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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Assessing breast cancer risk: genetic factors are not the whole story.

Genetic syndromes that convey a significant risk of breast cancer are responsible for a small but significant percentage of these cancers. However, the vast majority of breast cancers occur in women with no family history of the disease. Nongenetic risk factors include age, previous breast disease, breast tissue density, radiation exposure, and lifestyle factors, such as weight, exercise, and alcohol consumption. In this article, the authors outline genetic and other risk factors for breast cancer, explore risk-reduction strategies, and encourage primary care physicians to assess breast cancer risk in all their patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Building barriers to HIV.

The AIDS epidemic has an increasingly female face, and the need for women to use effective contraceptive and infection prevention methods has taken on a new urgency. Consistent, proper condom use is the most effective method of preventing sexually transmitted disease. Research shows that condom breakage most commonly results from latex deterioration or incorrect use. Spermicidal cream or gel containing nonoxynol 9 is effective in preventing sexually transmitted diseases that cause genital ulcers and cervicitis. Spermicides cause genital tract irritation in some people, however, increasing their risk of STD infection. Diaphragms can protect against pregnancy, but since the devices only protect the cervix and a small area of the vagina, HIV or STD transmission may still occur. Oral contraceptives do not protect against STDs, nor do injectable and implantable contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Short-term and long-term intra-individual variations and critical differences of haematological laboratory parameters.

The complete blood cell count and the differential leukocyte count have been studied for their variations within-one-day and during one week (short-term variations) and during a period of six months (long-term variations) with an automatic haematology analyser (H-6000, Technicon), in which some new parameters (large unstained cells, high peroxidase cells, red cell distribution width, platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume, plateletcrit) are included. The influence of external factors such as sex-differences, smoking/non-smoking, use of oral contraceptives etc. have also been studied. It appears that the use of critical differences together with haematological data improves the value of these parameters in diagnosis and treatment of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Attitude to contraception among 16-20-year olds].

In October 1989 a representative sample consisting of 359 women (response rate = 77.9%) and 400 men (response rate = 76.3%) aged 16-20 years old was interviewed by the professional interviewer staff of the Institute for Social Research. The purpose of the investigation was to illustrate whether AIDS and "Safe sex"-campaigns have influenced young people. This paper consider the attitudes to contraception among teenagers. Generally, the reports are in accordance with an increasing popularity of the condom. Almost all answered that it was all right for a girl to bring a condom. The majority (313 (89.4%) among women and 311 (78.7%) among men) reported both partners to be responsible in relation to contraception. Still, it is commonly the female who brings up the question. Communication about contraception between the female and the male partner is of importance in order to impede sexually transmitted diseases and reduce the number of legally induced abortions among teenagers. The widespread attitude towards contraception as being a joint concern forms an appropriate basis to attain equality between the sexes in relation to communication about contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Maternal use of oral contraceptives and Down syndrome.

The date of stopping oral contraceptives (OC) in relation to the last menstrual period was studied in 458 women with Down syndrome infants born in 1983-1986 and compared with the expected distribution estimated from the total population of births for these years, after stratification for year of birth, maternal age, and parity. No deviations were seen for the total group, for women less than 30 or 30+ years old, or for Down syndrome infants with known trisomy 21. This is the third study showing no effect and in contrast to the only study which indicates an association between OC use and the birth of an infant with Down syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Contraception counseling and HIV prevention for young women: the Project Necessaire].

This article discusses a project on sexual and reproductive health promotion for young women, currently being developed. It is planned to distribute an attractive "necessary" to the target population, which not only informs about sexual health but also enhances preventive action in daily life. A feasibility-study investigated the conditions for an effective and efficient project-implementation. Its major findings are summarized in this article.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Influence of changes in the concentration of sex hormone-binding globulin in human serum on the protein binding of the contraceptive steroids levonorgestrel, 3-keto-desogestrel and gestodene.

The serum protein binding of levonorgestrel, gestodene and 3-keto-desogestrel has been determined during several clinical studies with different oral contraceptive formulations and one in vitro study. The results of these studies were combined in order to assess the relation between changes in the concentration of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and the effect on the free fraction of the progestins as well as on their distribution with respect to the binding proteins albumin and SHBG. Although marked differences in protein binding were seen for the three progestins at low concentrations of SHBG, these differences became less pronounced at high levels of SHBG which were reached during established oral contraceptive therapy. A nonlinear relation could be shown for either the free or the protein-bound fraction of the progestins and the concentration of SHBG in the serum, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The influence of female hormones on malignant melanoma.

Several lines of biological evidence have suggested a relationship between the behaviour of melanocytes and cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) and the action of female hormones. The present overview, however, indicates that the effect of reproductive, menstrual and hormonal factors, including oral contraceptives, on onset and outcome of CMM must be very weak, if any. The only consistent findings which may suggest a role of female hormones on CMM seem to be: 1) a different distribution by anatomic site in men and women, and 2) a more favorable outcome of CMM in women as compared to men. Neither of them, however, necessarily implies a direct effect of female hormones on CMM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The contraceptive efficacy of a Cu-IUD: size of the device and the uterine cavity.

This investigation deals with a small Cu-7 IUD (Cu-7-P), originally designed for women with uterine cavities less than 7 cm in sound measures. The accidental pregnancy rate was almost doubled when this small IUD was used in women with normal-sized uterine cavities (sound measures 7-8 cm), when compared to that in women with small-sized uteri. It was assumed that this difference in efficacy might be at least partly caused by the distribution of the increased fibrinolytic activity of the endometrium in the 2 groups of women.

Blood↗
PubMed2004

Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk: modification by NAD(P)H:quinone oxoreductase (NQO1) genetic polymorphisms.

Despite intensive study, the relationship between oral contraception (OC) and breast cancer remains unclear. OCs contain a potent synthetic estrogen (ethinyl estradiol) but lower endogenous estradiol levels, and ethinyl estradiol is a weak progenitor of semiquinones, catechol estrogens capable of damaging DNA. NAD(P)H:quinone oxoreductase (NQO1) stabilizes semiquinones, thus potentially preventing genetic damage from catechol estrogens, and the NQO1 C609T polymorphism seems functionally relevant. Using data from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study, we investigated the relationships between OC use (20% ever using), breast cancer, and NQO1 (C/C 31% and C/T + T/T 69%) among 1,039 cases and 1,121 controls. Breast cancer was not significantly associated with NQO1 genotype. There was a significant protective association between OC after age 30 years and premenopausal breast cancer [odds ratio (OR) 0.51, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.29-0.89] primarily with the NQO1 T allele (C/C OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.31-1.82; C/T + T/T OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18-0.80; P for interaction = 0.19). The association between premenopausal breast cancer and OCs significantly differed with NQO1 genotype when using OCs for >18 months (C/C OR 2.34, 95% CI 0.92-5.99; C/T + T/T OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.38-1.25; P for interaction = 0.02). Among women with the C/C genotype, postmenopausal breast cancer was significantly associated with ever-using OCs (C/C OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.08-3.74; C/T + T/T OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.49-1.05; P for interaction < 0.01). This crossover was stronger with OC use prior to age 30 years (C/C OR 3.00, 95% CI 1.43-6.25; C/T or T/T OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.29-0.81; P for interaction < 0.01). Our results require confirmation but suggest that the OC and breast cancer association depends on the ability to invoke protection from catechol estrogens.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Cystic disease of the breast. Ten-year experience].

Cystic breast disease is a relatively widespread pathological condition in the female sex, it has an incidence of around 7% and predominantly affects women aged between 40 and 50 years old. The authors report their experience based on the observation of 1046 cases taken from a series consisting of over 30,000 examinations. Patients were studied following a standardised diagnostic protocol including breast examination, breast scan and, depending on the patient's age or the presence of pathological findings, mammography. The protocol examines the distribution according to age, the number of cysts, their localization and diameter, as well as parameters concerning reproductive or sexual life, age at first pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives, the number of abortions and menopausal status. Moreover, the efficacy of diagnostic tests, such as ecography, mammography, cytology and the assay of electrolytes using fine needle aspiration, was evaluated. The authors conclude that, when the patient follows a complete and valid diagnostic iter, breast cystic disease is an easily dominable pathology that can be simply controlled periodically without the need for therapeutic surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A vaginal fluid simulant.

A fluid medium was developed to simulate the fluid produced in the human vagina. The composition of the medium was based on an extensive review of the literature on constituents of human vaginal secretions. In choosing the ingredients for this medium, the goal was to emphasize properties that influence interactions of vaginal fluid with topical contraceptive, prophylactic, or therapeutic products. Among these properties, pH and osmolarity play a dominant role in physicochemical processes that govern drug release and distribution.

Body Fluids↗