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PubMed2001

Synthesis of 4- and 5-substituted 1-hydroxyimidazoles through directed lithiation and metal-halogen exchange.

Electrophiles were introduced regioselectively at the 5-position of 1-(benzyloxy)imidazole by lithiation at C-5 after protection of C-2 with a chloro or a trimethylsilyl group. Subsequent treatment with an electrophile afforded 5-substituted 1-(benzyloxy)-2-chloroimidazoles 8-13 and 5-substituted 1-(benzyloxy)imidazoles 3-5, the 2-(trimethylsilyl) group being lost during workup. Electrophiles were introduced regioselectively at the 4-position of 1-(benzyloxy)imidazole by bromine-lithium exchange of 4-bromo-2-chloro-1-(benzyloxy)imidazoles, protected at C-5 with chloro or trimethylsilyl groups, followed by reaction with an electrophile. The 5-(trimethylsilyl) group was removed via base-catalyzed desilylation. Chlorine at C-2 and O-benzyl groups were removed by palladium-catalyzed hydrogenolysis.

Catalysis↗
PubMed2003

Syntheses of regioisomerically pure 5- or 6-halogenated fluoresceins.

Three routes to regioisomerically pure 5- and 6-iodofluoresceins or 5- and 6-bromofluoresceins are described. The first, shown in Scheme 1, involves diazotization/iodination of the corresponding aminofluoresceins. In the second approach (Scheme 2) a mixture of regioisomeric fluoresceins was prepared, and the 5-bromo isomers were isolated as the ring closed diacetates 9b and 11 by fractional crystallization. Scheme 3 shows an approach to sulfonic acid derivatives 3 and 4 of 5-iodofluorescein. This is the most convenient procedure of the three, and it is particularly useful as sulfofluoresceins have more favorable water solubility characteristics than fluoresceins that lack the sulfonic acid group.

Fluoresceins↗
PubMed2004

Photochemistry and photophysics of halogen-substituted dibenzothiophene oxides.

Dibenzothiophene-5-oxide (DBTO) cleanly produces dibenzothiophene (DBT) on direct photolysis, but with very low quantum yield. A proposed mechanism involves scission of the S-O bond which is coupled to an intersystem crossing step, thus producing the sulfide and O((3)P) via a unimolecular pathway. To test this hypothesis, heavy atom substituted DBTOs were prepared and photolyzed. Iodo-, bromo-, and chloro-substituted DBTOs show higher quantum yields for deoxygenation than does the parent molecule, in the order consistent with an intersystem crossing-related heavy atom effect. 2-Iododibenzothiophene also undergoes photochemical deiodination. Phosphorescence data are consistent with heavy-atom assisted intersystem crossing.

Halogens↗
PubMed2005

Regioselective haloaromatization of 1,2-bis(ethynyl)benzene via halogen acids and PtCl2. Platinum-catalyzed 6-pi electrocyclization of 1,2-bis(1'-haloethenyl)benzene intermediates.

[reaction: see text] Treatment of 1,2-bis(ethynyl)benzene (1) with aqueous HX (X = Br, I) in hot 3-pentanone (100-105 degrees C, 2 h) afforded 1,2-bis(1'-haloethenyl)benzene species 2-Br and 2-I in 98% and 95% yields, respectively. The hydrochlorination of endiyne 1 failed to proceed at elevated temperature but was implemented efficiently by PtCl2 (5 mol %) in hot 3-pentanone (100 degrees C, 2 h) to give 1,2-bis(1'-chloroethenyl)benzene 2-Cl in 80% yield. In the presence of PtCl2 (5 mol %), these halides 2-Cl,2-Br, and 2-I were subsequently converted to 1-halonaphthalenes 3-Cl, 3-Br, and 3-I in the mother solution via sequential 6-pi electrocyclization and dehalogenation reactions. PtCl2 (5 mol %) also effected direct haloaromatization of endiyne 1 with HX (X = Cl, Br, I) and gave 1-halonaphthalenes 3-Cl, 3-Br, and 3-I in 64-71% yields. This investigation reports the scope and the regioselectivity of haloaromatization of various enediynes catalyzed by PtCl2.

Benzene Derivatives↗
PubMed2006

Synthesis of the multisubstituted halogenated olefins via cross-coupling of dihaloalkenes with alkylzinc bromides.

[reaction: see text] The 1-fluoro-1-haloalkenes undergo Pd-catalyzed Negishi cross-couplings with primary alkylzinc bromides to give multisubstituted fluoroalkenes. The alkylation was trans-selective giving pure Z-fluoroalkenes in most cases. The highest yields were obtained with Pd2(dba)3 and PdCl2(dppb) catalysts but the best stereochemical outcome was obtained with less reactive Pd(PPh3)4. The tertiary alkylzincs also produced desired fluoroalkenes in high yields. Coupling of beta,beta-dichlorostyrene with organozinc reagent resulted in the formation of monocoupled product.

Alkenes↗
PubMed2006

Preparation of partially substituted 1-halo- and 1,4-dihalo-1,3-dienes via reagent-controlled desilylation of halogenated 1,3-dienes.

Depending on the desilylation reagents used, 1-halo-1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-butadienes afforded either 1-halo-1-trimethylsilyl-1,3-butadienes or 1-halo-4-trimethylsilyl-1,3-butadienes in excellent yields with excellent selectivity, respectively, when treated with CF3COOH or with NaOMe. These monosilylated 1,3-butadiene products could be further desilylated to generate their corresponding halobutadienes via the above reagent-controlled desilylation reaction. When 1,4-dihalo-1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-dienes were treated with MeONa/MeOH at room temperature, desilylation of both of the two trimethylsilyl groups took place to afford their corresponding 1,4-dihalo-1,3-dienes in excellent yields. The commonly used desilylation reagent CF3COOH did not work for these dihalobutadienes.

Halogens↗
PubMed2002

Geometry and halogen regiochemistry determination of vicinal vinyl dihalides by 1H and 13C NMR. Application to the structure elucidation of prefuroplocamioid, an unusual marine monoterpene.

Empirical rules based on 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy to determine the regiochemistry and geometry of the 1,2-bromochloro vinyl portion of naturally occurring or synthetic compounds containing this functionality are proposed. The key feature of the method comes from the comparison of the spectral data of the new monoterpene metabolite, prefuroplocamioid, isolated from Plocamium cartilagineum, with those of other marine monoterpenes, as well as with some model compounds found in the literature.

Carbon Isotopes↗