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PubMed2000

The Lupus Foundation as an additional source for case ascertainment: developing a community-based lupus registry.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the local Lupus Foundation of America (LFA) chapter would provide a unique source of additional lupus incident cases for a population-based incidence registry of SLE. METHODS: We reviewed membership and telephone records from the LFA to identify potential lupus cases. These potential cases were compared with the names on our previously developed incidence registry. Non-matches were interviewed concerning demographic characteristics and the signs and symptoms of lupus. RESULTS: Of the 449 potential lupus cases identified through the LFA Western Pennsylvania Chapter (WPC), 108 (24%) were already in the incident lupus registry. Of the remaining unmatched cases, 26 reported a diagnosis of lupus in Allegheny County between 1985 and 1990. Of these, 5 patients met the criteria for definite or probable lupus. CONCLUSION: The LFA-WPC provided a negligible advantage in identifying additional incident lupus cases to those already identified through an established registry.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Community-based noncommunicable disease interventions: lessons from developed countries for developing ones.

Community-based programmes for prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) started in Europe and the USA in the early 1970s. High mortality from CVD in Finland led to the start of the North Karelia Project. Since then, a vast amount of scientific literature has accumulated to present results and discuss experience. The results indicate that heart health programmes have a high degree of generalizability, are cost-effective and can influence health policy. In the 1980s the focus of programmes expanded from CVD to noncommunicable diseases (NCD), mainly because of the common risk factors. Attention has now turned to promoting this approach in developing countries, where the prevalence of NCD is growing. Theory and experience show that community-based NCD programmes should be planned, run and evaluated according to clear principles and rules, collaborate with all sectors of the community, and maintain close contact with the national authorities. In view of the burden of disease they represent and of globalization, there is a great need for international collaboration. Practical networks with common guidelines but adaptable to local cultures in a flexible way have proved to be very useful.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1996

The role of a community coalition in the development of health services for the poor and uninsured.

Access to primary health care for indigent citizens presents a dilemma for many communities in the United States. In response, communities have developed a variety of strategies to effectively deal with the problem. This article describes the evolution of a small free clinic into a comprehensive primary care clinic developed through the actions of a community-based coalition. The clinic originated within an umbrella organization for indigent residents as free medical service provided at a night shelter by a local physician once a week. Through a coalition of business, religious, medical, hospital, foundation, lay volunteer, county health department, and chamber of commerce representatives, the service was enlarged into a formal clinic operation with a small staff and volunteers providing services for about 3,500 patient visits each year. As the demand for services increased beyond resources, an expanded coalition created HealthServe Medical Center, a comprehensive primary care clinic operating 40 hours per week. The HealthServe Board is currently active in supporting service delivery at the clinic, with plans to serve 24,000 medical and dental visits annually by mid-1995. The evolution process was based upon the characteristics of effective community coalitions and the commitment of individuals from diverse community sectors.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2006

How should HIV vaccine efficacy trials be conducted? Diverse U.S. communities speak out.

Developing an effective vaccine remains a critical long-term approach to HIV prevention. Every efficacy trial should be responsive to the concerns of participating communities because the successful development of an HIV preventive vaccine will require long-term involvement of people who have been marginalized and who distrust the government and biomedical research. Using qualitative interviews and purposive sampling, we elicited recommendations regarding how vaccine efficacy trials should be conducted from 90 members of communities that have been disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS: injection drug users, gay men, and African Americans. The most common recommendation was for complete disclosure of all aspects of the trial. Other themes included participant and community education, who to include in trials, preventing harm, trust, community involvement, researcher attributes, and respect for participants. Developing positive, respectful and collaborative experiences with community members will facilitate vaccine research because negative experiences and unfavorable community reactions can greatly impede success in future trials.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed2001

A sustainable approach to planning housing and social care: if not now, when?

The publication of Supporting People (Department of Social Security 1998) has given urgency to discussions around needs analysis, planning, user voice and the development of 'normal' housing for people with support needs. This paper explores a project, which aimed to design a collaborative model for identifying supported housing needs. We provide an overview of the research background, local imperatives and findings, and point to the probability of increasing conflict between the policy of developing 'sustainable communities' and the development of housing for people with support needs.

City Planning↗
PubMed2005

Developing a scholarship community.

PURPOSE: To report the results of a multidisciplinary, interinstitutional writing support group established to facilitate faculty scholarly productivity. ORGANIZING CONCEPT: The road to scholarship can be filled with many obstacles, among them time constraints, teaching and meeting demands, student needs, office interruptions, and lack of colleagueship. The problems associated with lack of colleagueship, in particular, can be compounded for faculty who work in isolated contexts with few, if any, senior faculty to serve as mentors. METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT: The Western Writers Coercion Group evolved over a 2-year period from a small group of nursing faculty at a single institution to include, by its second year, 21 faculty from five western university campuses and three academic disciplines. The group met biweekly via teleconference with the objectives of defining and accomplishing realistic individual scholarship goals and providing a forum for the critical exchange of ideas. RESULTS: The ongoing support and mentoring of the group led to significant writing outcomes in the form of manuscripts submitted for publication, abstracts submitted for conference presentation, grant proposals developed, and collegial relationships formed. DISCUSSION: Although the benefits of group participation varied somewhat for faculty at different points in the career trajectory, they seemed to accrue at all levels of development. Group members underscored the many less quantifiable advantages of group participation: exposure to broader professional perspectives, the formation of key professional relationships, the enrichment of multidisciplinary input, and individualized assistance with time management, goal setting, and actual drafts. CONCLUSIONS: The structure and experience of this group, which continues to meet regularly, might be a model to guide other groups of scholars who face geographic isolation and who struggle with balancing time and work and finding motivation for the process of writing.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Mental health training and development needs of community agency staff.

Emphasis has long been placed in UK national policy on providing 'seamless' mental health services to meet both the health and social care needs of service users. While attention has been paid to the training required by specialist mental health and primary care staff in order to achieve this, the needs of other community agency staff have received less attention. The present article describes a study designed to identify the training needs of staff working within a broad range of agencies. Focus group discussions were used to explore participants' experiences of mental health problems amongst clients, their confidence in dealing with these, current sources of support and perceived training needs. The results indicate that participants in all agencies routinely encountered a range of problems. Colleagues were the main source of support, followed by line managers, but supervision structures and wider organisational support were lacking in some cases. Joint working with specialist mental health services was almost universally problematic and all groups identified a range of training needs. On the basis of the results, the present authors put forward suggestions as to how these needs might be met.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Community violence and sociomoral development: an African American cultural perspective.

This review considers the impact of exposure to community violence on sociomoral development within the African American community. Common sequelae of covictimization, as well as cultural experiences of the African American community, frame a discussion of the implications of covictimization for the development of moral reasoning. Recommendations for future research and intervention are provided.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing a community-wide HIV/AIDS nurse education series: a strategy for success.

The need for continuing nursing education in the area of HIV/AIDS care and prevention has intensified. Planning community-wide HIV/AIDS programs is a challenge. This article describes a strategy that was successful in consolidating multi-agency expertise and in establishing a framework for subsequent continuing education programs.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMed2005

Comparative analysis of the development of swarming communities of Bacillus subtilis 168 and a natural wild type: critical effects of surfactin and the composition of the medium.

The natural wild-type Bacillus subtilis strain 3610 swarms rapidly on the synthetic B medium in symmetrical concentric waves of branched dendritic patterns. In a comparison of the behavior of the laboratory strain 168 (trp) on different media with that of 3610, strain 168 (trp), which does not produce surfactin, displayed less swarming activity, both qualitatively (pattern formation) and in speed of colonization. On E and B media, 168 failed to swarm; however, with the latter, swarming was arrested at an early stage of development, with filamentous cells and rafts of cells (characteristic of dendrites of 3610) associated with bud-like structures surrounding the central inoculum. In contrast, strain 168 apparently swarmed efficiently on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar, colonizing the entire plate in 24 h. However, analysis of the intermediate stages of development of swarms on LB medium demonstrated that, in comparison with strain 3610, initiation of swarming of 168 (trp) was delayed and the greatly reduced rate of expansion of the swarm was uncoordinated, with some regions advancing faster than others. Moreover, while early stages of swarming in 3610 are accompanied by the formation of large numbers of dendrites whose rapid advance involves packs of cells at the tips, strain 168 advanced more slowly as a continuous front. When sfp+ was inserted into the chromosome of 168 (trp) to reestablish surfactin production, many features observed with 3610 on LB medium were now visible with 168. However, swarming of 168 (sfp+) still showed some reduced speed and a distinctive pattern compared to swarming of 3610. The results are discussed in terms of the possible role of surfactin in the swarming process and the different modes of swarming on LB medium.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed2002

Maintenance and impacts of an inoculated mer/luc-tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens on microbial communities in birch rhizospheres developed on humus and peat.

Antagonistic bacteria represent promising biocontrol agents for improving forest production in seedling nurseries or forest soils. The fate of an introduced mer/luc-tagged antagonistic Pseudomonas fluorescens 31K3 was monitored in the rhizosphere of silver birch (Betula pendula) seedlings grown in microcosms containing forest humus or nursery peat. The inoculated strain (10(8) cfu g(-1) soil) was unable to establish in significant numbers in either soil type and turned nonculturable in humus. Detection in both soils was possible only via luminescence of enrichment cultures 80 days post-inoculation. Despite low P. fluorescens survival, inoculation had a positive effect on seedling growth. Limited impact of inoculation on the indigenous microbial communities was identified following analyses of respiration and denitrification potential, community-level physiological profiles and molecular fingerprinting of fungi and eubacteria, and Pseudomonas community structures. The minor changes observed in the indigenous microbial communities, including mycorrhiza development, were not consistent between humus and peat growth substrates. It was concluded that the rhizosphere-related microbial communities developed in both of these highly organic soil systems are highly buffered against introduction of foreign bacteria.

Betula↗
PubMed1995

The development of a community-based nursing practice: shifting the focus to health promotion.

Developing guidelines for a community-based nursing group practice is a challenge for nursing professionals. Yet the benefits from the development of these guidelines can contribute to increased professionalism among nurses and accountability in nursing practice. In this article, the author describes the development of guidelines. The goal is for the development of guidelines based on health promotion.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed2004

Popular opinion leaders and HIV prevention peer education: resolving discrepant findings, and implications for the development of effective community programmes.

A series of community-level trials undertaken in the United States over the past 10 years established the effectiveness of an HIV prevention intervention that systematically identifies, recruits, trains, and engages the popular opinion leaders (POLs) of a population to serve as behaviour change endorsers. Recently, several investigators reported unsuccessful attempts to implement peer education programmes for men who have sex with men in the United Kingdom and raised questions about whether peer-based programmes are effective or feasible. However, POL is a theory-based and very specialized intervention, and the UK peer education programmes did not incorporate many of POL's core or essential elements. Consequently, they were not evaluations of POL. In this article, core elements of the popular opinion leader model are presented; interpretations are made of possible reasons for the discrepant findings of the UK peer education and US POL interventions; and practical issues for applied programme development are discussed.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed2004

Development of a real-time PCR method for quantification of the three genera Dehalobacter, Dehalococcoides, and Desulfitobacterium in microbial communities.

We developed standard curves based on plasmids containing a 16S rRNA gene of a member of one of the three genera Dehalobacter, Desulfitobacterium, and Dehalococcoides. A large difference in amplification efficiency between the standard curves was observed ranging from 1.5 to 2.0. The total eubacterial 16S rRNA gene copy number determined in a sample DNA by using eubacterial primers and the three standard curves led to differences in the estimated copy numbers of a factor up to 73. However, the amplification efficiencies for one specific standard curve were the same independent of the PCR primer pair used. This allowed the determination of the abundance of a population expressed as fractional number, hence, the percentage of genus-specific copy numbers within the total eubacterial 16S rRNA gene copy numbers. Determination of the fractional numbers in DNA mixtures of known composition showed the accuracy of this approach. The average difference in threshold value between two 10-fold dilutions of DNA of pure cultures, mixtures thereof and of environmental samples was -3.45+/-0.34, corresponding to an average almost optimal amplification efficiency of 1.95. This indicated that the low amplification efficiency of certain standard curves seemed to be mainly a problem of the plasmid DNA used and not of the 16S rRNA gene of the target genera.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed2001

The Guide to Community Preventive Services: update on development and dissemination activities.

The Guide to Community Preventive Services (Community Guide) aims to improve public health practice by increasing the use of effective interventions. The Community Guide summarizes what is known regarding the effectiveness of selected population-based interventions and information about additional benefits and harms of the interventions. Community Guide reviews of interventions for improving vaccine coverage rates and reducing tobacco use have been recently completed and released. Interventions that have been recommended for use based on these reviews are being implemented via national projects. This article describes the status of development of Community Guide reviews and the initiation of dissemination, implementation, and evaluation efforts.

Community Health Planning↗