Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Candy”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Interactions of (+)-amphetamine and chlorpromazine on neurones in the lower brain stem of the rat.

1 The ability of chlorpromazine to antagonize the effects of iontophoretic application of (+)-amphetamine to single neurones in the medulla and lower pons of anaesthetized rats has been studied. 2 Chlorpromazine, administered systemically or iontophoretically, consistently and specifically antagonized the excitatory actions of (+)-amphetamine, but not those of noradrenaline on the same neurone. 3 It is concluded that chlorpromazine reduces the effect of (+)-amphetamine by a presynaptic mechanism. 4 (+)-Amphetamine did not mimic the prolonged inhibitory response of some neurones to noradrenaline but often excited these neurones and chlorpromazine blocked these excitatory responses to (+)-amphetamine.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2004

Prevention of cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus by aspirin.

Eighteen million Americans have type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) while another 40 million have impaired glucose tolerance. Atherosclerotic heart disease is the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus. In addition to the increased risk for CardioVascular Disease (CVD), patients with diabetes have a worse prognosis than nondiabetics when they suffer an ischemic event. Insulin resistance is increasingly recognized as a chronic, low-level, inflammatory state. Hyperinsulinemia has been proposed as the forerunner of hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, and altered glucose tolerance, linking all these abnormalities to the development of coronary vascular disease. Atherosclerosis and insulin resistance share similar pathophysiological mechanisms, due to the actions of proinflammatory cytokines. The dynamic inflammatory milieu found in diabetes explains the susceptibility of diabetics to CVD and the potential mechanism by which aspirin may prevent CVD in diabetics. Aspirin decreases the risk for CVD in diabetic patients by a variety of established and novel mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies that lesson the CVD risk in diabetic patients, including the use of aspirin for primary and secondary prevention, are potentially very important. This review article addresses the antiatherosclerotic effects of aspirin, the potential anti-diabetic effects of aspirin, and the clinical trial evidence for CVD prevention by aspirin in diabetics. We also present recommendations for the use of aspirin in the diabetic population and the current guidelines put forth by the American Heart Association and by the American Diabetes Association.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2004

Physical and pH properties of gastroesophagopharyngeal refluxate: a 24-hour simultaneous ambulatory impedance and pH monitoring study.

OBJECTIVES: Frequency occurrence of nonacidic and nonliquid reflux events in the pharynx has not been systematically studied. The aim of the present study was to characterize the physical (liquid, gas, and mixed gas/liquid) and pH properties of the gastroesophagopharyngeal refluxate. METHODS: We performed a total of 31 24-h simultaneous ambulatory pharyngoesophageal impedance and pH recordings in 11 GERD patients, 10 patients with reflux-attributed laryngitis, and 10 healthy controls. RESULTS: On average, the total number of reflux events (all kinds) in the pharynx was less than half of that in the proximal esophagus (18 +/- 4 vs 50 +/- 4, p < 0.01). Most of the pharyngeal reflux events were gas events and were observed in all three studied groups. Prevalence of these gas reflux events ranged between 0 and 74. The number of gas reflux events accompanied by a minor pH drop in laryngitis patients (1 (0-36)) was significantly higher than those in GERD and controls (0 (0-2) and 0 (0-1), respectively, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of nonacidic gas reflux events among the three groups (GERD: 10 (2-57), laryngitis: 11.5 (0-51), controls: 10.5 (0-27)). Impedance recording identified a total number of 566 events in the pharynx. Of these, a total of 563 events were compatible with gas reflux events, 101 events were accompanied by minor drops in intrapharyngeal pH, whereas 460 events were not accompanied by any pharyngeal pH change. CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent impedance and pH recordings detect significantly more events qualifying as reflux in the pharynx than pH recordings alone. A substantial majority of these events are gaseous refluxes both with and without minor pH drops. Gas reflux events with weak acidity appear to be more common among patients with reflux-attributed laryngeal lesions compared to GERD patients and controls.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A novel approach for screening immunogenic proteins in Penicillium marneffei using the DeltaAFMP1DeltaAFMP2 deletion mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus.

Using serum from guinea-pigs immunized with a DeltaAFMP1DeltaAFMP2 deletion mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus to screen a cDNA library of A. fumigatus, we cloned a novel immunogenic 57-kDa protein in A. fumigatus. We also cloned its 55-kDa homologue in Penicillium marneffei, which was possibly related to amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, with homologues present only in the subphylum Pezizomycotina of Ascomycota. The recombinant 55-kDa protein of P. marneffei reacted strongly with guinea-pig serum immunized with P. marneffei and with the sera of patients with P. marneffei infection. A similar approach could be applied to immunogenic protein screening in other microorganisms for serological diagnosis, epidemiological studies and the study of vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Photorhabdus: towards a functional genomic analysis of a symbiont and pathogen.

Pathogenicity and symbiosis are central to bacteria-host interactions. Although several human pathogens have been subjected to functional genomic analysis, we still understand little about bacteria-invertebrate interactions despite their ecological prevalence. Advances in our knowledge of this area are often hindered by the difficulty of isolating and working with invertebrate pathogenic bacteria and their hosts. Here we review studies on pathogenicity and symbiosis in an insect pathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus and its entomopathogenic nematode vector and model insect hosts. Whilst switching between these hosts, Photorhabdus changes from a state of symbiosis with its nematode vector to one of pathogenicity towards its new insect host and both the bacteria and the nematode then cooperatively exploit the dying insect. We examine candidate genes involved in symbiosis and pathogenicity, their secretion and expression patterns in culture and in the host, and begin to dissect the extent of their genetic coregulation. We describe the presence of several large genomic islands, putatively involved in pathogenicity or symbiosis, within the otherwise Yersinia-like backbone of the Photorhabdus genome. Finally, we examine the emerging comparative genomics of the Photorhabdus group and begin to describe the interrelationship between anti-invertebrate virulence factors and those used against vertebrates.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Prevalence of dental caries among workers in the sweets industry in Israel.

The purpose of the present study was to assemble data on the prevalence of dental caries among workers in the sweets industry. Four industrial establishments were selected for the study. All production-line workers were included. Altogether 722 participants. The control group consisted of a group of production-line workers in five textile industrial establishments, altogether 812 examinees. The results indicate that the mean DMFT values recorded for the sweets industry workers were significantly higher than those recorded for the control group of workers. The mean DMFT scores recorded for workers in the sweets industry employed for over 10 years were significantly higher than those recorded for workers in the same industry employed for 3-10 years and for up to 3 years.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Dental health among workers at a Danish chocolate factory.

All workers (n = 59) at a Danish chocolate factory were given a questionnaire in order to study dental health behavior and self-assessment of dental health. Regular dental visits at least once a year was reported by 71% of the respondents. Toothbrushing at least twice a day was claimed by most of the workers, but only a few reported to brush their teeth daily at work. One fourth declared that they often consumed chocolate at their working place. Good dental and gingival conditions were only reported by 25% and in correspondence with this, nearly one third claimed to have had much or a great deal of trouble with their teeth. Mean DMFS increased from 22.7 in the age group 16-19 yr to 106.7 among persons 40 yr of age or more. In the age group 20-39 yr half of the teeth present had gingivitis and calculus and among the older individuals half of the teeth had gingivitis and pockets deeper than 5 mm. Chocolate workers were considered a high risk group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of a dental preventive program for Danish chocolate workers.

The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate a preventive dental program at two Danish chocolate factories. The program was undertaken within the setting of an occupational health service in order to control oral occupational diseases. Eighty-nine persons (80%), 19-61 yr of age, participated in a 2-yr follow-up study. Preventive care was offered to the workers by a dental hygienist. Clinical prophylaxis was given at four visits the first year and two visits the second year. Health education was based on active involvement of the participants and safety committee or safety group members in order to stimulate self-care activities at the factories. The outcome of the program was evaluated by clinical recordings of visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding (GB), calculus index (CI), and DMFS. Data on dental conditions were recorded at baseline, after 12, and after 24 months. Questionnaires were completed by the workers each time in order to obtain data on dental knowledge, attitudes, dental health behavior, social network activities, and perceptions of the process. The results showed improvement in dental health in terms of stepwise reductions in VPI, GB, CI, and DS. For example, mean GB decreased from 36% of the teeth scored at baseline to 9% at 24 months and mean DS decreased from 2.3 to 0.7. Positive developments of dental health behavior were observed. The proportion of workers reporting daily toothbrushing at work increased from 6% to 24% during the program and the proportion of workers using dental floss regularly increased from 24% to 47%. However, the changes in dental knowledge and attitudes were rather diffuse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Ethnicity and maternal education as risk indicators for dental caries, and the role of dental behavior.

The aim of this study was to assess differences in dental health between socioeconomic and ethnic groups in a cohort of 5-yr-old children born in 1982 and in a cohort of 11-yr-old children born in 1976. A further aim was to evaluate the putative role of dental behaviors as intervening factors between ethnicity and maternal education on the one hand and caries experience on the other. A secondary analysis was performed on data collected in a study monitoring the oral health of youths covered by public health insurance (Ziekenfonds) in the Netherlands. The results showed both ethnicity and maternal education to be indicators of caries risk in the primary dentition. For caries in the permanent dentition, only maternal education could be identified as a risk indicator. Dental behaviors were related to caries experience as well as to ethnicity and maternal education, though the evidence for the role of these dental behaviors as intervening factors was weak. It is concluded that the validity and reliability of the behavioral measurements might be questionable and that the mechanism underlying the differences in caries experience between the various groups is still little understood.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Stability of dental health behavior: a 3-year prospective cohort study of 15-, 16- and 18-year-old Norwegian adolescents.

UNLABELLED: There is a need for a descriptive epidemiology of patterns of dental health behavior through adolescence. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the tracking (degree of stability) of several categories of self-reported dental health behavior in adolescence over a 3-year period. METHODS: In 1992, a representative sample of 970 15-year-old adolescents of Hordaland county, Norway, completed questionnaires under supervision at school. Postal follow-up studies 1 and 3 years later provided 709 and 781 answers, respectively. The present analyses included 581 adolescents who participated on all three occasions and 670 adolescents who replied in 1992 and 1995. Paired sample t-tests, cross-tabulations and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to assess stability. For use in the cross-tabulations all variables were transformed into binary categories (active and inactive). RESULTS: A substantial proportion of adolescents remained consistently in the same behavioral category for all 3 survey years. Toothbrushing (80%) and use of dental floss (64%) were the most stable activities, while consumption of sugared mineral water (53%), intake of chocolate/sweets (52%) and use of F-rinse (54%) were less stable. However, Pearson's correlations between corresponding behaviors assessed in 1992 and 1995 were moderate and varied from 0.59 (toothbrushing) to 0.22 (F-rinse) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The results do not conclusively indicate a pattern of tracking. The tendency is, however, clear enough to support the assumption that dental health behavior continues during adolescence into adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Stability of oral health-related behaviour in a Norwegian cohort between the ages of 15 and 23 years.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the stability in self-reported oral health behaviour in a Norwegian cohort between the ages of 15 and 23 years. METHODS: Self-administered questionnaires were used as part of a longitudinal cohort study. In 1992, a representative sample of 963 15-year-old adolescents participated, of which 676 (70%) and 567 (58%) remained in the study at ages 18 and 23 years. A total of 389 (40% of baseline) participated at each data collection, i.e. at ages 15, 18, 19, 21 and 23 years. RESULTS: General linear model (GLM) repeated-measures anova revealed statistically significant main effect of time with respect to soft drink and sweet consumption (F = 22.4, P < 0.001 and F = 4.3, P < 0.05, respectively). Adjusted mean scale scores of soft drink intake increased from 2.3 at age 15 years to 3.4 at age 23 years. The corresponding figures for consumption of sweets were 2.6 and 2.8. Two-way interactions achieved statistical significance with gender for soft drink consumption and toothbrushing. GLM repeated-measures with each gender revealed that soft drink consumption increased with time more extensively in boys (from 2.9 to 4.2, F = 13.5, P < 0.001) than in girls (from 1.9 to 2.6, F = 8.1, P < 0.001). Tracking or maintenance across time of the relative ranking at age 15 years occurred with all the four behaviours investigated. A total of 68-92% remained active and inactive regarding soft drink and sweet consumption, flossing and toothbrushing. CONCLUSION: The results provide evidence of tracking and early consolidation of oral health behaviour. This adds support for the assumption given for early intervention to prevent oral diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sugar snack consumption in Ugandan schoolchildren: Validity and reliability of a food frequency questionnaire.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the reproducibility and relative validity of an eight-item self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) on intake of sugared snacks in Ugandan schoolchildren. A 5-day precoded food behaviour checklist (FBC) was used as validation criteria. Sociodemographic correlates of a sum frequency sugar score were explored. METHODS: The study was conducted in Kampala, Uganda, in 2004. Six hundred and fourteen schoolchildren (mean age 12.4 years) completed the FFQ on cakes/biscuits, chocolate, ice sticks, soft drinks, coffee, tea, sugared desserts and sweets/candies at school. They were examined clinically for dental caries. Forty students completed the FFQ twice, 1 week apart and 325 students completed the 5 day FBC at school. RESULTS: The mean decayed, missing and filled tooth index score was 0.98 (SD 1.6, range 0-15). Reproducibility scores (Cohen's kappa) for the sugar items ranged from 0.17 (ice sticks) to 0.55 (biscuits). No differences were seen between the average intakes at test and retest. Higher intake was reported in FFQ than in FBC across all sugar items. Crude agreement between students reporting intake at least 3-5 times a week/less than three times a week ranged from 50% to 55% (e.g. biscuits, chocolate) to 87% (tea). Spearman's correlation coefficients ranged from 0.14 (desserts) to 0.27 (sweets). anova revealed significant increase (P = 0.001) in the mean FBC sum scores by increasing quartiles of the FFQ sum scores. The average sum FFQ sugar scores were higher in girls than in boys and higher in older than in younger students. CONCLUSION: Fair reproducibility was established for the FFQ sugar items. The FFQ was acceptable in classifying individuals into broad categories of low and high sugar consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and renal blood flow in the adult male chacma baboon (Papio ursinus).

The radionuclide determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) has been validated in man, but not in the primate. GFR, ERPF, and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured in a group of 12 adult male chacma baboons using radiopharmaceuticals. GFR was determined using 99mtechnetium-labelled diethylenetriamine-pentacetic acid. ERPF was measured with 131iodine-labelled hippuran. RBF, body surface area, and kidney weights were calculated using standard formulae. GFR was 49 +/- 11 ml/min and ERPF was 237.9 +/- 54.2 ml/min. Calculated RBF was 430.7 +/- 111.9 ml/min and 507.4 +/- 138.4 ml/min/100 g of renal tissue. The results are in agreement with those obtained using more laborious nonradioisotopic techniques such as para-aminohippurate (PAH) and creatinine clearance and could serve as baseline normal values in the adult male chacma baboon.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A method for creating reversible ureteric obstruction in the primate.

A technique has been developed for the establishment of a state of reversible, ureteric obstruction in the primate. Ten adult males had baseline 99mTc-DTPA renogram studies. A randomly selected ureter was totally occluded and obstruction confirmed on renogram. The occlusion was reversed and subsequent renograms confirmed recovery of activity in the obstructed kidneys of the eight animals who survived the reversal procedure. Seven were alive on conclusion of the study. Prevention of ureteric strictures was achieved with an intra-ureteric silastic tube. Autopsies demonstrated patency of every previously occluded ureter. This is the first study to be reported in primates, and the second overall, in which complete ureteric obstruction and its successful reversal has been confirmed on renogram using this surgical method. The technique is suitable for the study of the effect of reversible ureteric obstruction on renal function.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Frequent sugar intake--then and now: interpretation of the main results.

The Vipeholm Study is a unique diet-caries interventional study that has earned its place as a citation classic. One of the findings, that quantity of sugar consumed at meals in a non-sticky form had little influence on caries rate, has often been misinterpreted, as it is based on an institutional population under supervised dietary control. The other main finding, that sugary foods consumed in a sticky form at high frequency between meals are highly cariogenic, is generally accepted. Although the Vipeholm Study has been criticized on ethical grounds, relatively fewer teeth were extracted for caries than are currently extracted in an adult population. The results of two modern studies in Northumberland, UK, and Michigan, USA, on the relationship between dietary habits and caries increments in children have been compared with the Vipeholm findings. Currently the correlations between dietary habits and caries increments are low because of the low caries increments and relatively small differences in dietary patterns in non-interventional conditions. High frequency of snacking is uncommon and use of topical fluoride agents (dentifrices, rinses) is widespread. However, for the caries-susceptible person, between-meal consumption of sugary foods is still a risk factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Caries and consumption of sweets in 15- and 18-year-olds interviewed with visualization.

The aim of this study was first to investigate the relationship at group level between approximal caries, restorations in posterior regions and consumption of sweets during the past 3 yr in 15-yr-old schoolchildren selected for different caries experience. An interview method was used with the sweets on display. Secondly, the aim was to reinterview the subjects as 18-yr-olds using the same method in order to study the correlation between caries incidence and consumption of sweets during the past 3 yr. Seventy-five individuals from three groups, 30 with 0, 25 with 4-6, and 20 with 12-15 approximal DFS, were selected for the first interview. Sixty-nine of them were reinterviewed 3 yr later. Caries incidence during the 3-yr period was expressed as a percentage of the number of caries-free approximal surfaces of premolars and molars at the age of 15. The results showed no statistically significant differences in mean number of intakes of sweets per day (2.2, 2.2, and 2.8) between the original DFS groups. The correlation coefficient between caries incidence and number of intakes of sweets in the second part of the study was 0.25 (P less than 0.05). After correction for the modifying effect of oral hygiene, the coefficient was 0.51 (P less than 0.01) in the less favorable fraction and 0.11 (P greater than 0.05) in the favorable fraction.

Adolescent↗