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PubMed2004

Framing effects in inference tasks--and why they are normatively defensible.

Framing effects occur when logically equivalent redescriptions of objects or outcomes lead to different behaviors, and, traditionally, such effects have been seen as irrational. However, recent evidence has shown that a speaker's choice among logically equivalent attribute frames can implicitly convey (or "leak") normatively relevant information about the speaker's reference point, among other things. In a reinterpretion of data published elsewhere, in this article it is shown that some common effects in inference tasks (covariation assessment and hypothesis testing) can also be seen as framing effects, thereby expanding the domain of framing. It is also shown that these framing effects are normatively defensible because normatively relevant information about event rarity is leaked through the description of data and through the phrasing of hypotheses, thereby broadening the information leakage approach to explaining framing effects. Information leakage can also explain why framing effects in such inference tasks disappear under certain conditions.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Rewarding properties of social interactions in adolescent and adult male and female rats: impact of social versus isolate housing of subjects and partners.

Social interactions have been shown to be rewarding for adolescent and adult rats; however, there has been little emphasis on comparing the strength of the rewarding value of social stimuli across ontogeny. Since age differences in social interactions may vary with sex or housing circumstances, the present study assessed social conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats housed either socially or in isolation and conditioned with either group-housed or isolate-housed partners. Isolated animals of both sexes and ages demonstrated social CPP, with the strongest preference emerging in adolescent males. Social CPP was not evident in group-housed adults whereas group-housed adolescents developed a preference for the compartment previously paired with similarly housed partners; however, when socially housed adolescents were conditioned with isolated partners, social CPP did not emerge. Age differences in social CPP may reflect age-related neural alterations in brain systems implicated in regulation of social behavior.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Compound measure of hand-foot-eye preference masked opposite turning behavior in healthy right-handers and non-right-handers: technical comment on Mohr et al. (2003).

A previous article reported opposite turning behavior in right-handers and non-right-handers (C. Mohr. T. Landis, H. S. Bracha, & P. Brugger, 2003). This observation appears contradictory to the 1st study on long-term spontaneous turning behavior in healthy participants (H. S. Bracha, D. J. Seitz, J. Otemaa, & S. D. Click, 1987). These latter authors found a complex interaction between hemispheric dominance, preferred turning side, and sex. C. Mohr et al. (2003) argued that the differentiation of the population in hemisphere-dominant groups by a compound measure of hand-foot-eye preference might have masked their recent finding. Thus, this commentary presents a reanalysis of the original data set (H. S. Bracha et al., 1987). Replicating recent observation, right-handers preferred left-sided turns; and non-righthanders, right-sided turns. This replication strengthens the proposition that handedness and turning behavior might depend on interhemispheric dopamine asymmetries.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of dietary self-efficacy and behavior among American-born and foreign-born Chinese adolescents residing in New York City and Chinese adolescents in Guangzhou, China.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of dietary self-efficacy and behavior among US-born, foreign-born Chinese-American, and native Chinese students. METHODS: The total number of subjects participated in the study was 239 from New York and Guangzhou, China. The research instrument was composed of demographic information, dietary behavior, and self-efficacy of dietary behavior. RESULTS: Results indicated that native Chinese students had the lowest scores in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake followed by foreign-born and US-born Chinese-American students in that order. Native Chinese students also had the highest scores in complex carbohydrate and fiber intake as well as dietary self-efficacy followed by foreign-born and US-born Chinese-American students. In addition, self-efficacy was positively correlated with dietary behavior, and the age of immigration of foreign-born Chinese-American students was positively correlated with the scores of dietary behavior and self-efficacy of dietary behavior. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that environmental and cultural influences are important factors affecting dietary behavior and self-efficacy of dietary behavior among these students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

An evaluation of a brief multiple-stimulus preference assessment with adolescents with emotional-behavioral disorders in an educational setting.

Brief multiple-stimulus-without-replacement (MSWO) preference assessments were conducted with 3 adolescent boys with emotional-behavioral disorders in the context of their public school educational program. The reinforcing effects of stimuli identified as high, medium, and low preference were then evaluated using an alternating treatments design in which, following an initial baseline, stimuli were delivered contingent on on-task behavior. High-preference stimuli produced the highest percentages of on-task behavior for all 3 participants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Lateral preference of preschool and primary school children.

Cross-sectional development and consistency of four lateral preference behaviors (hand, foot, ear, eye) in 79 preschool and 131 primary school children were studied. Although predominant right-sidedness is manifested in the limbs and sensory organs, only handedness showed a significant increase over the age range studied (3 yr. to 9 yr., 11 mo.). Approximately 85% of children in preschool and 87% in primary school showed lateral consistency in the upper and lower extremities. The concordance between other sidedness behaviors reflected only chance associations in both samples. The results indicate that lateral preference behaviors in children are not unidimensional.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Lateral cradling preferences in children.

Lateral preferences for cradling a doll and for holding a package were investigated among children from 2- to 6-yr-old. Results showed a preference for holding a baby on the left side of the body in children as young as 3 yr. old. The data favour the hypothesis of an early emergence of this pattern of behavior in the human ontogenesis.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Tobacco prevention and control in dental practice: the future.

Tobacco use adversely affects oral health and dental care. Globally, the health consequences of tobacco use are worsening, particularly those caused by cigarette smoking. Concerned government and nongovernmental organizations are attempting to contain the transnational tobacco companies' promotion of tobacco use and its disregard for the serious health consequences. Dependence prevents most tobacco users from easily breaking free from their high-risk behavior. Evidence-based clinical treatment methods that substantially increase quit rates are available in the Public Health Service clinical practice guideline, Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Guideline recommendations are as useful to dental clinicians as to other health care disciplines. Dental educators have a strategic role in ensuring that clinicians are well informed and are skilled in and committed to providing tobacco prevention and cessation services to their patients. Dental organizations must identify and overcome perceived and real clinician and practice barriers to adopting essential cessation services. The dental profession is in an excellent position to play a major role in several emerging issues, such as helping the public and policymakers understand the chronic nature of tobacco dependence and supporting cessation services for all people, particularly pregnant women and youths. Such messages should be presented in terms that resonate with the public because tobacco industry activities and products continue to undermine well-being, the health economy, and individual self-directed behavior of choice.

Dentists↗
PubMed2000

Do friendships change behaviors, or do behaviors change friendships? Examining paths of influence in young adolescents' alcohol use.

PURPOSE: This study examined support for models of peer influence, which postulates that young adolescents whose friends use alcohol will also engage in that behavior, and of peer selection, whereby young adolescents seek out friends whose drinking behavior is similar to their own. METHODS: Data for this study are from 1804 adolescents participating in Project Northland, a school- and community-based alcohol use prevention trial. Using latent variable structural equation modeling, a series of models examined directions of influence between participant alcohol use and friend drug use over three points in Grades 7, 8, and 9. RESULTS: Findings indicated that higher levels of friends' drug use led to increased participant alcohol use. The reverse-order relationship (i.e., greater participant involvement in alcohol leading to more drug use among friends) was not supported by these data. Finally, best-fitting models supported the notion that both participants' alcohol use and the alcohol and other drug use of friends were highly stable over time. CONCLUSIONS: Similarity in drinking behavior among adolescent friends may be more related to processes of peer influence than to processes of peer selection. Findings support the utility of alcohol use prevention programs that equip younger teens with skills to resist peer influences to use alcohol.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Long-lasting reductions of ethanol drinking, enhanced ethanol-induced sedation, and decreased c-fos expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in Wistar rats exposed to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos.

Intermittent or continuous exposure to a wide variety of chemically unrelated environmental pollutants might result in the development of multiple chemical intolerance and increased sensitivity to drugs of abuse. Interestingly, clinical evidence suggests that exposure to organophosphates might be linked to increased ethanol sensitivity and reduced voluntary consumption of ethanol-containing beverages in humans. The growing body of clinical and experimental evidence emerging in this new scientific field that bridges environmental health sciences, toxicology, and drug research calls for well-controlled studies aimed to analyze the nature of the neurobiological interactions of drugs and pollutants. Present study specifically evaluated neurobiological and behavioral responses to ethanol in Wistar rats that were previously exposed to the pesticide organophosphate chlorpyrifos (CPF). In agreement with clinical data, animals pretreated with a single injection of CPF showed long-lasting ethanol avoidance that was not secondary to altered gustatory processing or enhancement of the aversive properties of ethanol. Furthermore, CPF pretreatment increased ethanol-induced sedation without altering blood ethanol levels. An immunocytochemical assay revealed reduced c-fos expression in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus following CPF treatment, a critical brain area that has been implicated in ethanol intake and sedation. We hypothesize that CPF might modulate cellular mechanisms (decreased intracellular cAMP signaling, alpha-7-nicotinic receptors, and/or cerebral acetylcholinesterase inhibition) in neuronal pathways critically involved in neurobiological responses to ethanol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

Parental behavior after perinatal death: twelve years of observations.

Perinatal death is a tragic occurrence, and parents vary in their needs and how they express grief. This prospective study describes choices parents made regarding contact with their baby following stillbirth or immediate neonatal death. Between 1 January 1979 and 1 March 1991, 808 consecutive families were enrolled in the Perinatal Mortality Counseling Program at the University of Florida. Following perinatal death, most parents wanted contact with their baby to personalize the event, information about the death and follow-up from their health care providers. However, no option was chosen by all parents. This large study strongly supports offering choices to all parents. Providers should neither bias parents nor make presumptions that would limit parental choices.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Females prefer carotenoid colored males as mates in the pentamorphic livebearing fish, Poecilia parae.

The first results of female preference and chosen male mating success in a new model organism, the pentamorphic livebearing fish, Poecilia parae, are presented. Poecilia parae is a relative of the guppy, P. reticulata, and is assumed to have similar reproductive behavior. We tested the hypothesis that P. parae females, like female guppies, prefer carotenoid colored males as mates. Here we show that the time a female spent with males was significantly greater for carotenoid coloration in red and yellow melanzona, but time with these two morphs did not differ. The preferred red and yellow males mated significantly more often with their choosing females than did the non-preferred blue and parae males. The few blue melanzona and parae males that mated did so without performing courtship displays. Some females mated with all phenotypes including immaculata males during open group trials. Female P. parae clearly preferred males with carotenoid coloration, thereby corroborating the hypothesis. Alternative male mating tactics by blue melanzona, parae, and immaculata morphs and promiscuous mating by females also resembled features of reproductive behaviors exhibited by guppies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Assortative mating in Drosophila adapted to a microsite ecological gradient.

Elucidating the causes of population divergence, and ultimately speciation, is a central objective of evolutionary biology. A number of previous studies of Drosophila populations from the Nahal Oren canyon (Mt Carmel, Israel) revealed significant interslope differences for a complex of fitness and behavioral traits. Peculiarities in courtship song patterns and nonrandom mating were observed, despite a small interslope distance. Single and multiple mate choice tests with D. melanogaster from the opposite slopes displayed highly significant assortative mating, with preference for sexual partners from the same slope. Here we report the results on mate choice in the sibling species D. melanogaster and D. simulans inhabiting Nahal Oren canyon. Significant assortative mating was found in both species. Genetic heterogeneity in mate choice was found among the isofemale lines of D. melanogaster. Samples of isofemale lines established from females collected in spring and fall seasons show the same mating patterns.

Animals↗