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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Changes in the choline content of human breast milk in the first 3 weeks after birth.

UNLABELLED: Choline is an essential constituent of membrane phospholipids in great demand in the developing brain and liver. We have previously demonstrated that human neonates excrete large amounts of betaine, a product of choline oxidation, in their urine. Estimates of perinatal choline intake using previously published data compared with our measurements of betaine excretion indicated that choline insufficiency might occur at certain periods after birth. In this study we measured the choline content of expressed human breast milk in colostrum (2-6 days after birth), mature milk (7-22 days after birth) and several infant formula foods, using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In colostrum choline was present in both the aqueous (free choline, phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine) and lipid fractions (phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin). After 6-7 days there was a mean increase of 114% in the total choline content; 82% of the rise was accounted for by increases in phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine, and 14% by (free) choline. The choline content of most formula feeds was comparable with the level in colostrum but below that of mature milk. Both the total choline content and ester composition of mature milk were comparable with more recent measurements using high-performance liquid chromatography. CONCLUSION: The choline content of human breast milk doubles 6-7 days after birth and, unlike that of many formula feeds, appears to be sufficient to account for betaine excretion in healthy full-term neonates. However, for premature babies who usually receive much lower quantities of milk, yet have a higher demand for choline, the intake may be inadequate.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Lumbar epidural analgesia with bupivacaine in labor. Drug concentration in maternal and neonatal blood at birth and during the first day of life.

Lumbar epidural analgesia with bupivacaine was administered to 33 women for relief of pain during labor. At delivery blood samples were drawn from the umbilical cord vessels and from a maternal peripheral vein. Blood samples were also collected from the noenate and its mother, 1, 4, and 20 hours after delivery. Analyses of bupivaccaine concentrations were carried out in all samples with a gas-chromatographic technique. The drug concentration in the umbilical vein (UV) was usually higher than the corresponding umbilical artery value (UA), but with increasing time interval between the last bupivaccaine infection and delivery the UA/UV drug concentration ratio rose. After delivery the rate of drug decline in blood was similar in mother and newborn infant. The clinical condition of the infant was unrelated to the drug concentration in the umbilical cord vessels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Cardiac output and cerebral blood flow velocity in small for gestational age infants during the first 5 days after birth.

Small for gestational age (SGA) infants are at an increased risk of neurologic handicap. Cardiac output and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) were measured by pulsed Doppler sonography in 15 SGA infants and in 15 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants on days 1 and 5 after birth. The gestational age of both groups ranged from 32 to 40 weeks and averaged 37 weeks. Cardiac output was higher in the SGA infants than in the AGA infants on day 1 (314 +/- 62 vs. 275 +/- 36 ml/min/kg; P < 0.05), but similar in the SGA and AGA infants on day 5 (319 +/- 66 vs. 318 +/- 53 ml/min/kg). On day 1, both haematocrit (0.53 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.49 +/- 0.04 l/l; P < 0.05) and systemic red blood cell transport (169 +/- 35 vs. 136 +/- 24 ml/kg/min; P < 0.01) were higher in the SGA infants than in the AGA infants. Systemic red cell flow increased in the AGA infants from day 1 to day 5 (157 +/- 27 ml/min/kg; P < 0.05), but not in the SGA infants (166 +/- 39 ml/kg/min). Mean cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was higher in the AGA infants than in the SGA infants on both days (P < 0.05). However, cerebral red blood cell transport (CBFV x haematocrit) was similar in both groups. We conclude that on day 1, systemic red blood cell transport is higher in SGA infants than in AGA infants due to increased cardiac output and haematocrit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed2000

Bed sharing patterns in a cohort of Australian infants during the first six months after birth.

OBJECTIVE: To measure bed sharing (BS) activity in healthy term infants. METHODOLOGY: The sleep-wake behaviour and place of infant sleep were recorded for infants aged between 2 and 24 weeks. Infants were then identified as BS or non bed sharing (NBS) according to each of four different definitions of bed sharing. RESULTS: The mean proportion of infants who spent any time BS during a 24-h period was significantly greater (P < 0.05) between 2 and 12 weeks (40.9 +/- 1. 4%) than between 13 and 24 weeks (36.5 +/- 1.5%). A significantly greater proportion (P < 0.005) of infants bed shared for more than 2 h (25 +/- 1%) than for either 1-2 h (10.5 +/- 1.1%) or for less than 1 h/24 h (3.2 +/- 0.5%) during the whole study period. Each of the definitions of BS used in the study separated infants on the basis of the amount and frequency of BS activity. CONCLUSION: : Bed sharing activity was common and varied in this cohort. It was possible, using quantitative definitions, to identify those infants who routinely bed share.

Australia↗
PubMed2003

First record of live birth in Cretaceous ichthyosaurs: closing an 80 million year gap.

New fossils of embryonic ichthyosaurs are both the geologically youngest and the physically smallest known ichthyosaur embryos. The embryos are articulated, though only partially preserved, and are located within the body cavity of an adult, presumably the mother. The embryos and adult were found in association with several other individuals of differing size classes, all of which appear to be a new taxon of Cretaceous ichthyosaur. The material was collected from units of the Loon River Formation, Hay River, Northwest Territories, Canada. The implications of this new material to ichthyosaurian reproductive biology are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Developmental changes in the neutral alpha-amino acid transport systems of rat brain over the first three weeks after birth.

Transport of seven different amino acids into brain slices increased as donor rats aged from 1 to 6 days. Uptakes of 2-aminoisobutyric acid, 2-(methyl-amino)isobutyric acid, and L-alanine then decreased by day 14, while uptakes of other amino acids continued to increase or remained fairly constant. Neutral alpha-amino acid transport systems were characterized by measuring inhibition of uptakes and kinetics for representative amino acids at different ages. Results indicate that 2-aminoisobutyrate and 2-(methylamino)isobutyrate used only one (and the same) system in brain slices from 6-day-old rats, with characteristics of system A (the major sodium-dependent system in most mammalian cells). They used at least two systems at ages 1, 14, and 23 days, but, of these, only at 1 day did they use the same systems in the same proportions. Alanine and leucine used more than one system at all four ages, and somewhat different combinations than used by each other or by 2-aminoisobutyrate or 2-(methylamino)isobutyrate. Their transport characteristics showed they used mostly system ASC (a sodium-dependent system distinguished from A) and/or system L (sodium-independent). We conclude that system A increases as the brain ages from 1 to 6 days and declines thereafter. System L probably increases with aging from 1 to 23 days.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Metabolic effects of obstetric regional analgesia and of asphyxia in the newborn infant during the first two hours after birth. I. Arterial blood glucose concentrations.

Effects of obstetric regional analgesia and of asphyxia on the arterial blood glucose concentrations were investigated in 83 newborn infants divided into a control group, an asphyxia group, a continuous epidural, and a paracervical + pudendal block group. Lidocaine was used in the analgesia groups. All infants except those of the asphyxia group had 1-minute Apgar scores greater than or equal to 7.1) In the asphyxiated infants high blood glucose values and strong correlations between blood glucose concentrations and different signs of asphyxia (Apgar score, base deficit and lactate) were found. 2) In infants whose mothers were given regional analgesia the results were: (a) high glucose values in 20% of the infants and an association between increased glucose concentrations in these infants and signs of fetal distress, (b) low blood glucose values (less than 1.67 mmol/l) in 27% of the infants. It is recommended that the blood glucose is checked in the newborns after obstetric regional analgesia.

Anesthesia, Obstetrical↗