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PubMed1976

[Effects of light on reproductive processes in fungi; hypotheses on the identity of photoreceptors. A bibliographic revue].

The present review describes the effects of light on reproductive processes in fungi, mainly when action spectra are available. The study of these has resulted in three kinds of photoresponses observable in fungi: - responses only to UV light (230-380 nm) - responses to NUV and blue light (300-520nm) - responses to great wavelengths of the visible spectrum. The photomorphogenetic processes on the control of these same photoreceptor pigments are reviewed.

Fungi↗

PubMed1976

Lytic enzymes in the autolysis of filamentous fungi.

The degrees of autolysis attained by five different genera of filamentous fungi during an incubation period of 60 days, under the same culture conditions were: 87.3% for Penicillium oxalicum; 65.9% for Neurospora crassa; 62.7% for Polystictus versicolor; 51.7% for Aspergillus niger and 23.5% for Nectria galligena. N. crassa, A. niger and P. versicolor reached the end of the autolysis during this incubation period (60 days), whereas P. oxalicum and N. galligena did not. The excretion of the lytic enzymes beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta -1-3 glucanase, chitinase, invertase and acid phosphatase into the culture medium during growth and autolysis was investigated. The excretion of these enzymes was consistent with the degree of autolysis reached, the maximum excretion belonging to P. oxalicum and the minimum to N. galligena. The N. crassa invertase was excreted into the culture liquid at levels very much higher than the other enzymes studied, and at levels very much higher than the invertases excreted by the other fungi.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

PubMed1987

[Zoophagous fungi].

Fungi which kill microscopic animals of different systematic origin by capturing, invading, and digesting them are described. The focal point is nematode destroying fungi, as being the most abundant, most often isolated and most intensively studied. Their ecology and their probable role in the control of nematodes are discussed.

Amoeba↗

PubMed1976

Isolation of fungi belonging to the genera Geotrichum and Trichosporum from human dermal lesions.

Isolates of Geotrichum and Trichosporum spp. obtained from patients with a variety of dermal lesions were studied. Among 2,202 cases examined, microorganisms of these genera were recovered from 100 (4,5%); there were 38 isolated of Geotrichum- and 62 of Trichosporum- spp. Most isolations were obtained from nails: 52 cases. The species most frequently found were T. beigelii (25 cases) and G. candidum (30 cases). In 50 of the patients, these fungi were isolated in pure culture, in an additional 40 Trichosporum spp. were found. Mixed cultures with C. albicans were observed in 28 patients, with other Candida spp. in 16 and with dermatophytes in 6. Among the patients whose isolations occurred in pure cultures, the number of colonies recovered was large in 20 cases, 1 with Geotrichum candidum - 19 with Trichosporum (16 T. beigelii, 3 T. capitatum). The relationship between the isolated yeast-like fungi and the dermal lesion was considered to be direct in these 20 patients.

Candida↗

PubMed1980

Opportunistic fungi in Detroit's rats and opossum.

Four Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and one opossum (Didelphis virginiana) were surveyed for the presence of fungi. Eighteen different fungi were isolated from rat samples and six from the opossum, including Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Hair and skin scrapings from laboratory raised Norway rats, bedding and air from the room yielded only Penicillium sp.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

A new fluorescent viability test for fungi cells.

The fluorescein diacetate-ethidium bromide (FDA-EB) fluorescence method, primarily used to determine viability of mammalian cells, was applied to several fungi species. Living fungi cells produced fluorochromasia, i.e., an intracellular accumulation of fluorescein which could be easily visualized as a green color under the U.V. microscope. Dead cells showed a red bright color due to ethidium bromide penetration. The FDA-EB test can be successfully employed to assay yeast and yeast like cells viability since a good correlation was observed between this assay and the colony count technique. The main advantages of FDA-EB test are its speed, high sensitivity and simplicity.

Fluoresceins↗

PubMed1994

Protein targeting and secretion in filamentous fungi. A progress report.

Although the application of filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus niger for the production of extracellular proteins is well established for several decades, hardly any information is available about the molecular mechanisms of the process of protein secretion in these organisms. Two lines of research initiated towards a systematic analysis of the mechanism of protein targeting and secretion are presented in this paper. 1--To study routing and targeting of proteins in filamentous fungi the availability of a versatile reporter/carrier protein will be of considerable importance. Experiments towards the identification of such a protein are presented. 2--In analogy to the situation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the availability of defined (conditional) mutations in the secretion pathway will provide very important information about the organisation of the pathway. Therefore, based on results obtained in S. cerevisiae, the cloning of several fungal 'secretion' genes was started. The results of the cloning and characterisation of one of these genes is presented.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Strategies for improving heterologous protein production from filamentous fungi.

Despite the naturally high capacity for protein secretion by many species of filamentous fungi, secreted yields of many heterologous proteins have been comparatively low. The strategies for yield improvement have included the use of strong homologous promoters, increased gene copy number, gene fusions with a gene encoding a naturally well-secreted protein, protease-deficient host strains and screening for high yields following random mutagenesis. Such approaches have been effective with some target heterologous proteins but not others. Approaches used in heterologous protein production from filamentous fungi are discussed and a perspective on emerging strategies is presented.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Keratinolysis and its morphological expression in hair digestion by airborne fungi.

The morphological expression of keratinolysis in fungi isolated from the air of Torino (98 isolates belonging to 36 species) was studied. Light microscopy on whole material and on semithin sections, as well as scanning electron microscopy was used. There were 19 keratinolytically active species, with seven in the genus Chrysosporium (C. indicum, C. keratinophilum, C. pannicola, C. tropicum, C. an. Arthroderma cuniculi, C. an. Pectinotrichum llanense, C. an. Renispora flavissima), four in the genus Malbranchea (M. arcuata, M. fulva, M. sulphurea, M. st. Uncinocarpus reesii), and three in the genus Trichophyton (T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. terrestre). In addition there were Aphanoascus fulvescens, Beauveria bassiana, Geomyces pannorum v. pannorum, Gymnoascus umbrinus and Myceliophthora vellerea. Most of these species were capable of developing structures related to surface erosion and radial penetration contemporaneously. However Gymnoascus umbrinus, Myceliophthora vellerea, an isolate of C. indicum, C. tropicum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes demonstrated only surface erosion. Different isolates of one species can vary in their production of invasive structures and in degree of keratinolytic activity. Thus such activity, like many biochemical activities of fungi, does not appear to be a constant or rigorously species-specific character.

Air Microbiology↗

PubMed1995

Fungi inhabiting household environments in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Fungi inhabiting household environments in the West, East and Central localities of Riyadh city were screened. The screened area included bedrooms, drawing rooms, living rooms, kitchens and bathrooms. The common genera of fungi isolated were Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cercospora, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Drechslera, Embellisia, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Scytalidium, Trichoderma, Torula and Ulocladium. Two uncommon genera Nodulosporium and Oidiodendron for Saudi Arabian mycoflora were also isolated. In all the localities, the highest number of fungal colonies per plate or per gram were found in the living rooms, followed by bedrooms. The number of colonies per plate or per gram was in general higher in densely populated than in less populated areas.

Allergens↗

PubMed1995

Storage fungi and seed health of rice: a study in the Philippines.

Fifty seed samples of different rice varieties stored in warehouses for varying periods (1-28 months) were collected and screened for their fungal flora, using standard blotter and agar plate methods, resulting in the isolation of 36 fungal forms. The samples were also studied for moisture content, germinability, and seedling abnormalities. Significant correlations were found among the numbers of fungi, storage period, and germinability. Fourteen samples, seven each of IR64 and IR66 were studied with regard to moisture content, germination test, abnormal seedlings, speed of germination, conductance of leachates, total dehydrogenase activity, total free amino acids, total soluble sugar, fat acidity, gelatinization temperature, gel consistency, amylose content, translucency, and per cent whiteness. Significant relationships were found between the fungi and the parameters studied.

Fungi↗

PubMed1994

Ear-rot fungi and mycotoxins in South African corn of the 1989 crop exported to Taiwan.

A shipment of South African corn (1989) exported to Taiwan, was analyzed for various ear-rot fungi and Fusarium mycotoxins. Two sets of samples, one from the points of origin in South Africa prior to shipment, and the other from the end-point distributors in Taiwan, were studied. Surface-sterilized kernels were plated onto two different agar media and the fungal colonies identified. High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to analyze mycotoxin levels. The predominant ear-rot fungi, in decreasing order of isolation frequency, were Fusarium subglutinans, F. moniliforme, Diploidia maydis and F. graminearum. Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus were not isolated from samples prior to export, but a small number of A. flavus isolates were found after shipment. The predominant mycotoxins were fumonisins B1 (0-865 ng/g) and B2 (0-250 ng/g). Low levels of moniliformin (< or = 390 ng/g) were detected in some samples before shipment. Zearalenone (25 ng/g), and nivalenol (120 ng/g) were detected in two out of 32 samples taken in Taiwan. The samples contained no detectable levels of either aflatoxins (> 0.5 ng/g) or deoxynivalenol (> 100 ng/g) before or after shipment.

Aspergillus↗

PubMed1988

High-performance liquid chromatography of siderophores from fungi.

A reversed-phase HPLC separation of iron(III) chelates of 16 representative fungal siderophores including ferrichromes, coprogens and triacetylfusarinine C was established in order to investigate siderophore production of fungi. For comparison purposes, the widely used bacterial siderophore ferrioxamine B was included. Culture filtrates of the fungi Penicillium resticulosum, Fusarium dimerum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Neurospora crassa were quantitatively analyzed for the presence of known and unknown siderophores after growth in low-iron culture media and adsorption on XAD-2 columns using this HPLC separation system. Photodiode array detection allowed the distinction between siderophores and non-siderophores. According to their ultraviolet/visible spectra, a further classification of the siderophores into four types due to the number of anhydromevalonic acid residues per molecule (0-3) was possible.

Aspergillus fumigatus↗

PubMed1996

Differentiation of the "Ascochyta complex" fungi of pea by biochemical and molecular markers.

Isolates of three closely related pea pathogens, Ascochyta pisi, Ascochyta pinodes (teleomorph Mycosphaerella pinodes) and Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella, were compared by means of isozyme analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of amplified rDNA spacers. Three enzyme systems differentiated A. pisi from M. pinodes and P. m. pinodella. The internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) of the three fungi showed no intraspecific and very little interspecific variation after digestion with 12 endonucleases. Digestion of the intergenic spacer (IGS) with HinfI, and Sau3A revealed uniformity in A. pisi patterns which consistently differed from those of M. pinodes and P. m. pinodella. No clear distinction could be made between the latter two fungi which both showed intraspecific variability. Both biochemical and molecular markers thus discriminated between two Ascochyta species. The results also indicated a closer relationship between two organisms belonging to different genera (Ascochyta and Phoma) than between two species of the same genus (Ascochyta).

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed2000

Mycotoxin-producing potential of fungi associated with qat (Catha edulis) leaves in Yemen.

Forty-four fungal species belonging to 20 genera were isolated from 30 samples of qat leaves. The most frequent genera were Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium, and Cladosporium followed by Fusarium, Drechslera, Chaetomium, and Mucor. The most prevalent species in above genera were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citrinum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Fusarium verticillioides. From these fungi, 17 species (39%) related to 7 genera (35%) proved to be true endophytes. Eleven out of 75 isolates were mycotoxigenic. A. alternata produced alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether whereas A. flavus produced aflatoxins B1 and B2. Ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, citrinin and T-2 toxin were produced by A. ochraceus, A. versicolor, P. citrinum and F. oxysporum, respectively. The presence of such toxigenic fungi associated with qat leaves is considered to be a threat to public health.

Catha↗

PubMed2002

Efficacy of alkaloid (-)-corypalmine against spore germination of some fungi.

Inhibition activity of the alkaloid (-)-corypalmine on spore germination of plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungi (Alternaria solani, A brassicicola, A. brassicae, A. melongenae, Curvularia pallescens, C. lunata, C. maculans, Curvularisa sp., Colletotrichum sp., Helminthosporium speciferum, H. frumentacei, H. pennisetti, Heterosporium sp., Penicillum sp., Ustilago cynodontis) was determined. Spore germination of all the tested fungi was inhibited, Heterosporium sp. and Ustilago cynodontis being the most sensitive (complete inhibition of spore germination was observed at the very low concentration of 200 ppm). Curvularia palliscens, C. maculans and Curvularia sp. were less sensitive; complete inhibition of spore germination occurred at 400 ppm.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed2001

Coprophilous streptomycetes and fungi--food sources for enchytraeid worms (Enchytraeidae).

Food selection experiments demonstrated that Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) was attracted by Streptomyces species and microscopic fungi in vermiculture substrates and in the gut content of Eisenia andrei earthworms. Consumption of spores and/or mycelia of attractive strains influenced markedly the proliferation of E. crypticus. There was a 74-fold increase in the numbers of enchytraeids fed on the mixture of Aspergillus flavus and Verticillium tenerum mycelia or on mycelium of one strain of Streptomyces in reproduction tests. Lower rates of increase of E. crypticus (50-fold or less) were observed in variants where V. tenerum or mixtures of fungi and streptomycetes were offered as food. We showed a potential importance of microbial populations in vermicultures and indicated that their regulation may provide a way to increase the productivity of such systems.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Keratinophilic and other fungi isolated from combine harvester wheat and sorghum dusts and from the atmosphere of winnow sites in Egypt.

Three methods were used for the isolation of fungi in the present investigation: the dilution-plate method, hair-baiting technique with horse hairs and the "exposed plate" method. Sabouraud's glucose agar at 28 degrees C was also used as isolation medium. 102 species and 2 species varieties belonging to 36 genera were collected from combine harvester wheat and sorghum dusts and from the atmosphere of hay or winnow sites. Chrysosporium was represented by 6 species: C. asperatum, C. indicum, C. keratinophilum, C. merdarium, C. pannorum and C. tropicum. Several filamentous fungi tolerating high levels of cycloheximide and other moulds were frequently encountered in the two types of dusts and in the two atmospheres, such as members of Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Emericella, Eupenicillium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Piedraia, Rhizopus, Scopulariopsis and others.

Air Microbiology↗