index would help the health services focus their attention on problem areas and specific patient groups with extremely low or falling index values. Conclusions can be drawn regarding the overall impact of the control programme.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Distribution and association of chronic disease and mobility difficulty across four body mass index categories of African-American women.

A majority of African-American women over the age of 50 are obese, have at least one chronic disease, and experience mobility difficulty. Using self-reported data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Study of 1,150 African-American women aged 30-70 years, this report first compares chronic disease prevalence and severity, pain, sensory deficits, and mobility difficulty across four categories of body mass index and, second, investigates whether body mass index affects the association of chronic disease with mobility difficulty. Body mass index was categorized as low, medium, high, and severe, being equal to 19-24 (20%), 25-29 (38%), 30-34 (24%), and 35 or over (18%), respectively. There were few differences when comparing the medium category with either the low or high category. Those in the severe body mass index category, however, reported significantly more frequent and severe hypertension, diabetes, cancer, heart disease, arthritis, pain, sensory deficits, and mobility difficulty than did those in the medium body mass index category. Obesity did not appear to affect the association between chronic disease and mobility difficulty. The relatively high rates of mobility difficulty observed among the severe body mass index group appear to be more likely a result of relatively high chronic disease prevalence and severity than to a disproportionate impact of these on mobility.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

A treatment need index: a pilot study.

The traditional caries index, DMF, provides inadequate information to assess dental treatment needs of a community. Dental health planners are often called upon to estimate the treatment needs, costs, time and personnel required for a proposed programme. A treatment needs index (TNI) is presented which provides important data for dental health planning. The index defines seven basic levels of treatment: (0) no treatment needed; (1) preventive treatment; (2) fissure sealants; (3) initial conservative restorations; (4) moderate conservative restorations; (5) advanced conservative restorations; and (6) radical treatment, including pulp therapy, prosthetic restorations and extractions. A pilot study and an example comparing data of both DMF and TNI demonstrates the values of the latter index. The Treatment Needs Index provides a more accurate description of caries severity and extent than does the traditional DMF index, and can be used to estimate the time required to treat a community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A method for determining patient oral care skills: The University of Mississippi Oral Hygiene Index.

The plaque control record (O'Leary index) appears to be a commonly used oral hygiene index for assessing oral health skills. This index provides sufficient information for patient education; however, the time involved in data collection reduces its value. Most other indices limit the number of teeth and surfaces and function well for researchers, but are limited for patient education. A new oral hygiene index was developed based on the concepts of the Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR). The highest score obtained in each buccal and lingual sextant is recorded. In addition, proximal and gingival plaque are noted separately. This study assesses the index for inter- and intrarater reliability and validity. Two calibrated hygienists examined 47 patients 3 times. The University of Mississippi Oral Hygiene Index (UM-OHI) was recorded for times 1 and 3, the O'Leary for time 2. There was a strong positive correlation between scores obtained for both hygienists for each method and repetition. The intrarater reliability was high for the 2 methods and also over time for the UM-OHI. Pearson's correlation coefficients ranged from 0.79 to 0.92. Paired t-tests used to compare scores for the 2 hygienists over time showed significant differences. Despite observer bias, these data seem to indicate that the UM-OHI has sufficient reliability and validity to be used as a health education teaching tool.

Calibration↗
PubMed2002

Radiographic measurements, bone mineral density, and the Singh Index in the proximal femur of white and black postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Radiographic measurements, bone mineral density (BMD), and the Singh Index were examined to assess ethnic differences in the architecture and trabecular patterns in the proximal femur. METHODS: We measured height (cm), weight (kg), and the following radiographic variables in 326 white and black postmenopausal women participating in the Women's Health Initiative at the Clinical Center in Detroit, MI: neck breadth, inferior neck cortical thickness, head diameter, subtrochanteric breadth, and subtrochanteric medial and lateral cortical thicknesses. Bone densitometry was performed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR 1000 plus; Hologic Inc, Bedford, MA) at 5 regional sites in the proximal femur. The Singh Index was read by its originator. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant ethnic difference in mean age, height, or body mass index, but weight and BMD was higher in the black group at all regional sites. The inferior neck cortical thickness was significantly greater in the black group. The Singh Index was found to be grade VI (normal) in 87%, grade V in 9%, and grades II-IV in 4% of all subjects. Multiple regression models explained 35% to 60% of the variance in the regional BMDs; the Singh Index, weight, and subtrochanteric cortical thicknesses were significant contributors to all regional hip BMD models. Although there were ethnic differences in BMD, there were no ethnic differences in the distribution of the Singh Index scores.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of incident breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are associated with increased risk of breast cancer in several studies. Circulating concentrations of insulin increase with dietary consumption of high glycemic index foods, which, in turn, may influence IGF-I levels or activity, but the relevance of such dietary patterns for breast cancer risk is unclear. We investigated whether consumption of carbohydrates with high dietary glycemic index would predict risk of postmenopausal breast cancer among 63,307 United States women in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. From baseline in 1992, participants 40-87 years of age and free from cancer and diabetes, were followed for 5 years; 1442 incident breast cancer cases were documented. Diet was assessed at baseline by a validated 68-item food frequency questionnaire from which we calculated dietary glycemic index and glycemic load. Dietary glycemic index and load were not associated with increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (rate ratio = 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.87-1.22 and rate ratio = 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-1.08, respectively) after adjustment for multiple breast cancer risk factors. Associations were not modified by body mass index, physical activity, hormone use, or stage of disease. Future evaluations of glycemic index and breast cancer risk may be strengthened by longer follow-up, more complete dietary information, and measurement of plasma insulin and IGF-I levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1965

NEW CONCEPTS IN INDEXING.

Recent trends in indexing emphasize mechanical, not intellectual, developments. Mechanized operations have produced indexes in depth (1) of information on limited areas of science or (2) utilizing limited parameters for analysis. These indexes may include only citations or both useful data and citations of source literature. Both keyword-in-context and citation indexing seem to be passing the test of the marketplace. Mechanical equipment has also been successfully used to manipulate EAM cards for production of index copy. Information centers are increasingly being used as control devices in narrowly defined subject areas. Authors meet growing pressures to participate in information control work by preparing abstracts of their own articles. Mechanized image systems persist, although large systems are scarce and the many small systems may bring only limited relief for information control and retrieval problems. Experimentation and limited development continue on theory and technique of automatic indexing and abstracting.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2004

Glycemic index, glycemic load, and carbohydrate intake in relation to risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women.

Case-control studies and a cohort study have shown inconsistent associations between a high glycemic index or a high glycemic load and risk of colorectal cancer. These dietary variables have not been examined in relation to risk of colorectal adenoma. We thus examined the associations between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and carbohydrate intake with risk of adenoma of the distal colon or rectum among 34,428 US women who were initially free of cancer or polyps, who completed a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire in 1980, and who underwent endoscopy from 1980 through 1998. 1,715 adenoma cases (704 large adenomas, 894 small adenomas, 1,277 distal colon adenomas, and 504 rectal adenomas) were documented during 18 years of follow-up. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and carbohydrate intake were not related to risk of total colorectal adenoma after adjustment for age and established risk factors [relative risk (RR) for extreme quintiles of glycemic index = 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-1.32, P for trend = 0.66; RR for glycemic load = 0.92, 95% CI 0.76-1.11, P for trend = 0.63; RR for carbohydrate intake = 0.90, 95% CI 0.73-1.11, P for trend = 0.64]. In addition, no significant associations were found for large or small adenoma, distal colon or rectal adenoma, or across strata of body mass index. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that a high glycemic index diet, a high glycemic load diet, or high carbohydrate intake overall are associated with risk of colorectal adenoma.

Adenomatous Polyps↗