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PubMed1989

Analysis of a novel VHS107 haplotype in CLA-2 and WSA mice. Evidence for gene conversion among IgVH genes in outbred populations.

Gene conversion has been suggested as the basis for many VH allelic differences, particularly in the murine VHS107 family. Whether conversion among IgVH genes is likely to have occurred in outbred populations has not been directly addressed. The CLA-2/Cn and WSA strains, which were recently and independently derived from a feral population exhibiting low responsiveness to PC, provide the opportunity to approach this question. In previous studies, the heavy chain cDNA sequence of a PC-specific hybridoma derived from CLA-2/Cn suggested gene conversion events within the VHS107 family. Accordingly, we have examined the germline VHS107 genes of CLA-2/Cn and WSA. The results indicate that: (a) The CLA-2 and WSA strains bear an identical but novel VHS107 family haplotype, which lacks a V3 element and contains a V1, a V13, and two V11 genes; (b) low PC responsiveness in these populations is unlikely due to an inability to express the V1 member of the VHS107 gene family; and (c) when compared with the other known VHS107 haplotypes, the proportion of differences consistent with gene conversion greatly exceeds that expected by random base substitution. Thus, gene conversion events appear to have occurred with considerable frequency in the evolution of the murine VHS107 family, especially among the V3, V13, and V11 members.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

SISEQ: manipulation of multiple sequence and large database files for common platforms.

UNLABELLED: A multiple sequence file converter for common platforms, SISEQ,is described, which performs extraction of DNA sequences that correspond to CDS or RNA field of a large database file as well as subsequent multi-sequence conversions for phylogenetic or molecular biological analysis. Command-line interface as well as a GUI and a script-driven operation mode are provided. AVAILABILITY: The program is freely available to academic users in the form of Macintosh FAT binary, DOS executable, or UNIX source code at http://www.molbiol.saitama-u.ac.jp/ñaoki/ Software.html. CONTACT: naokisat@molbiol.saitama-u.ac.jp

DNA↗
PubMed1986

Immunoblotting analysis of plasma protein processing in the secretory pathway of rat liver: identification of proteolytic conversion sites of complement pro-C3 and prohaptoglobin.

Using an immunoblotting technique, we have studied the processing of plasma proteins in subcellular fractions of rat liver including rough and smooth microsomes and the Golgi subfractions. Each subcellular fraction was directly subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analyzed by immunoblotting with antibodies against alpha 1-protease inhibitor, haptoglobin, and the third component of complement (C3) in combination with 125I-protein A or 125I-rabbit anti-(goat IgG)-IgG. The results demonstrated that proteolytic processing of precursors of complement C3 and haptoglobin occurs in different compartments along the secretory pathway; conversion of prohaptoglobin takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum, while that of pro-C3 occurs in the Golgi complex. The processing in oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins was also analyzed. The Golgi fraction was characterized by the presence of the mature 56 kDa alpha 1-protease inhibitor, which was indistinguishable from the serum alpha 1-protease inhibitor in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast, the immature 51 kDa form was the only form of alpha 1-protease inhibitor found in the microsomal fraction. Similar results were obtained for the beta subunit of haptoglobin; the immature 33 kDa form was detected in the microsomal fraction, while the mature 36 kDa form was found in the Golgi fraction. Taken together, these results identified the intracellular sites where these plasma proteins are modified by selective proteolysis and/or glycosylation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of dietary amino acid scarcity on growth and blood plasma proteome status of broiler chickens.

Dietary Lys needs for chicks were studied. A titration diet consisting of progressive amounts of dietary Lys from 0.95% up to 1.40% was fed to broiler chicks from 0 to 18 d of age. Optimal dietary Lys level was calculated using regression analysis. Body weight gain and feed conversion were maximized at Lys levels of 1.24% (1.10% digestible) and 1.27% (1.13% digestible) of diet, respectively. Blood samples were then collected from 2 groups: birds fed the lowest Lys level and birds fed dietary Lys nearest the determined requirement level (1.25% Lys). Plasma was analyzed for protein spectra via mass spectrometry and then classified by their functional characteristics. The number of proteins was similar between the 2 samples, but there was a tendency toward increased peptides for specific proteins in plasma from chicks fed adequate Lys levels. Furthermore, after these proteins were classified, more muscle-related proteins were found in plasma samples of birds fed Lys-adequate diets. It would appear that an individual dietary amino acid deficiency does not necessarily translate into decreasing protein synthesis proportionate to body weight, but rather significant changes may be occurring within the types of proteins undergoing anabolism. In conclusion, results herein illustrate the potential for using functional genomics in nutritionally related responses of poultry.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Tc-99m HMPAO leukocyte and Tc-99m nanocolloid scintigraphy in posttraumatic bone infection.

Posttraumatic osteomyelitis was investigated in 23 patients using nuclear medicine techniques. Tc-99m hexamethylpropilene amine oxime (HMPAO)-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy was performed in 11 patients, and Tc-99m nanocolloid scanning was performed in the other 12 patients. The scintigraphic findings were compared with clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and bacteriologic results. The findings on leukocyte imaging were consistent with the clinical symptoms in 7 of 11 patients, with the laboratory pattern in 7 of 10 patients, with the radiologic findings in 7 of 11 patients, and with the results of bacteriology in 6 of 7 patients. The findings on nanocolloid scintigraphy corresponded with the clinical symptoms in 9 of 12 patients, with the laboratory pattern in 8 of 10 patients, with the radiologic findings in 8 of 12 patients, and with the bacteriology in 4 of 5 patients. The results suggest that both methods were of similar value for the detection of chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis regardless of whether the process was active. Conversely, on the basis of semiquantitative analysis of the images, leukocyte scintigraphy seemed to characterize the grade of inflammation better than did nanocolloid scintigraphy.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A resource facility for kinetic analysis: modeling using the SAAM computer programs.

Kinetic analysis and integrated system modeling have contributed significantly to understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of metabolic systems in humans and animals. Many experimental biologists are aware of the usefulness of these techniques and recognize that kinetic modeling requires special expertise. The Resource Facility for Kinetic Analysis (RFKA) provides this expertise through: (1) development and application of modeling technology for biomedical problems, and (2) development of computer-based kinetic modeling methodologies concentrating on the computer program Simulation, Analysis, and Modeling (SAAM) and its conversational version, CONversational SAAM (CONSAM). The RFKA offers consultation to the biomedical community in the use of modeling to analyze kinetic data and trains individuals in using this technology for biomedical research. Early versions of SAAM were widely applied in solving dosimetry problems; many users, however, are not familiar with recent improvements to the software. The purpose of this paper is to acquaint biomedical researchers in the dosimetry field with RFKA, which, together with the joint National Cancer Institute-National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute project, is overseeing SAAM development and applications. In addition, RFKA provides many service activities to the SAAM user community that are relevant to solving dosimetry problems.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Presence of furin mRNA in cultured bovine endothelial cells and possible involvement of furin in the processing of the endothelin precursor.

Recently it was documented that furin, a calcium-dependent serine endoprotease, cleaves many protein precursors at pairs of basic amino acids, thus liberating the biologically active peptides. The endothelin precursors follow a biosynthetic pathway similar to these proteins, where the precursor is initially processed to the intermediate, big endothelin (big ET) before its conversion to the endothelin (ET) peptide. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the endothelin pro-proteins shows that they are susceptible to processing by endoproteases that cleave at pairs of basic amino acids. For example, human endothelin-1 (ET-1) precursor possesses a typical furin cleavage site motif (Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg) at the following residues: Arg32-Ser33-Lys34-Arg35 and Arg72-Ser73-Lys74-Arg75. We have isolated mRNA from cultured bovine endothelial cells and, using a human furin cRNA probe, shown that a furin mRNA of 4.5 kb is present in these cells. We propose that furin, a novel endoprotease belonging to the mammalian subtilisin family of serine proteases, may be implicated in the processing of pro-endothelin precursors, liberating big ET.

Actins↗
PubMed1999

Evidence that tacrolimus augments the bioavailability of mycophenolate mofetil through the inhibition of mycophenolic acid glucuronidation.

We previously reported an unexpected augmentation of mycophenolic acid (MPA) levels (trough and AUC0-12) in patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in combination with tacrolimus versus patients receiving the same dose of MMF in combination with cyclosporin A (CsA). This finding was accompanied by a corresponding reduction of the inactive glucuronide metabolite of MPA (MPAG) in patients, suggesting that tacrolimus may effect the conversion of MPA to MPAG by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT). To investigate this possibility directly, UDPGT was extracted from human liver and kidney tissue and its activity was characterized using MPA as a substrate in vitro, assessing the conversion of MPA to MPAG using analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. With crude microsomal preparations, amounts of UDPGT at least 100 times higher in specific activity (i.e., units to milligrams of protein) could be extracted per gram of tissue from kidney as opposed to liver. This result did not appear to be related to the coextraction of a liver-specific UDPGT inhibitor because initial enzyme kinetic values (Vmax and km) were identical for kidney and liver extracts, and further purification of the liver enzyme did not enhance activity (as is seen when inhibitors are removed during purification). With further UDPGT purification (approximately 200-fold) from kidney extracts using a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by anion exchange, hydroxyapatite, and size exclusion chromatography, the enzyme was more than 80% pure when assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Initial enzyme kinetic analysis of this purified product showed a km value for MPA of 35.4+/-5.7 microg/mL and a Vmax of 2.87+/-0.31 MPAG produced per hour (n = 7). The addition of clinically relevant concentrations of CsA (200-1,000 ng/mL) or tacrolimus (10-25 ng/mL) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the UDPGT enzyme by both agents with tacrolimus, which was approximately 60-fold more efficient as an inhibitor. The calculated inhibition constants (KI) of tacrolimus and CsA for the purified UDPGT were 27.3+/-5.6 ng/ml and 2,518+/-1473 ng/ml. respectively. Both agents displayed an inhibition profile characteristic of a competitive inhibitor (substrate) that could be demonstrated in a reciprocal experiment with CsA as a substrate, but not with tacrolimus. This finding suggested that the significantly more efficient inhibition of UDPGT by tacrolimus may occur by a more complicated mechanism that is yet to be determined.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed1998

Pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effect of ebastine in young versus elderly healthy subjects.

The objective of this study was to compare the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effect of a 10-mg oral dose of ebastine in elderly (ages, 65-85 years) and young (ages, 18-35 years) healthy volunteers. Thirty-seven subjects completed this randomized, double-blind, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled, parallel group study. The elderly group consisted of 18 subjects, with 13 subjects receiving 10 mg ebastine and 5 receiving matching placebo. The young group consisted of 19 subjects, with 13 subjects receiving 10 mg ebastine and 6 receiving matching placebo. On study days 1 and 3 through 10, each subject received a single 10-mg dose of ebastine or matching placebo in the morning with a standard breakfast. No drug was administered on study day 2 because of pharmacokinetic sampling. Blood samples were collected at selected times postdose on study days 1, 2, and 10. Plasma samples were analyzed for ebastine and its active metabolite, carebastine, using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. No plasma ebastine concentrations were detected, suggesting essentially complete metabolic conversion of ebastine to its metabolites. Analysis of variance showed no statistically significant differences between young and elderly single- and multiple-dose carebastine pharmacokinetics with respect to area under the plasma concentration-time curve, maximum concentration (Cmax ), terminal elimination rate constant, apparent oral clearance, or apparent volume of distribution. The mean time of maximum concentration value for young subjects was 1 hour longer than that for elderly subjects after single-dose administration but was comparable after multiple-dose administration. Within-group comparisons of both the young and elderly showed that pharmacokinetics between single dose and steady state were not statistically different. However, the mean steady-state carebastine Cmax values were approximately twofold greater than the mean Cmax values obtained after single-dose administration. A twofold increase in Cmax values between single-dose and steady-state administration is predicted for drugs such as carebastine, because its input interval is approximately equal to its elimination half-life. Twelve-lead electrocardiography was performed before dosing on day 1 and repeated 4 hours postdose on days 1, 5, and 10. Twenty-four hour Holter monitoring was also performed before and at the end of the study. No clinically relevant findings were found by electrocardiography or Holter monitoring between ebastine and placebo in the elderly and young subjects.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Tacrolimus as intervention in the treatment of hyperlipidemia after liver transplant.

BACKGROUND: To measure the effect on serum lipids and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, we converted the primary immunosuppression of dyslipidemic stable liver transplant recipients from cyclosporine A to tacrolimus. METHODS: Patients underwent a four-month dietary stabilization period (American Heart Association Step II diet) and serum lipid samples were collected for analysis at a central laboratory. After conversion, dietary counseling and lipid analyses were performed over a six-month postconversion observation period. RESULTS: Enrollment was terminated prematurely due to low patient recruitment rates. Thirteen patients were enrolled and provided postconversion data showing surprisingly strong results. At six months postconversion, total cholesterol (C) was reduced by a mean of 0.61 mmol/L (P=0.017), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) remained unchanged; the mean total C:HDL-C ratio was reduced by 0.87 (P=0.001). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reductions were not statistically significant, but we observed a significant and persistent decrease in apolipoprotein B (-0.15 g/L six months postconversion, P=0.031). No changes in homocysteine or in vitamins B6 and B12 were discerned, but although red cell folate remained stable, serum folate increased after conversion. We observed no rejection episodes or any other clinically notable events following conversion. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus provided a safe and well-tolerated alternative that reduced hyperlipidemia and other recognized cardiovascular risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Excitability of excitons and biexcitons in a ring cavity.

We discuss the excitable behavior of excitons and biexcitons in a nonlinear optical ring cavity. The nonlinearity is due to the process of the creation of biexcitons by photon-assisted conversion of excitons. In the bifurcation analysis a region where a saddle point is close to an equilibrium has been found. In this region the system shows excitability. It is shown that the mechanism of the excitable behavior of excitons and biexcitons in a ring cavity is different from that of two-level atoms in the same system. The possible applications of an excitable ring cavity are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Hexose transport in growing petunia pollen tubes and characterization of a pollen-specific, putative monosaccharide transporter.

We investigated the molecular and physiological processes of sugar uptake and metabolism during pollen tube growth and plant fertilization. In vitro germination assays showed that petunia (Petunia hybrida) pollen can germinate and grow not only in medium containing sucrose (Suc) as a carbon source, but also in medium containing the monosaccharides glucose (Glc) or fructose (Fru). Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated a rapid and complete conversion of Suc into equimolar amounts of Glc and Fru when pollen was cultured in a medium containing 2% Suc. This indicates the presence of wall-bound invertase activity and uptake of sugars in the form of monosaccharides by the growing pollen tube. A cDNA designated pmt1 (petunia monosaccharide transporter 1), which is highly homologous to plant monosaccharide transporters, was isolated from petunia. Pmt1 belongs to a small gene family and is expressed specifically in the male gametophyte, but not in any other vegetative or floral tissues. Pmt1 is activated after the first pollen mitosis, and high levels of mRNA accumulate in mature and germinating pollen. A model describing the transport of sugars to the style, the conversion of Suc into Glc and Fru, and the active uptake by a monosaccharide transporter into the pollen tube is presented.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors for failure to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for Cesarean section.

AIM: To identify parturients at risk of inability to extend labor epidural analgesia in whom alternative methods of anesthesia should be considered for Cesarean section (CS). METHODS: For 6 months, we prospectively studied women undergoing CS with a functioning epidural catheter in place from the delivery ward. All parturients received the same epidural protocol: bolus of bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl, followed by bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl (2 microg/ml) 10-15 ml/h and an additional 5 ml of bupivacaine 0.125% as top-up according to patient request. Sixteen milliliters of lidocaine 2%, 1 ml of bicarbonate and 100 microg of fentanyl were given for CS. Failed epidural analgesia was defined as the need to convert to general anesthesia. RESULTS: Of the 101 parturients studied, 20 (19.8%) required conversion to general anesthesia. In univariate analysis, the likelihood of failed epidural anesthesia was inversely correlated with parturient age (P = 0.014) and directly correlated with pre-pregnancy weight (P = 0.019), weight at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.003), body mass index at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.0004), gestational week (P = 0.008), number of top-ups (P = 0.0004) and visual analog scale (VAS) score 2 h before CS (P = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, the number of top-ups in the delivery ward was the best predictor of epidural anesthesia failure (odds ratio, 4.39; P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Younger, more obese parturients at a higher gestational week, requiring more top-ups during labor and having a higher VAS score in the 2 h before CS are at risk for inability to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for CS.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors for failure to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for Cesarean section.

OBJECTIVE: To identify parturients at risk of inability to extend labor epidural analgesia in whom alternative methods of anesthesia should be considered for Cesarean section (CS). METHODS: For 6 months, we prospectively studied women undergoing a CS with a functioning epidural catheter in place from the delivery ward. All parturients received the same epidural protocol: bolus of bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl, then bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl (2 microg/ml) 10-15 ml/h and an additional 5 ml of bupivacaine 0.125% top-ups according to patient request. Sixteen millilitres of lidocaine 2%, 1 ml of bicarbonate, and 100 microg of fentanyl were given for CS. Failed epidural analgesia was defined as the need to convert to general anesthesia. RESULTS: Of the 101 parturients studied, 20 (19.8%) required conversion to general anesthesia. In univariate analysis, the likelihood of failed epidural anesthesia was inversely correlated with parturient's age (P = 0.014) and directly correlated with pre-pregnancy weight (P = 0.019), weight at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.003), body mass index (BMI) at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.0004), gestational week (P = 0.008), number of top-ups (P = 0.0004) and visual analog scale (VAS) 2 h before CS (P = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, the number of top-ups in the delivery ward was the best predictor of epidural anesthesia failure (odds ratio 4.39, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Younger, more obese parturients at a higher gestational week, requiring more top-ups during labor, having a higher VAS in the 2 h before CS are at risk of inability to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for CS.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The diabetes experiences of Aboriginal people living in a rural Canadian community.

OBJECTIVE: To optimise participation with Aboriginal people by sharing experiences of living with the challenges of diabetes in rural south-western Canada, and how these could be addressed. DESIGN: Qualitative content analysis of semi-structured and conversational interviews. SETTING: Diabetes health services in the Bella Coola Valley, British Columbia, Canada. SUBJECTS: Eight Nuxalk Nation participants, five women and three men, living with type 2 diabetes, were interviewed. Four of these participants, three women and one man, were engaged in six follow-up conversational interviews. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The descriptive research explored experiences of Nuxalk people living with the challenges of diabetes, and how these could inform diabetes health services in culturally specific ways. RESULTS: Challenges included understanding the connections between (i) diabetes and western or traditional medicines; (ii) dietary changes, exercise and weight loss; (iii) how health professionals communicate and the relevance of what is said; (iv) having many life choices and the responsibility to choose; and (v) a belief in living day by day and an awareness of life cycles that may need to be broken. CONCLUSION: The study substantiated the fundamental necessity for diabetes health services to be inclusive of Aboriginal perspectives.

British Columbia↗
PubMed1999

Laboratory integration and utilization of tandem mass spectrometry in neonatal screening: a model for clinical mass spectrometry in the next millennium.

Clinical and neonatal screening methods using a tandem mass spectrometer are clearly a model for modern laboratory testing in the new Millennium. By the year 2000, more than 1 million blood and plasma samples will have been tested in laboratories throughout the world for a battery of metabolic disorders using a tandem mass spectrometer as the primary analytical device. A tandem mass spectrometer is considered the "ultimate" analytical detector in a variety of biochemical and clinical methods because of its very high accuracy, selectivity, precision, versatility and robust nature. The ability to achieve very high and reproducible sample throughput (approximately 600 samples/instrument/24 h) has made this technology cost-effective for newborn screening. In order to reliably measure markers of inborn errors of metabolism while maintaining low costs and high efficiency, accuracy and quality, much attention needs to be placed on monitoring and maintenance of all components of the entire testing system. These components include specimen collection and sample preparation methods, analysis by LC tandem mass spectrometry, conversion of raw mass spectra (data) into clinically meaningful results (concentration), expert interpretation of these results so that the clinician can be provided with information to facilitate a diagnose, and follow-up and education so that the maximum benefits of newborn screening translate into prevention of disease symptoms or more effective treatments. Addressing each part of the whole system will produce a quality screening program that will detect a battery of disorders using tandem mass spectrometry with a disease frequency of nearly 1 in 4000 infants.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1989

Aberrant baroreceptor mechanotransduction in adult Dahl rats on low-salt diet.

Single fiber, regularly discharging baroreceptors (n = 118) from adult Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rats on a low-salt diet were studied using an in vitro aortic arch-aortic nerve preparation. Pressure thresholds (Pth) and suprathreshold pressure sensitivities (Sth) were determined from responses to slow ramps of pressure. Pressure-diameter relationships measured in each rat were used to transform Pth and Sth values to their mechanical equivalents in terms of aortic wall strain. DS and DR ages were not different (approximately 50 wk). Despite the low-salt diet, DS tail systolic blood pressures were significantly higher than DR by approximately 25 mmHg. Pth averaged 84 mmHg in DR and 97 mmHg in DS. Sth values were similar in DR and DS (average 1.44 and 1.39 spikes.s-1.mmHg-1 in DR and DS, respectively). Increased variance of baroreceptor properties of DS over DR was a prominent finding and necessitated use of nonparametric statistics. The cumulative distribution of Pth values of DS was significantly different from DR, but Sth values were similar. Thus baroreceptor pressure set points are altered in adult DS, but pressure sensitivity per se is not. The differences in pressure parameters were not eliminated by conversion to their mechanical equivalents. Correlation analysis found only weak relationships between Pth and blood pressure for DS and DR (r less than 0.40). Thus in contrast to previous studies in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model, baroreceptors in adult DS on low salt are characterized by elevated variability and a weaker than expected correlation to the prevailing blood pressure in the animal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1996

Expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in diaphragm and skeletal muscle.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a pluripotent molecule that can be secreted by skeletal muscle through the activity of the neuronal constitutive isoform of NO synthase. To determine whether skeletal muscle and diaphragm might also express the macrophage-inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS) during provocative states, we examined tissue from mice at serial times after intravenous administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin. In these studies, iNOS mRNA was strongly expressed in the diaphragm and skeletal muscle of mice 4 h after intravenous endotoxin and was significantly diminished by 8 h after challenge. Induction of iNOS mRNA was followed by expression of iNOS immunoreactive protein on Western immunoblots. Increased iNOS activity was demonstrated by conversion of arginine to citrulline. Immunochemical analysis of diaphragmatic explants exposed to endotoxin in vitro revealed specific iNOS staining in myocytes, in addition to macrophages and endothelium. These results may be important in understanding the pathogenesis of respiratory pump failure during septic shock, as well as skeletal muscle injury during inflammation or metabolic stress.

Animals↗