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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Rationale for reconstruction of large scalp defects using the anterolateral thigh flap: structural and aesthetic outcomes.

The advent of free tissue transfer has provided multiple options that allow preservation and maintain both the structural and aesthetic status of the scalp. Since the first report of the anterolateral thigh flap in 1984, it has become one of the most commonly used flaps for the reconstruction of various soft-tissue defects. Eleven free anterolateral thigh flaps were used to reconstruct soft-tissue defects of different regions of the scalp. Two of these flaps were used for the occipital region, six for temporal regions, two for the frontoparietal midline region, and the remaining flap for a defect of the forehead. The study consisted of 10 males and one female whose ages ranged from 18 to 82 years (mean age: 52.5 years). Six patients had primary or recurrent cancer, four had acute or subacute wounds resulting from trauma or craniotomy, and one had high-tension electrical burn injury. The size of the flaps ranged from 14 to 27 cm in length and from 6 to 18 cm in width. The overall flap success rate was 100%. In two cases, primary thinning of the flap was performed to reconstruct a tissue defect of the temporal region in one patient and a forehead defect in the other. In two patients, the fascial layer of the flap was used as a source for a vascularized fascial flap to cover defects of the dura mater. No secondary corrections, including debulking procedures or scar revision, were necessary. No infections or hematomas were observed. Six cases underwent split-thickness skin grafting of the donor site and, in the remaining cases, the donor sites were closed directly. No donor-site morbidity was observed. The authors conclude that with its evident structural and cosmetic advantages, the anterolateral thigh flap can be considered an excellent flap option for most scalp defects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A pterion keyhole approach for the treatment of anterior circulation aneurysms.

The supraorbital keyhole approach is most frequently used in treatment for lesions within the anterior cranial base. However, it has some drawbacks, including cosmetically poor appearance of the scar, forehead deformity, and difficulty in dealing with some kinds of middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms. Therefore, we have developed a small pterion keyhole approach for an alternative access to treat anterior circulation aneurysms. An oblique skin incision about 3-5 cm in length was made just from 1.0 cm anterior to the superficial temporal artery at the level of the zygomatic arch, curved just below the temporal line to the forehead, and stopped at the hairline over the sylvian fissure. Then a small craniotomy (2-3 cm) was made just over the sylvian fissure and the aneurysms were exposed through the lateral cerebral fissure. We used this approach to treat 40 patients with aneurysms located in posterior communicating arteries (n=14), the MCA (n=10), the anterior communicating arteries (n=9), the anterior cerebral artery (n=1), the ophthalmic arteries (n=3), and the ICA (n=3). The general outcome of all patients was good without serious complications from the surgical technique even though 3 cases underwent intraoperative premature rupture of the aneurysms. No approach-related complication occurred except that one patient had vasospasm 2 days after the aneurysm clipping. In conclusion, this pterion keyhole approach can achieve the best operative effect for the treatment of intracranial anterior circulation aneurysms in a selective group of patients with several advantages over traditional craniotomy including minor tissue damage, less brain retraction, a superior cosmetic result, and shorter duration of surgery. Moreover, the operative field becomes wider in the deep area, providing sufficient space for microscope-assisted surgery without the need for highly specialized instruments.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Branched filaments no fungus, ovoid bodies no bacteria: Two unusual cases of mycetoma.

We describe a 58-year-old man presenting with necrotizing panniculitis of the lower right leg and a 64-year-old woman with a clinically similar lesion combined with pustular eruptions and subsequent ulceration on the forehead. In the first patient, Giemsa staining showed small ovoid bodies and Grocott staining revealed hyphae. Histology from the process on the forehead showed branched filaments in the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. In the first case, Madurella mycetomatis, a fungus, was the pathogenic agent, whereas in the other case white colonies of filamentous organisms resembling fungi could be cultivated that turned out to be the bacterium Nocardia brasiliensis. Since the initial clinical appearance of these two forms of mycetoma were almost identical and histopathologic findings were inconclusive, only sophisticated microbiologic work-up of material from lesional skin led to the correct diagnosis. In times of global tourism, these unusual cases impressively document the necessity to become more familiar with mycetoma to make accurate therapeutic decisions with effective results, possibly saving a limb.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1999

Effects of the height of the internal features of faces on adults' aesthetic ratings and 5-month-olds' looking times.

We examined the influence of the height of the internal features of faces on adults' ratings of attractiveness and on 5-month-olds' looking times. Subjects viewed drawings or coloured photographs of faces presented in pairs that were identical except that the internal features were at a low height, with a large forehead and small chin; at a high height, with a small forehead and large chin; or at a medium height. Adults rated faces with their features at the medium and low heights as more attractive than faces with their features at the high height, and, at least for drawings, rated faces with medium features as more attractive than faces with low features. Babies looked equally long at faces with their features at various heights except for looking slightly longer at faces with high rather than low features. The results suggest that the influence of feature height on reactions to faces is different for adults and 5-month-olds, and hence that it may be shaped by cultural learning and/or experience with faces sometime after early infancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Malignant orbital and orbitomaxillary tumors: surgical considerations.

Malignant tumors of the orbit and the orbitomaxillary region constitute 4-8% of head and neck malignancies. The lesions can be primary orbital malignant tumors or can invade the orbit from the eyelids, the eyeball or the paranasal sinuses, especially the maxillary sinus and ethmoids. The commonest primary malignant tumors of the orbit are lymphomas, rhabdomyosarcomas and lacrimal gland epithelial tumors. These tumors are excluded from the present study since their management differs from that of metastatic tumors. Our experience is based on a series of 48 patients operated during the last five years. There was an equal distribution according to both age and sex, with two-thirds of the patients being over 60 years of age. Histologically, the basal cell carcinomas (B.C.C.) prevailed with 19 cases, followed by squamous cell carcinomas (Sq.C.C.) in 12, adenocarcinomas (AdenoCa) in 10 and orbital melanomas (O.M.) in 7. In 13 cases the maxilla was also affected. Surgical treatment varied from exenteration to wide cran iofacial resections; immediate reconstruction followed in all cases. Only 10 patients were treated with surgery alone. In the remaining 38 patients radiotherapy was given, alone or in combination with chemotherapy. The surgical techniques included exente ration with split-thickness skin grafting in 19 cases, exenteration with coverage with median forehead flap in 16, and maxillectomy with forehead and temporalis flaps in 7 cases. The tumors recurred in 12 patients, all of them in the first postoperative year. Ten patients died from intracranial involvement or distant metastases. In six of these patients the lesions were Sq.C.C., in two AdenoCa and in two O.M. It is concluded that the surgical treatment of orbital and orbitomaxillary malignancies, although subject to broad guidelines that determine the operability of the tumors, should be individualized according to the extent of the lesion and the experience of the surgeon.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Ultrasound investigation of port wine stains.

Congenital capillary malformation, or port wine stains (PWS), have been treated with the pulsed dye laser since the late 1980s. Some studies have shown better results when the malformation has been located on the lateral face, forehead, neck, trunk or shoulder and inferior results, with more treatments required, when it is located on the central face area, dermatome V2 or the extremities. The purpose of this study was to determine the depth of the lesion in various locations. A total of 55 patients with untreated PWS were investigated with a high-resolution 20 MHz ultrasound system. The mean maximum depth of all PWS that were measurable (45 out of 55) was 1.00 mm (+/- 0.50 SD), with a range of 0.2-3.7 mm. Lesions located on the forehead (1.26 +/- 0.44 mm) and on the medial face (1.23 +/- 0.65 mm), were deeper than lesions on the trunk and extremities. PWS involving areas that respond poorly to treatment were on average 0.14 mm deeper than PWS involving areas that responded well. The depth of the PWS, as determined with high-resolution ultrasound, seems to correlate only to some degree with the response to pulsed dye laser treatment. Since this treatment, with its superficial penetration, cannot reach the deeper vessels of a PWS, skin ultrasound could be a good complement in the prognostic investigation as well as for planning treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Palpation as a method of fever determination in Malawian children who are less than 5 years old: how reliable is it?

Fever is a common occurrence in children who are < 5 years old and palpation of the forehead may or may not be a reliable method for determining fever in such children. In a study of 1120 Malawian children of this age attending outpatient's clinics, each child's mother and a clinical officer (CO) were asked to palpate the child's forehead and decide whether the child was febrile (felt warm or very warm) or afebrile (felt normal). The rectal temperature of each child was then taken using a thermometer and the child considered febrile if this temperature was > or = 38 degrees C. Using palpation, mothers judged 973 (86.9%) of 1120 children to be febrile and CO judged 565 (50.4%) of 1118 to be febrile, whereas thermometer readings indicated 410 (36.7%) to be truly febrile. False-positives (i.e. afebrile children judged to be febrile by palpation) accounted for 574 (59.0%) of the 973 children who were considered febrile by their mothers and 228 (40.4%) of the 565 children so considered by CO; mothers reported significantly more false-positives than CO (P < 0.05). False-negatives (i.e. febrile children judged to be afebrile by palpation) accounted for 11 (7.5%) of the 147 children who were considered afebrile by their mothers and 73 (13.2%) of the 553 children so considered by CO; CO reported significantly more false-negatives than mothers (P < 0.05). Overall, mothers were as likely as CO to misjudge a child (721/1120 v. 781/1118; P > 0.05). Although the sensitivity of mothers and CO in determining fever was similar (97.3% v. 82.2%; P > 0.05), CO gave a higher degree of specificity than the mothers (67.8% v. 19.2%; P < 0.000001). Although the present results indicate that palpation is not a reliable method of determining fever in children who are < 5 years old, caregivers should continue to use palpation as a useful first step in deciding when a child needs to be referred.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2000

The impact absorption characteristics of cricket batting helmets.

To determine whether the helmets currently used by cricket batsmen offer sufficient protection against impacts of a cricket ball, the impact absorption characteristics of six helmets were measured using the drop test at an impact velocity equivalent to a cricket ball with a release speed of 160 km x h(-1) (44.4 m x s(-1)). An accelerometer transducer attached to a 5.0 kg striker was dropped from a height of 3.14 m onto the batting helmets to measure the impact characteristics at the three different impact sites: right temple, forehead and back of the helmet. These data were further expressed as a percentage above (-) or below (+) the recommended safety standard of 300 g. The results indicate that the force absorption characteristics of the helmets showed inter- and intra-helmet variations, with 14 of the 18 impact sites (66.7%) assessed meeting the recommended safety standards. Helmets 1, 2 and 4 succeeded in meeting the safety standards at all impact sites; helmets 5 and 6 both failed at the back and forehead, while helmet 3 failed at all impact sites. These differences were due to the structure and composition of the inner protective layer of the helmets. The helmets that succeeded in meeting the standards were made with a moulded polystyrene insert, a heat-formed ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) insert, or EVA with a relatively high density that allows a minimal amount of movement of the helmet at ball impact.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of a surgical technique for trigonocephaly.

Clinically diagnosed trigonocephaly have been treated by a standard surgical technique developed at Göteborg University Craniofacial Unit. To evaluate the technique we designed a study to include both subjective and objective assessments. Of 30 patients operated on between 1988-1997, 15 patients with at least three years postoperative follow-up have been included. An evaluation of the surgical outcome of the bitemporal width, the forehead contour, and the intercanthal distance was made both subjectively using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and objectively with analyses of cephalograms taken preoperatively and postoperatively at 3 and 5 years of age. For the subjective evaluation a control group of 10 randomly selected children from a Child Welfare Centre were selected. For the objective evaluation the control group consisted of cephalograms from children born with cleft lip and palate who were matched regarding sex and age. Both cephalometric analysis and subjective studies of the outcome indicated improvement. When the forehead contour was investigated the number of patients who had been improved or corrected completely was higher when evaluated subjectively. When interorbital distance on cephalograms and intercanthal distance scores on VAS were evaluated, again the subjective study indicated improvement in more subjects.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2000

Efficacy of temporal musculopericranial flap for reconstruction of the anterior base of the skull.

Since March 1988 the temporal musculopericranial (TMP) flap has been used as our flap of choice to reconstruct defects of the anterior base of the skull that are larger than 2 x 3 cm, including the dura mater, in 33 patients. The primary diseases were malignant head and neck tumours (n = 16), trauma (n = 15), meningioma (n = 1), and teratoma (n = 1). The dura mater was reconstructed with a unilateral TMP flap, after which the cranial and nasal cavities were closed with the opposite TMP flap. In addition, bone was grafted by sandwiching the bone between the two flaps and fixing it to the surrounding residual bone. When a large area was resected, making it impossible to use a TMP flap, a frontal musculopericranial (FMP) flap or a free flap (usually the rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap) was used to close the cranial and nasal cavities. Thirty of the 33 patients recovered with no postoperative complications. Two patients developed extradural abscesses in the anterior base of the skull and one developed mild meningitis, but they were successfully treated conservatively. When bilateral TMP flaps were used for the reconstruction, no patient had aesthetic problems in the forehead region. The TMP flap is extremely effective for the reconstruction of the anterior base of the skull because it is minimally invasive and causes few aesthetic problems in the forehead region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sagittal synostosis: II. Cranial morphology and growth after the modified pi-plasty.

The aim of this study was to characterise the postoperative cranial growth and morphology after a modified pi-plasty for sagittal synostosis. The shape of the skull of 82 patients with isolated premature synostosis of the sagittal suture (SS group) operated on with a modified pi-plasty was studied longitudinally. Forty-five children with unilateral incomplete cleft lip (UICL), evaluated longitudinally at the ages of 2.4 and 23.2 months were used as controls. A standardised radiocephalometric technique was used for image acquisition. The radiocephalograms were analysed using a modification of a method developed by Kreiborg, which included the digitisation of 89 landmarks of the calvaria, cranial base, and orbit (43 in the lateral and 46 in the frontal projections), the production of mean shape plots for each group, and the intergroup comparison of a series of 78 variables (linear distance between selected landmarks, and angles defined by groups of three landmarks). Paired and unpaired t tests were used to assess the differences between the variables studied. These were accepted as significant for values of p<0.01 and were presented as coloured segments or areas in the respective plots. In a comparative analysis with the mean UICL lateral plots, the mean preoperative lateral plots of the study group (SS) showed that the anterior slope of the forehead was more pronounced and it was also more convex. The vertex area was located more anteriorly and was less convex. The occipital curvature was more prominent. Comparison of the mean frontal plots showed a deficiency in convexity and lateral projection of the upper parietal regions, and the line of maximum skull width was lower. The postoperative mean lateral plots of the study group showed a correction of the exaggerated anterior inclination of the forehead and a reduction of the abnormal occipital convexity. However, there was little change in the vertex region and it remained flatter than in the control group. In the mean frontal plots, the increase in convexity and in the lateral projection of the upper parietal areas led to a shape that was similar to that of the UICL group. The mean (SD) cephalic index changed from 64.9% (1.8%) to 71.4% (3.5%) (p<0.001). The longitudinal comparison between the mean postoperative plots at 3 and 5 years of age showed that there had been little change in cranial shape. In conclusion, after a modified pi-plasty for sagittal synostosis, significant objective changes in cranial shape towards normality were produced. The postoperative profile cranial shape was improved except in the vertex area, which remained flatter than normal. In the frontal projection an almost normal shape was obtained. The postoperative cranial shape obtained at 3 years of age had remained stable at the age of 5 years.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A twin study of skin reflectance.

Skin colour has been measured by reflectance spectrophotometry on 134 pairs of twins at three sites, forehead, forearm and upper arm, each at three wavelengths, 425, 545 and 685 nm. Tanning is measured most reliably at 685 nm and at this wavelength the heritability is high at the least exposed upper arm site, intermediate on the forearm, while on the forehead variation is entirely environmentally determined. The same gradient is observed, through less strikingly at 545 nm, but at 425 nm, where haemoglobin is reflecting most of the light, the degree of genetic determination is the same at all sites.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Prediction of hyperbilirubinaemia in the healthy term newborn.

UNLABELLED: The aim is to establish the correlation between transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) and serum bilirubin (TSB) and its predictive value for significant hyperbilirubinaemia > or = 290 mcmol/L (17 mg/dL). We studied a total of 2004 healthy full-term newborns, weight 3.230 g +/- 491 g; 90% received breast milk. The study was performed in two phases. In the first phase (610 newborns), the following tests were carried out: hematocrit and bilirubin in umbilical cord blood; TCB at 24 h, 48 h and between 60 h and 96 h at the forehead and over the sternum; TSB was measured along with this last test. In the second phase (1394 newborns), the predictive value of TCB and TSB was validated. The incidence of bilirubin > or = 290 mcmol/L was 2.95% and 3.2%. The correlation between TSB and TCB is high (n = 996; r = 0.92; y = 5.916 + 0.804x; p < 0.000). There was a better correlation between TCB and TSB with sternal compared to forehead determination (< 24 h: 0.81 vs 0.77; 24-48 h: 0.887 vs 0.83; and > 48 h: 0.94 vs 0.83). The study showed the scant sensitivity of umbilical cord blood bilirubin and good predictive value at 24 h of TSB > or = 102 mcmol/L (6 mg/dL) and at 48 h of TSB > or = 154 mcmol/L (9 mg/dL) and TCB > or = 13 (equivalent to 154 mcmol/L). CONCLUSION: There is a good correlation between TCB and TSB. In infants with TSB > or = 102 mcmol/L at 24 h or TSB > or = 154 mcmol/L or transcutaneous readings > or = 13 h at 48 h, a TSB test must be performed after 48 h of life.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of jaundice in preterm neonates: comparison between clinical assessment, two transcutaneous bilirubinometers and serum bilirubin values.

AIM: 1) To compare the clinical assessment of craniocaudal progression of jaundice and two transcutaneous bilirubinometers with serum bilirubin values in preterm neonates; 2) to identify factors affecting the difference between non-invasive bilirubin estimation and serum bilirubin. METHODS: Serum bilirubin was clinically estimated in healthy preterm newborn infants (34 to 36.9 gestational weeks) independently by a primary investigator and by nurses, and subsequently compared with separate measures of two transcutaneous bilirubinometers. RESULTS: A total of 107 measurements were performed on 69 infants. Minolta JM-102 showed the best performance, with ROC area under the curve of 0.96, followed by BiliCheck over the sternum (0.89) and over the forehead (0.88), clinical assessment by nurses (0.73) and by a physician (0.70). Serum bilirubin >190 micromol/l can be detected with 95% sensitivity with Minolta JM-102 > or =19 units, with BiliCheck > or =145 micromol/l over the sternum and > or =165 micromol/l over the forehead and with jaundice progression to the trunk or further (Kramer zone > or =2). Gestational age affects all non-invasive methods in the estimation of serum bilirubin, whereas skin colour affects both BiliCheck and clinical assessment. Ambient light affects only clinical assessment. CONCLUSION: Minolta JM-102 showed the best performance, closely followed by BiliCheck, with clinical assessment performing far worse than either transcutaneous method. None of the three methods are recommended as complete substitutes for serum bilirubin values in jaundiced preterm infants.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed2006

Occlusion treatment for amblyopia: assessing the performance of the electronic occlusion dose monitor.

Electronic Occlusion Dose Monitors (ODMs) are a fairly recent development. As part of the international Electronic Recording of Patching for Amblyopia Group (ERPAG), we are the first center in Germany to apply these devices. The aim of our independent study was a further assessment of their potential, including technical features and the practicability of long-term use under near-clinical conditions. The ODMs, taped to the occlusion patch, measure the temperature difference between the surface of the eye and the surroundings. Investigators and patients' families kept occlusion diaries while using ODMs. Measurements were performed on the eye (patch tight or detached), forehead, arm and in trouser pockets, and while varying the room temperature. Patients' occlusion was monitored for several months together with acuity development. ODM acceptance was assessed by questionnaire. Written and monitored occlusion times corresponded excellently. Proper measurements on the eye could be distinguished more readily from those with the patch detached or in the pocket than from measurements on the arm and forehead. Very high temperatures (33-37 degrees C) prevented reliable measurements. Using ODMs was convenient for parents but time-consuming for researchers. Despite occasional data loss (incomplete diaries, ODM failure), acuity development could be followed as a function of monitored occlusion dose. This study contributes to the specification of the ODM features and their refinement for clinical use.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed2005

Risk factors for incomplete excision of squamous cell carcinomas.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for incomplete excision of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 369 patients who underwent a primary excision of SCCs was performed within an outpatient and a hospital plastic surgery department setting. RESULTS: Incomplete excision occurred in 25 of 369 primary excisions of SCC (6.8%). Location of the tumors on the forehead, temples, peri-auricular region, ears, cheeks, nose, lips or neck was significantly associated with incomplete excision of the tumors. In particular, high incomplete excision proportions were observed for tumors located on the ears (16.7%), neck (16.7%), temples (11.1%), nose (10.8%) or lips (7.1%). Incomplete excision of SCC was associated with the setting of the operation in the hospital as compared to ambulatory settings (p = 0.046) and was inversely associated with the specimen thickness (p = 0.002). There was no statistically significant association between incomplete excision of SCC and gender, age, clinical appearance of the lesion (suspected SCC vs other diagnoses), differentiation pattern, diameter of the tumor, length or width of the excised specimen, solar changes or ulceration. CONCLUSION: We recommend that in patients with SCCs located in the forehead, temples, periauricular region, ears, cheeks, nose, lips or neck surgeons should commence particular surgical measures to avoid inadequate excisions of the tumors. In particular, surgeons should use wider excisional margins in tumors located in the embryonic fusion planes (e.g. eyelids and naso-labial folds).

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Nd:YAG laser combined with IPL treatment improves clinical results in non-ablative photorejuvenation.

BACKGROUND: Intense pulsed light (IPL) sources have been reported in non-ablative photorejuvenation, but the excellent histological findings do not always coincide with the clinical results and patient satisfaction index (SI). METHODS: Ten female patients (two forehead, four periocular and four perioral), ages ranging from 28 to 46 years, skin types II-IV, wrinkle types I-III, participated in the study. The IPL system was applied with the yellow (570 nm) cut-off filter, 30 J/cm(2), single pulse, followed by the Nd:YAG at 120 J/cm(2), double pulse (7 ms per shot with 20 ms between pulses) on the wrinkled areas only. Three sessions were given at monthly intervals, and an assessment was made 1 and 6 months after the third session. Biopsies were taken from four consenting patients as a cross-section before the first treatment and then 1 and 6 months after the third session. For clinical control and contrast of tissue results, a group of 10 patients (two forehead, four periocular and four perioral; ages ranging from 27 to 47 years, skin types II-IV, wrinkle types I-III) was treated only with IPL, using the same parameters and sessions. Histologies were taken from four consenting patients. RESULTS: The histology showed thickening of the epidermis with good dermal collagen organization in both groups. However, the combined treatment showed more dramatic changes in histological tissue condition, and ectatic blood vessels were seen in the deeper dermis. The patient SI values, related to the results, were lower when IPL was used alone. All patients completed the study. In the combined treatment group, overall SIs of 8 (80%) and 8 (80%) were obtained at the control points of 1 and 6 months, respectively, after session 3, compared with SIs of 6 (60%) and 4 (40%) scored by patients in the IPL group at the same points. Discomfort and side effects were minimal in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of the Nd:YAG laser to the IPL regimen in non-ablative skin rejuvenation gave very good histological results, which were echoed by stronger patient satisfaction than in the control group treated only with IPL. Visible improvement in the skin condition of both groups was achieved, but was better in the combined treatment group.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Percutaneous absorption of the insecticides fenitrothion and aminocarb in rats and monkeys.

The dermal penetration of 14C-ring-labeled fenitrothion and aminocarb was determined in rats and rhesus monkeys. In monkeys, 49 +/- 4% (t1/2 = 14 h) of the fenitrothion and 74 +/- 4% (t1/2 = 25 h) of aminocarb were absorbed from the forehead, while 21 +/- 10% (t1/2 = 17 h) fenitrothion and 37 +/- 14% (t1/2 = 31 h) aminocarb were absorbed from ventral forearm. Monkey forehead was 2.3 times and 2.0 times more permeable than the forearm for fenitrothion and aminocarb, respectively. In rats, 84 +/- 12% (t1/2 = 20 h) of the fenitrothion and 88 +/- 6% (t1/2 = 17 h) aminocarb was absorbed from the middorsal region. These results were corrected for incomplete excretion by intramuscular injections of fenitrothion in money, 95 +/- 7% (t1/2 = 12 h), and rat, 69 +/- 9% (t1/2 = 12 h), and aminocarb in monkey, 95 +/- 14% (t1/2 = 8 h), and rat, 63 +/- 6% (t1/2 = 15 h). These results suggest rapid dermal absorption of these pesticides in rats and monkeys and the use of these animal models for measuring dermal penetration is discussed.

Administration, Cutaneous↗