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PubMed1978

The development of eosinophils in the bone marrow of the fowl and the duck.

The eosinophils present in the bone marrow of the fowl and the duck were classified into various maturational stages according to the shape of their nuclei and the content of their cytoplasm. The granules appeared to develop from dilations located at the extremities of the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, whence they broke free, forming vesicles. By condensation they progressed from a flocculent type of granule to the definitive spherical homogeneous primary granule. Various staining techniques were applied in this study and it was found that, as in mammals, granules of two distinct types were present in developing avian eosinophils, and that they matured by transition from a primary granule to a specific stage.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Epidemiological studies of coccidiosis in the domesticated fowl (Gallus gallus): I. The fate of ingested oocysts of Eimeria tenella during the prepatent period in susceptible chicks.

A small proportion of sporulated and unsporulated coccidial oocysts (Eimeria tenella) inoculated per os into domesticated fowl were recovered intact within about one day, well within the usual 5-day ¿prepatent period.¿ Recovery rates of sporulated oocysts were ca. 2-9% from chicks inoculated at all ages tested from 2 to 28 days. From chicks within the same age range, the recovery rates for unsporulated oocysts were ca. 15-21%. The higher recovery rates of unsporulated oocysts indicated that they were more resistant to disruption in the gizzard than sporulated oocysts. Up to 83% of unsporulated oocysts that survived passage through the host's gut were able subsequently to sporulate. The first oocysts recovered, either sporulated or unsporulated, appeared at virtually the same time in all the chicks tested, despite the oldest birds having guts twice as long as the youngest. Moreover, the lengths of oocyst recovery periods in the oldest birds were 10-25% of those in the youngest.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

["Breeding for distress" in fowl].

During the last hundred years the fancying and breeding of exhibition poultry became very popular as free time activity. Certain breeding standards were set, and the aim of actual breeding endeavours is to meet these standards through selective breeding. Not only were serious defects established as standard qualities (e.g. domestic ducks with feather crests, rumplessness, and ear-tufts in the domestic fowl), but certain distinctive marks were changed into excessive formations (e.g. pigeon breeds with large, cauliflower-like wattles, or enlarged crops and severe behaviour changes). Accurate analysis of such breeding efforts shows that these breeds are to be called defective and abnormal in the sense of section 11b of the German protection of animals legislation. Whether an increased embryonic mortality, especially during the hatching period, constitutes a condemnable state of cruelty against is recently being discussed. Criticised are also standard features which handicap, in varying degrees, certain functional systems of the natural behaviour patterns. Section 11b of the German protection of animal legislation in its present wording is definitely no sufficient mean to control the contemporary excess in breeding of domestic animals.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1995

Ultrastructural lectinocytochemistry of fowl plague virus-infected and uninfected MDCK cells.

Using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated lectins for pre-embedding labelling we have shown differences in ultrastructural localization of saccharides in cell compartments of fowl plague (FP) virus-infected and uninfected MDCK cells. Lectinochemical staining of the cell compartments in the case of FP virus-infected MDCK cells was less intensive as compared with uninfected cells. Also certain differences in the staining of subcompartments of cell organells were seen. Staining of uninfected cells with Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA)-HRP revealed an extensive visualization of Golgi complex, mainly its cis-part, TGN vesicles and lysosomes. Staining of FP virus-infected cells with the same lectin marked very lightly rough endoplasmic reticulum and not at all the Golgi complex. Staining with Erythrina cristagalli agglutinin (ECA)-HRP revealed a picture very similar to PSA-HRP staining of uninfected and FP virus-infected cells. The differences in the lectinochemical staining of cell organelles of FP virus-infected and uninfected cells may be connected with the inhibition of cell protein synthesis during FP virus morphogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of an adenovirus from an ostrich (Struthio camelus) causing pancreatitis in experimentally infected guinea fowl (Numida meleagris).

An adenovirus was isolated from the pancreas, kidney, and lung of a dead 4-month-old ostrich (Struthio camelus). Experimental infection of week-old guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) was carried out in order to study transmission. Of the infected keets, six out of 15 died; these exhibited pancreatitis, presence of a hemorrhagic liquid in the abdominal cavity, kidney degeneration, and pulmonary lesions. The remaining birds, euthanatized on day 21 postinoculation, showed chronic pancreatitis. The virus was reisolated from the pancreas, lung, and kidney of the infected keets.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1976

Specific antibody production against a soluble antigen in the Harderian gland of the domestic fowl.

Three groups of chickens were immunized with bovine serum albumen (BSA). One group received the antigen i.v., the second had BSA dropped into the orbit and the third group was immunized both systemically and by topical application of BSA. Agar-gel diffusion studies showed antibodies to BSA to be present in the tears and sera of the first and third groups but only in the tears of the second group. Immunofluorescence revealed positive anti-BSA staining in lymphoid cells of the spleens of the first and third groups and in plasma cells of Harderian glands of all three groups. It is concluded that systemic and/or topical applications of BSA affect the tears and Harderian gland whereas only systemic injections produce an effect in the spleen and serum. The Harderian gland may have an important part to play in the local immunologic mechanism of the eye and upper respiratory tract of the fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Vasotocin fibers and neurons in the brain of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

Vasotocin fibers (VIFs) and neurons (VINs) in the brain stem of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) were described using an immunohistochemical technique. Attention was especially focused on the VIF network. VIFs were seen in the preoptic area around the septomesecephalic tract, periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, the lateral geniculate nucleus, the superficial synencephalic nucleus, the triangular nucleus, the ovoidal nucleus, the ectomammillary nucleus, the superficial layer (IIa-d) of the tectum, the locus ceruleus, the caudal lineal nucleus, the descending nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and the nucleus of raphe. VIFs in the retinorecipient nuclei such as the lateral geniculate nucleus and tectum indicated the possibility of interplay between the visual and the vasotocinergic nervous systems. Moreover, VIFs in the non-retinorecipient nuclei mentioned above suggested that the vasotocinergic nervous system was related not only to the visual but also to other functions, such as the autonomic and sensory nervous systems. VINs were found in the preoptic area, the lateral and the medial hypothalamus, including the nucleus periventricularis magnocelullaris, and the dorsolateral thalamus. The dorsolateral thalamic VINs were found lateral and dorsal to the lateral forebrain bundle, lateral to the nucleus periventricularis magnocellullaris, and around the nucleus rotundus.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Removal of the lachrymal gland and ligation of the Harderian gland duct in the fowl (Gallus domesticus): procedures and sequelae.

Surgical methods are described for removal of the lachrymal gland and ligation of the Harderian gland duct in the fowl. Total or partial cystic degeneration of the Harderian gland and loss of immunoglobulins from lachrymal fluid was evident in three of six adult birds 10 weeks after operation. Functional deletion of these paraocular glands is thus feasible and can be used for investigations of local immunity of the oculonasal region.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Experimental fowl typhoid in chicks impaired immunologically by treatment with cyclophosphamide.

Male chicks were injected intramuscularly with 6 mg of cyclophosphamide daily for three consecutive days, the initial dose being given on the day of hatching. This treatment impaired bursal development and lymphopoiesis and no circulating antibodies appeared after such chicks were injected with Salmonella gallinarum antigens at 19 and again at 26 days of age. In impaired chicks which were infected orally when 15 days old with S gallinarum the level of mortality was essentially the same as that in unimpaired animals. Impairment did not affect the lower mortality that accompanies feeding with a nutritionally adequate diet containing meat meal as the sole protein supplement in comparison with fish meal as the supplement. An anaemia was present in chicks examined seven days after infection. This anaemia was microcytic to a degree that either exceeded or approached statistical significance. As antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reactions involving the erythrocytes were absent in the impaired chicks, the anaemia must have differed in pathogenesis from the macrocytic anaemia of immunopathological orgin reported by others in adult females with acute fowl typhoid. A disturbance of iron metabolism could have accounted for the anaemia in the diseased chicks.

Anemia↗
PubMed1977

Granulomas of the testis and excurrent ducts following vasoligation in the fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Ten adult 18-month-old male fowls were vasoligated unilaterally just anterior to the cloaca via an incision made between the base of the tail and the cloacal orifice. Two birds each were killed at two weeks and four weeks post-ligation, and the remaining six birds at 12 weeks post-ligation. Forty per cent of the birds showed severe reactions in the ipsilateral testis, epididymal region and ductus deferens. The remaining birds showed slight gross changes and near normal histology. The contralateral organs in all birds were normal both macroscopically and microscopically.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Immunological release of histamine and slow-reacting substance in domestic fowl.

Immunological release of histamine from the whole blood of the sensitized chickens was demonstrated. Compound 48/80 (a potent histamine releaser) released histamine from isolated chicken lung. The sensitizing antigens (bovine albumin or horse plasma) did not release histamine from the lung. Bovine albumin and horse plasma released slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis only from the lungs of adult domestic fowl and not from ileum or lungs of immature chickens.

Albumins↗
PubMed1977

Stages of spermatids in the domestic fowl: a light microscope study using Araldite sections.

Ten stages in spermatid maturation have been identified in the testis of the domestic fowl, using Araldite-embedded material. Identification of stages 1-3 was dependent on the position of the idiosome and the proacrosome granule. Stages 4-8 were identified by the shape of the acrosome, shape and length of nucleus, and the shape of the cell, The presence of the manchette and the mitochondrial sheath helped identify stages 9 and 10. It is suggested that the identification of stages of spermatids in this manner may be of use in ascertaining whether or no a seminiferous epithelial cycle is present in this species.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1977

Attachment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum to the tracheal epithelium of fowls.

An electron microscopical study of fowl trachea infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum showed slight to moderate changes at the cellular level. Mycoplasmas were demonstrated extra-cellularly and showed triple membranes, intracytoplasmic spaces, fibrillar nuclear areas and blebs. Blebs were seen attached to the plasma membrane of the epithelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An outbreak of fowl cholera due to Pasteurella gallinarum in Uttar Pradesh (India).

An acute outbreak of fowl cholera in one-month-old chickens was investigated. Pasteurella gallinarum was isolated in pure culture from the heart blood of two moribund chicks. One of the isolants on experimental inoculation was found to be nonpathogenic for rabbits, mice, and chickens. It did not provide protection in rabbits against a virulent strain of P. multocida. This seems to be the first record of the isolation of P. gallinarum in India.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Biomechanical and ultrastructural studies on the elastic wing tendon from the domestic fowl.

The interaction between collagen and elastin networks under conditions of load-extension has been studied in the elastic wing tendon of the domestic fowl. The load-extention curves obtained could be divided into two regions, the first region representing the ability of the tendon to undergo great extension at low tension, the second representing a limit region where the collagen of the tendon appears to become fully extended. Following removal of the elastin network with pure elastase only the second region of the curve persisted, indicating that elastin is largely responsible for the mechanical event represented by the first region of the curve. The collagen network of tendons apparently is normally held in a folded conformational state by elastin, for elastase treatment results in elongation of tendons even in the absence of loading. Complete removal of elastin, and alignment of collagen bundles were confirmed ultrastructurally in the elongated tendons. The breading load of the elastase-treated tendons was also significangly reduced, indicating that an elastase-sensitive component is a limiting factor in determining the ultimate strength of the tendon.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Immune suppression in vivo with antigen-modified syngeneic cells. II. T cell-mediated nonresponsiveness to fowl gamma-globulin.

Intravenous administration of syngeneic spleen cells coupled with the palmitoyl derivative of fowl gammma-globulin (p-F gamma G) results in a profound state of F gamma G-specific tolerance in C57BL/6 mice. Administration of p-F gamma G coupled syngeneic cells specifically reduces both the primary and secondary hapten and carrier-specific PFC responses to TNP-F gamma G. Since the haptenic response is affected, the tolerance functions at the level of the F gamma G-specific helper T cell. As few as 10(3) p-F gamma G spleen cells carrying only 1 ng of p-F gamma G can induce tolerance. At least a 2-day-induction period is required. This nonresponsiveness is long lived, lasting over 120 days. Spleen cells from tolerized mice can transfer suppression to normal syngeneic recipients. Treatment of tolerant spleens with anti-Thy 1.2 antiserum + C eliminates the suppressor cell activity. In addition, thymocytes and purified splenic T cells from tolerized mice can transfer suppression to normal recipients. Thus, at least a component of this nonresponsiveness is mediated by suppressor T cells. The requirement of antigen association with cell membrane components and the general applicability of this method of inducing T cell nonresponsiveness are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunity to Mexican H5N2 avian influenza viruses induced by a fowl pox-H5 recombinant.

The presence of highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza in domestic poultry in Mexico that is not being eradicated by conventional depopulation methods constitutes an imminent problem for poultry producers and agricultural authorities in the United States. The present report considers the candidate vaccines available to H5N2 influenza virus and establishes that a fowl pox-H5 recombinant can provide protection from lethal Mexican H5N2, and prevent shedding in the feces and transmission to contact birds. Inactivated and recombinant vaccines may be useful adjuncts to eradication if the H5N2 influenza virus spreads to the United States or the countries in Central America.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A histochemical study of cholinesterases in arm and forearm muscles of the pigeon and fowl.

Various arm and forearm muscles of the pigeon and fowl were studied histochemically. Fibres of the muscles from both birds hydrolysed acetyl, butyryl and propionyl thiocholine iodide. With the exception of M. brachialis, all the fibres of the muscles had "en plaque" motor end plates. M. brachialis had "en grappe" endings on all its fibres. The possibility of M. brachialis being a physiologically "slow" muscle is discussed.

Animals↗