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Results for “Generalization, Stimulus”

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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Reduction of asthenopia related to accommodative relaxation by means of far point stimuli.

PURPOSE: To conduct an experimental investigation of the effect of accommodative relaxation using far point shift stimuli for the reduction of asthenopia. METHODS: Twenty-two female students accommodated to a far point shift stimuli during a 2-min period immediately after a 15-min sustained task on a three-dimensional display. Before and after the trial, their accommodative step response and symptoms were assessed. The far point shift stimuli in the optical system, which were presented on a refractometer, were created by moving the target scenery images from far to near, lineally centred about the far point position of each eye. During 2 min of fixating on the far point shift stimuli, changes in refraction were recorded in the same eye. RESULTS: While looking at the far point shift stimuli, 10 of 22 subjects had changes in refraction that showed a hypermetropic shift, and the other 12 subjects had changes in refraction that showed a myopic shift. The time taken for the accommodative step response from far to near post-trial in the myopic shift group was markedly prolonged, and the accommodative lag at the far target in the optometer was significantly increased. In the myopic shift group, the symptoms of "eye fatigue", "eye pain", "eye heaviness", and "eye dryness" also increased after the trial. In the hyperopic shift group, however, only the symptom of "eye dryness" increased, with no reduction of accommodation function. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that accommodative relaxation by accommodative far point shift stimuli is effective in the reduction of asthenopia.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1981

Compliance, defiance, and therapeutic paradox: guidelines for strategic use of paradoxical interventions.

Strategies and tactics in apparent opposition to desired therapeutic goals are discussed in the context of brief problems-focused therapy. Two types of paradoxical intervention are differentiated: in one, change follows from attempted compliance with a therapeutic directive; in the other, change follows from defiance. Brehm's reactance theory and the Palo Alto brief therapy model offer guidelines for the use of such strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Acoustic and perceptual evaluation of Mandarin tone productions before and after perceptual training.

Training American listeners to perceive Mandarin tones has been shown to be effective, with trainees' identification improving by 21%. Improvement also generalized to new stimuli and new talkers, and was retained when tested six months after training [Y. Wang et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 3649-3658 (1999)]. The present study investigates whether the tone contrasts gained perceptually transferred to production. Before their perception pretest and after their post-test, the trainees were recorded producing a list of Mandarin words. Their productions were first judged by native Mandarin listeners in an identification task. Identification of trainees' post-test tone productions improved by 18% relative to their pretest productions, indicating significant tone production improvement after perceptual training. Acoustic analyses of the pre- and post-training productions further reveal the nature of the improvement, showing that post-training tone contours approximate native norms to a greater degree than pretraining tone contours. Furthermore, pitch height and pitch contour are not mastered in parallel, with the former being more resistant to improvement than the latter. These results are discussed in terms of the relationship between non-native tone perception and production as well as learning at the suprasegmental level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of a tactile vocoder for work recognition.

Normal subjects learned to identify words through a tactile vocoder. The vocoder employed 16 filter channels, each with a bandwidth of 1/3 octave, with center frequencies ranging from 200-8000 Hz. The output of each filter was detected and after logarithmic amplification the resulting outputs were transmitted to a 16-channel solenoid array placed on the subject's ventromedial forearm. Words, spoken "live voice," were used as stimuli; the subject was able to feel both the vocalization of the reader and herself and, most importantly, extensive training was provided. In 40.5 h one subject learned 70 words and a second subject reached criterion on 150 words in the comparatively short time of 55 h. Words that were poorly identified initially were identified more readily with increased experience. Phonetic identification tests showed that the features of voicing, nasality, and frication were reliably recognized, indicating the tactile vocoder will be useful in providing information to complement lipreading. Finally, subjects learned rapidly to generalize word-learning to unfamiliar readers.

Communication Devices for People with Disabilities↗
PubMed2002

The emergence of behavioral pharmacology.

Beginning over five decades ago, a pioneering series of studies was conducted that had a profound impact on the field of pharmacology. The impact of those studies was so forceful and sweeping that the discipline of pharmacology was modified in scope and practice by the emergence of a new discipline-behavioral pharmacology. The studies initiating this cascade of events stemmed from the Psychobiology Laboratory at Harvard Medical School and were associated with research conducted by Peter B. Dews, Roger T. Kelleher, and William H. Morse. These individuals shaped the conceptual framework, the experimental direction, as well as the principal focus, that defined and dominated the field of behavioral pharmacology for decades following their initial work in the 1950s. This article will highlight some of the main themes and implications of the work initiated by Dews, Kelleher, and Morse. In particular, I will focus on: i) schedule-controlled behavior and response rate; ii) schedules using noxious stimuli; and iii) the use of second-order schedules.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Taste stimuli: a behavioral categorization.

The selective patterns of generalization to various chemicals, obtained in rats after radiation-induced gustatory-avoidance conditioning against single chemicals, were used to evaluate qualitative similarities among taste stimuli. DL-Alanine, glycine, and sodium saccharin were classed together, but not with D-glucose or potassium chloride. Groupings such as these may serve as a basis for determining the dimensions along which taste quality is represented.

Alanine↗
PubMed1968

Discrimination learning as the summation of excitation and inhibition.

Pigeons received either excitatory, inhibitory, or combined excitatory and inhibitory (intradimensional) training to discriminate line-tilt stimuli. Algebraic summation of relative-generalization gradients obtained after separate excitatory and inhibitory training sessions was used to predict characteristics of gradients after intradimensional training. The good agreement between obtained and predicted gradients provided support for gradient-interaction theory.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Brain functions.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Age Factors↗