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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Serologic survey for selected virus infections in polar bears at Svalbard.

Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) were chemically immobilized and sampled at Svalbard, Norway, and on the pack ice in the Barents Sea from late March to mid-May between 1990 and 1998. Plasma samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV), calicivirus, phocid herpesvirus type 1 (PhHV-1), and rabies virus. A seroprevalence of 8% to CDV and 2% to calicivirus were found, whereas no antibodies were detected against PhHV-1 or rabies virus. This serologic survey indicates that polar bears in this region are exposed to morbillivirus and calicivirus, although the nature of these viruses and infections are unknown. Morbillivirus and calicivirus are potential pathogens in seals, but it is unknown whether they may cause health problems in polar bears.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Factors associated with pathogen seroprevalence and infection in Rocky Mountain cougars.

Serological and genetic material collected over 15 years (1990-2004) from 207 cougars (Puma concolor) in four populations in the Rocky Mountains were examined for evidence of current or prior exposure to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline parvovirus (FPV), feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline calicivirus (FCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), feline herpesvirus (FHV), and Yersinia pestis. Serologic data were analyzed for annual variation in seroconversions to assess whether these pathogens are epidemic or endemic in cougars, and to determine whether family membership, age, sex, or location influence risk of exposure. FIV and FPV were clearly endemic in the studied populations, whereas exposure to FCoV, FCV, CDV, and Y. pestis was more sporadic. No evidence was found for FHV. Age was the most consistent predictor of increased exposure risk, often with no other important factors emerging. Evidence for transmission within family groups was limited to FIV and FCoV, whereas some indication for host sex affecting exposure probability was found for FIV and Y. pestis. Overall, cougar populations exhibited few differences in terms of pathogen presence and prevalence, suggesting the presence of similar risk factors throughout the study region.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Ultrastructural features of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats.

Ultrastructural studies were made of the central nervous system of three goats during the early stages of viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats and of one goat 3 years after onset of the disease. In both early and late lesions, the following features were recognized: loss of myelin from normal axons, separation of the myelin sheath from the axon by cell processes, pronounced astrocytosis with numerous cell processes packed with heavy fibrils, paucity of oligodendrocytes, normal capillaries, and normal cellular elements in the adjacent gray matter. Early lesions also had many cells of the lymphoid series infiltrating perivascular spaces, within lesions, and, particularly, along axons undergoing demyelination. Although viral particles were extensively sought, only one suspect structure, with a tubular nucleocapsid-like configuration, was seen. Individual tubules of this particle measured 22 nm. in diameter. The ultrastructural features of demyelination in viral leukoencephalomyelitis of goats were compared with those described for demyelination that occurs in multiple sclerosis, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, canine distemper encephalomyelitis, and that produced by diphtheria toxin.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Care, management, and biology of captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis).

The striped skunk has a number of characteristics that make it one of the most desirable wild carnivores for scientific study. This paper described in detail the care and management of this species in captivity. Reproduction and factors which may affect productivity were discussed, including: duration of mating period, experience, and age of the female. Two optimal mating periods resulted in the greatest productivity and survival of young: (1) 24 hours and (2) 24 hours followed by another mating of equal duration 2 or 3 da later. Experienced females required fewer matings, conceived earlier, and had larger litters than their inexperienced counterparts. Captive skunks conceived as early as mid-February; births occurred in May or June with litters averaging 4.17 pups per litter. Females produced their maximum number of young at age 2 and had a progressive decline in mean litter size after this age. Measurements of growth and development of the young up to 32 da were included. A descenting method used in descenting nearly 300 pups was described. Mortality was high during the first 2 mo of life, with only 59.81% (192/321) of the pups surviving until weaning. Sixteen different pathologic conditions confirmed by necropsy were listed. The signs of canine distemper in the striped skunk were described.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Clinical Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia heydorni, and Sarcocystis spp. infections in dogs.

Concurrent infections with coccidians Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp., and a Hammondia heydorni-like parasite were identified in tissues of three littermate pups on a Kelpie dog breeding farm in Australia. In total, 20 pups in four litters had died following vaccination with an attenuated distemper virus vaccine. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were identified immunohistochemically in tissues of two dogs. Sarcocystis sp. sporocysts were seen in the intestinal lamina propria of two dogs. Asexual and sexual stages of H. heydorni-like parasite were found in enterocytes of the small intestine of two dogs. Ultrastructural development of schizonts and gamonts of this parasite is described. None of the protozoa in these dogs reacted with antibodies to Neospora caninum. Feeding of uncooked tissue of sheep was considered to be the likely source of infection for these coccidians in dogs.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in raccoons.

Serum samples from 427 raccoons (93 from Pennsylvania, 45 from New Jersey, 72 from South Carolina, 68 from Virginia, 30 from Iowa, and 119 from Ohio) were evaluated for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dilutions of 1:25, 1:50, and 1:500. The distribution of T gondii antibody titers was less than 1:25 for 212 raccoons (49.6%), 1:25 for 34 raccoons (7.9%), 1:50 for 117 raccoons (27.4%), and greater than or equal to 1:500 for 64 raccoons (14.9%). Tissue cysts were seen in the liver, and tachyzoites were in the brain of a raccoon with abnormal neurologic signs and concurrent infection with canine distemper virus. Organisms in the liver were stained with anti-T gondii serum, and the raccoon had a T gondii titer of 1:160 in the agglutination test.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Cytology of the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs and cats with symptoms of meningitis/meningoencephalitis. Part 3].

A review of the literature of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology of different forms of meningitis/meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs and cats is given. Eight dogs and three cats with signs of meningitis/meningoencephalitis are presented. Four dogs and one cat improved to normal for 1-3 years. The results of CSF cytology of cases whose etiology could not be determined are compared with those of thirteen dogs with distemper. In 8 of 13 sediments eosinophilic inclusions in monocytes and macrophages were found.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Fixation procedures for retention of cellular morphologic features and for preservation of immunoreactivity of canine paramyxovirus antigens.

The effectiveness of 1% saponin at 55 C (SAP), glutaraldehyde-borohydride-saponin (GBS), and modified GBS (MGBS) as fixatives for preserving cellular morphologic features, as well as antigenicity of intracellular and membrane-bound viral proteins of canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) was studied. Use of the same fixatives for light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical examination also was investigated. By light microscopy, CDV inclusions were readily detected after SAP and MGBS fixation, but not after GBS fixation; CPIV inclusions were detected after GBS and MGBS fixation, but not after SAP fixation. Ultrastructurally, SAP-treated cells had moderate to severe cytoplasmic artifacts, although CDV-associated cytoplasmic and membrane viral antigens were readily labeled. The CPIV-infected cells contained only a few positively labeled membrane-associated antigens and cytoplasmic nucleocapsids (NC). Although GBS-treated cells had excellent ultrastructural preservation, immunolabeling was unsatisfactory; CPIV-NC were labeled incompletely, and CDV-NC were unlabeled. After fixation with MGBS, immunolabeling of NC and membrane-associated viral proteins for both viruses was achieved, and the architecture of infected cells was preserved.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antigenic drift in the course of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).

Neutralization kinetics study performed with measles virus and canine distemper virus (CDV) antigens revealed differences in the behaviour of antibodies contained in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from SSPE patients. Evident differences were observed both between samples from various patients and between CSF samples collected from the same patient in the course of the disease. Hyperimmune sera could be obtained in rabbits and guinea pigs by initial immunization with unpurified measles of CDV antigen, followed by heterologous inoculation of the animals with the other antigen. The data obtained are interpreted as arguments for a pathogenic mechanism consisting in an antigenic drift occurring in the course of SSPE.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

In vitro modulation of viral cell surface glycoproteins by anti-viral antibody in the presence of complement.

In the presence of optimal concentrations of both anti-viral IgG and complement, cells persistently infected with either measles virus (DS6-PI) or canine distemper virus (CDV-PI) could be lysed. In contrast, in the presence of adequate concentrations of anti-viral IgG but no complement the viral antigens expressed on the cell surface of DS6-PI and CDV-PI cells were lost, i.e. the cells were modulated. It was however possible to show that with critical concentrations of anti-viral IgG but with only moderately depressed levels of complement, modulation of the cells rather than lysis could occur. The implication that this may have in the generation of persistent viral infections in vivo is discussed.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1981

[Demyelinating processes of a viral nature].

Demyelination processes due to viral infections (encephalomyelitis induced by mouse hepatitis virus, Theiler's encephalomyelitis, canine distemper, and marek's disease) were simulated in laboratory animals to study the corresponding human diseases (multiple sclerosis, multifocal leucoencephalopathy, Guillain-Barre's syndrome). The following mechanisms of tissue injury are discussed: (1) viral damage of myelin-supporting cells, (2) demyelination occurring as a side effect of specific and non-specific inflammatory reactions to the viruses persisting in the nervous system, (3) autoimmune reaction triggered by virus infection. Special attention is paid to the role of virus agents in the development of these processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

How multiple sclerosis is related to animal illness, stress and diabetes.

At the University of Alberta's multiple sclerosis research clinic 100 patients with multiple sclerosis were matched to control patients for age, sex, race and zone of residence before the age of 15 years. Case and control subjects were interviewed and information was collected by questionnaire on factors that might play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis. The only factors found to be significantly associated with the development of this disorder were a history of leisure time spent in physical activities before the onset of symptoms, exposure to animal illness -- specifically canine distemper -- and a history of severe or prolonged emotional stress. The study also confirmed a familial predisposition to multiple sclerosis and suggested a relation between the disorder and a personal or family history of diabetes mellitus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Causes of illness in young dogs in necropsy files (1980-1993)].

Between 1980 and 1993 a total of 10,090 dogs was dissected at the Institute for Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universität of Berlin. 2956 (29.3%) of the dogs were younger than 18 months. Age-, breed- and sex distribution as well as death causes were examined. The main death causes were viral infectious diseases (51.76%), especially parvovirus infections (26.73%), canine distemper (18.81%), as well as congenital defects (6.36%). It could be shown that Rottweilers and German Shepherds carried an increased risk of parvovirus infections and that several miniature breeds showed a propensity for congenital defects.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1993

Cellular stress response induces selective intranuclear trafficking and accumulation of morbillivirus major core protein.

BACKGROUND: Using canine distemper virus (CDV) encephalomyelitis as a model for morbillivirus-induced intranuclear inclusion body (INB) formation, we previously demonstrated that the cellular basis for INB within infected astrocytes are viral antigen-associated nucleolar derivatives known as complex nuclear bodies. Here, we examined the relationship between the cellular stress response and intranuclear CDV protein trafficking so that we may begin to define cellular events leading to formation of complex nuclear bodies containing viral protein. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Confocal dual-label immunofluorescence microscopy was used to simultaneously determine the distribution of CDV antigen and the major inducible 70 kilodalton (kd) heat shock protein (i.e., 72 kd heat shock protein (HSP)) within infected canine central nervous tissue. This dual-label immunofluorescent technique was also used to test the relationship between cellular stress and CDV core protein distribution in a CDV persistently infected cell line. RESULTS: The cytoplasm of INB-positive astrocytes expressed elevated 72 kd HSP characteristic of the cellular stress response; INB contained 72 kd HSP and the major CDV nucleocapsid protein (i.e., N). Intranuclear inclusion bodies did not stain positively for the CDV nucleocapsid phosphoprotein nor was intranuclear N protein observed in the absence of nuclear or elevated cytoplasmic 72 kd HSP. In the persistently infected cell line, induction of the cellular stress response elevated 72 kd HSP and produced translocation of the CDV N protein to the nucleus from its normal location in the cytoplasm of unstressed infected cells. As observed in vivo, the transport was specific to N and was correlated to the induction of complex nuclear bodies. The latter was documented by transmission electron microscopy, where complex nuclear bodies formed in shocked infected cells, but not shocked uninfected cells or nonshocked infected cells. CONCLUSIONS: CDV infection in vivo induces the cellular stress response. Paradoxically, this normally protective cellular response mediates redistribution of viral N protein from the cytoplasm into infected cell nuclei, which is the likely basis for complex nuclear body formation and a unique form of virus-induced cytopathic effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Phosprenyl: a novel drug with antiviral and immunomodulatory activity.

A novel antiviral drug with immunomodulatory activity (Phosprenyl) is presented. The main active ingredient of the preparation is polyprenyl phosphates. This medicine is highly efficient against a number of viruses, including HIV in vitro, and tick-borne encephalitis and rabies viruses in the experimental models in vivo. In veterinary practice Phosprenyl is now regarded as an effective therapeutic means for treatment of canine distemper, hepatitis, enteritis, etc.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1976

Fluorescein angiography of the normal and diseased ocular fundi of the laboratory dog.

A method was determined for fluorescein angiography of the ocular fundus of the laboratory Beagle, using a portable fluorescein fundus camera. A 10% solution of sodium fluorescein was injected by a syringe pump in the right cephalic vein of each dog. Acepromazine maleate (0.5 mg/kg, IV) with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, IM) provided chemical restraint. Of the 10-, 25-, and 50-mg/kg dosages of fluorescein, 25 mg/kg permitted satisfactory fluorescence of the choroidal and retinal vasculature and the recirculation phase. High-speed color film permitted good quality photography of the tapetal and nontapetal retinal vessels. Reduced retinal blood vessel and pigment epithelium permeability was demonstrated by fluorescein angiography in dogs with chorioretinitis associated with systemic blastomycosis, retinitis associated with distemper, serous retinal detachment, and preretinal hemorrhage.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1960-1984.

A study of the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis on the island of Newfoundland between 1960 and 1984 has yielded a current overall prevalence rate of 55.2 per 100,000, but wide variation is noted in the rates for different parts of the island (range, 15.9 to 105.0 per 100,000). The annual incidence rates for St. John's and the Avalon region of Newfoundland show cyclical variation on an approximate five- or six-year cycle. Suggestive evidence for a temporal link between varying incidence rates in these areas and recurrent local outbreaks of canine distemper was obtained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Detection of measles virus nucleocapsid transcripts in circulating blood cells from patients with Paget disease.

Paget disease of bone is characterized by abnormalities in all phases of bone remodeling, but the fundamental cellular abnormality resides in the osteoclast (OCL). Osteoclasts in bone involved by Paget disease contain viral-like nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions that react with antibodies directed against paramyxovirus nucleocapsid proteins, such as measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, or canine distemper virus. However, the identity of the virus or the mechanisms responsible for its persistence or pathologic role in Paget disease is unclear. Furthermore, although Paget disease persists for many years, it remains a highly localized process with new lesions rarely if ever developing in previously unaffected bones. Since osteoclasts are formed by fusion of mononuclear precursors derived from colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM), the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor, we used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to determine if CFU-GM, more differentiated osteoclast precursors, and peripheral blood cells derived from CFU-GM express measles virus nucleocapsid (MV-N) transcripts. We found that osteoclast precursors, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells, express MV transcripts in 9 of 13 patients. Sequence analysis of the PCR amplified products confirmed nucleotide identity of MV-N transcripts expressed in peripheral blood and bone marrow-derived cells from the same patient. In contrast, MV-N transcripts were not detected in OCL precursors or the peripheral blood from 10 normal subjects. In situ hybridization studies using 35S-labeled antisense riboprobes to MV-N transcripts further confirmed the expression of MV transcripts in these cells. Sequence analysis of the PCR amplified product from one of these patients also identified a novel mutation that converted lysine441 to glutamic acid441 in the MV-N transcript. These data demonstrate that OCL precursors and circulating peripheral blood cells also express MV transcripts in patients with Paget disease and suggest that the pagetic marrow microenvironment plays a critical role in maintaining the highly localized nature of the lesions in Paget disease.

Aged↗