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It was shown, that as a result of Chernobyl accident the intensity of the EPR-signal of hemoproteins and ferroporphyrins of people blood increased, that most probably connected with disturbing of ferroprotein metabolism. Maximum intensity values had people, irradiated with low doses (to 2 cGy), that corroborate the theory of danger these doses for the people organism.
Theoretical and practical problems related to the dosimetric data verification for recovery workers at the Chernobyl NPP are considered. The distinctions in definitions epsilon-entropy in paper [1] and delta-entropy in [2] are considered. In a certain measure this distinctions explain distinction in conclusions, made in these papers. Method of dosimetric data collection, used by Institute of Biophysics and its difference from the method of data acquisition, used in national Medical-dosimetric registers is described. Results on determination of a share of participants given for various clean-up worker divisions, contained in pointed delta-shape peaks, received by two various methods, stated in [2] and [6], are compared and their satisfactory conformity with one another is established.
The radiological impact of Chernobyl accident on the Italian population has been reassessed on the basis of the activity average values, measured in environmental and food matrices since 1986. The evaluation has been made taking into account the new risk estimates by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Moreover, in order to compare the calculated doses with data from Whole Body Counter and to check models describing the time trend of radioactive contamination, the activity levels systematically measured in the Emilia Romagna district (Northern Italy) were considered. The dose assessment has been compared with the European one made by UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation).
Several measures were adopted by European countries in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident. In this paper these measures are reviewed and the European Communities initiatives for food marketing and exports are analyzed, together with the reference levels for radioactive concentration in the main food matrices chosen in different European countries in the very few days after the accident. A particular attention has been devoted to the emergency management in Italy, outlining exhaustively the laws enforced at the time of the accident and explaining how the reference levels for food contamination were chosen. Finally, a tentative balance about emergency management in Italy is struck and some questions are raised about the commitments undertaken or to be undertaken by international institutions.
Some aspects were studied of pathologies in those liquidators who sought to find out connection between health disorders and restorative work at the Chernobyl Power Plant through the Kiev Regional Expert Medical Counsel in 1990-1996. Those disorders in whose pathogenesis the radiation factor acts together with factors of nonradiation nature, namely of the nervous, cardiovascular systems, and digestive organs, rank first in the structure of pathologies during the first ten years of the postradiation period. The incidence rate of malignancies among those liquidators who had applied to the Council is on the increase. In the structure of oncopathologies prevalence, the leading place is taken up by tumours of digestive organs, respiratory system, and urogenital organs.
A study was made of duodenobiopsies from patients with duodenal ulcer, 62 of whom took part in the elimination of the effects of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident, 33 have been resident in the territories affected by radioactive contamination, and 36 were a group of nosological control. In the ChNPP accident victims, the inflammatory process in chronic duodenitis tended to be more pronounced and active, with the atrophic changes in the mucous membrane being more commonly seen. Incorporation of radionuclides and external irradiation in a dose exceeding 25 sGy causes most profound disturbances in regeneration of epithelium entailing metaplasia and dysplasia of gastric epithelium in duodenum, which facts heighten the risk for neoplasmogenesis.
A study was made of brain bioelectric activity in 122 patients who developed organic lesions of the brain following their taking part in the elimination of the effects of Chernobyl disaster. A visual analysis was performed as was an assessment of the electroencephalogrammes (EEG) obtained, as recommended by E. A. Zhirmunskaia. Disorganization of bioelectrical activity occurred in organic lesions of the brain in 26.5% of cases, which fact suggested disturbances in the activity of control systems of the brain. Disorganized EEG with marked disturbances in both cortical and regulatory electrogenesis were common in patients presenting with psycho-organic syndrome. The results obtained will, we believe, help in elucidating one of the links in the pathogenesis of the above conditions and selecting a complex of adequate therapeutic measures to be instituted in his pathology treatment setting.
The frequencies of somatic mutations at loci of glycophorin A (GPA) and T-cell receptor (TCR) were determined in control unexposed donors and Chernobyl clean up workers, who received low doses of irradiation up to 0.25 Gy. High variability of mutant rates for two investigated genes was shown in the clean up workers. No significant difference in the GPA (NO) mutant frequencies was observed between the clean up workers and control donors (p > 0.05), though there is a tendency for increasing the GPA mutation rate in the clean up workers. Meanwhile, the TCR mutation rate was significantly increased the clean up workers (p < 0.01), perhaps because of acceleration of spontaneous mutagenesis and possible genome instability. Persons with elevated levels of mutations at two loci can present a group at high risk in respect to oncological diseases.
The indices of immune status, concentration of alpha 1-thymosin and level of thymus epithelial cell autoantibodies in human blood of persons, who had worked in 30-km zone Chernobyl NPP were studied. The decrease in mean number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, CD5+, CD4+, CD8+ cells, content of serum alpha 1-thymosin and increased level of autoantibodies were detected in workers, whose dose rates irradiation were greater than 25 cSv. So, the quality differences in the changes of immune system, which were induced by low dose chronic irradiation were obtained.
The results of a long-term investigation are provided, which permit us to evaluate the problem of population adaptation to qualitative habitat changes due to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station from a new standpoint. We note the specific response of various species, the disturbed ecological balance, and a slowing of the "population clock" and biotic cycle.
Results are submitted of a 6-month follow-up of 30 patients with prior myocardial infarction residing in the neighbourhood of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, involving investigations designed to study hemodynamics together with immunologic reactivity. A comparison group was formed of 25 Kievites. Both groups demonstrated alterations of immunologic respectively. A conclusion has been reached that there exists association between the above findings and development of myocardial infarction but no relationship was found with exposure to radiation.
An analysis was performed of results of ultrasonic and hormonal investigations in 239 patients with nodular goiter revealed in a screening-type clinical and laboratory examination of the 3371 persons evacuated from the 30-km zone of ChNPP, at their ages randing between 18 to 68 years. In 84.20% of patients in the group who took part in the elimination of effects of the Chernobyl accident (PEEA)--"PEEA + the evacuated"--the diameter of the nodules did not exceed 1 cm, in 6.1% it ranged from 1 to 2 cm, and in 13.41% it exceeded 2 cm. Distribution of nodules in the group "the evacuated" did not differ much from that in the above group. In 20% of patients with nodular goiter, there were functional disturbances concurrent with the autoimmune processes. No effects were detected of small doses of extra irradiation on the pattern of structural-and-functional indices in patients with nodular goiter evacuated from the 30-km zone of ChNPP who took part in EEA.
A case is described that is not typical one, of total complicated pleuropneumonia in the liquidator K. of 1986 Chernobyl disaster aftermath. The dose of radiation he had been exposed to amounted to 25.75 rads. In 1989 he had acute right-sided pneumonia, in 1996-acute right-sided pleuropneumonia that got complicated by purulent meningoencephalitis. Examination of the patient revealed secondary T-cellular dysbalance.
We have performed conventional cytogenetics with group karyotyping and FISH analysis on metaphase-arrested lymphocyte cultured from 13 adults of 23 to 50 years. Twelve Chernobyl accident liquidators of 1986 year recovered from acute radiation sickness of the first (3 persons), second (7 persons) and third (2 persons) degree of severity; and one unexposed (control) person. A cocktail containing a balanced mix of directly-labeled by Spectrum orange whole-chromosome probes for human chromosomes 1,2 and 4 were used. Under the conventional staining the positive correlation between the frequency of chromosome type aberration (acentrics, dicentrics, centric rings, abnormal monocentrics) and the severity of irradiation was established even 10 years after radiation exposure. Under the FISH analysis the frequency of reciprocal translocation was in the range from 0.061 to 0.729 per cell which corresponded to doses of acute uniform irradiation from 0.8 till 3.48 Gy. The data obtained confirmed the validity of FISH as for quantifying stable chromosome aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of irradiated persons as the high sensitivity of FISH for the retrospective dose evaluation in delayed terms after radiation exposure.
The use is substantiated and efficiency is studied of novel treatment methods to deal with gastroenterologic disorders in 102 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis who took part in the elimination of the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident. Positive clinical and endoscopic effects appeared to be higher in those groups who underwent the informative-wave therapy (IWT) in their multiple-modality treatment versus the group on drug therapy only. IWT in combination with enterosorption were found out to be associated with marked detoxicating and sanogenous effects as well as with improvement of the functional state of the alimentary canal and kidneys.
Histologic features were studied of bone marrow biopsies in 25 individuals who took part in the elimination of the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident and who had received a radiation dose of at least 1 Gy. Particular features of the studied trepanobiopsies included dysplasia of granulocytes, hypocellular bone marrow, circulatory disorders and sinusoidal distortion, edematization of stromal elements, substitution of fibroreticular tissue for hemopoietic one. No relationship was established between the changes revealed and radiation dose.
A total of 200 persons victims of the Chernobyl accident presenting with different exogenous organic depressions were examined. Radiation exposure did not exceed medium levels. The pattern of depressive syndrome of exogenous organic genesis was studied as was the incidence of its varieties. The article contains a description of different varieties of depression and sums up studies on premorbid and neurological status and additional research methods together with studies on suicidal intentions and disposition to alcoholization in the studied groups.
As a consequence of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, a considerable increase of thyroid cancer among contaminated children has been reported in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. A group of 29 children aged from 5 months to 10 years (mean 4.7 years) at the time of the accident, with a papillary thyroid cancer, have been examined at the Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital in Paris. The cancer was discovered by systematic ultrasonography in only 25% of cases. No reliable dosimetric estimation was achieved. The initial surgical treatment was performed in Ukraine. Cervical lymph node and pulmonary metastases were present in 24 and 11 cases respectively. A complementary surgical treatment was necessary for 9 children and one to four radioiodine treatments were given to 24 children. With a mean delay of 7 years after the cancer discovery, an apparent cure or a remission was obtained for 20 children, 6 children have cervical lymph node metastases requiring a surgical treatment and 3 have evolving lung metastases. The management of the great number of foreseeable cases of thyroid cancer requires an improved systematic screening, a large number of rooms dedicated to high activity radioiodine treatments, funds for disposable material and training missions.