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PubMed2004

Studies on protein and taurine in normal, senile and diabetic cataractous human lenses.

An attempt has been made to explore the possible role of Taurine in cataractogenesis. Normal lenses were obtained from eye bank donors and cataractous lenses from patients who had undergone surgery for cataract extraction. Lenses were weighed and homogenised. Extraction, isolation and estimation of protein and taurine were carried out. It has been found that the lens wet weight increased progressively with the stage of maturation of cataract, i.e., from mature to hypermature which was significant and also with increase in age. Diabetic cataract group also showed an increase similar to that of senile cataract. Taurine and total protein decreases with different stages of maturation of cataract but not with age. It may be suggested that in the process of development of human senile cataract, there is (a) alteration in the structural integrity and permeability of lens membrane to protein and amino acids including taurine, (b) changes in the lens function including possible inhibition of proteins and amino acids (taurine) synthesis and transport across the cell membrane.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effect of the pyridoindole antioxidant stobadine on development of experimental diabetic cataract and on lens protein oxidation in rats: comparison with vitamin E and BHT.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with the pyridoindole antioxidant stobadine on the development of diabetic cataract in rats. The findings were compared with the effect of the natural antioxidant vitamin E and the well known phenolic synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. METHODS: Streptozotocin induced diabetic male Wistars rats were fed for 18 weeks a standard diet or a diet supplemented with stobadine (0.05% w/w), vitamin E (0.1% w/w), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 0.4% w/w), or a mixture of stobadine (0.05% w/w) and vitamin E (0.1% w/w). The progress of cataract was monitored biweekly by ophthalmoscopic inspection. Plasma glucose and body weight were recorded regularly. At the end of the experiment, the content of free sulfhydryl and carbonyl was determined in total lens proteins and in the stobadine group plasma levels of malondialdehyde were also measured. RESULTS: Long term treatment of diabetic animals with stobadine (STB), vitamin E, or BHT led to a marked delay in the development of advanced stages of cataract. At the end of the experiment, the visual cataract score was significantly decreased in the diabetic groups treated with stobadine or BHT, while vitamin E had no significant effect. Unexpectedly, combined treatment with STB+vitamin E advanced the progression of the higher stages of cataract, though without affecting the overall visual cataract score. Neither of the antioxidants exerted an effect on the glycemic state or body weight of the animals. Biochemical analyses of eye lens proteins showed significant diminution of sulfhydryl groups and elevation of carbonyl groups in diabetic animals in comparison to healthy controls. Dietary supplementation with any of the antioxidants studied did not influence the levels of these biomarkers significantly. Nevertheless, in diabetic animals, stobadine supplementation significantly attenuated plasma levels of malondialdehyde, an index of systemic oxidative damage. CONCLUSIONS: The results are in accordance with the postulated pro-oxidant role of chronic hyperglycemia, however, the direct oxidative free radical damage of eye lens proteins does not seem to be the key mechanism effective in the development of diabetic cataract. Sugar cataractogenesis appears to be a complex process, in which multiple mechanisms may be involved, including consequences of the overt oxidative stress in diabetes (e.g., protein modifying potential of toxic aldehydes generated as byproducts of carbohydrate autoxidation and lipid peroxidation). The ability of stobadine to attenuate lipoxidation reactions in diabetes may account, at least partly, for its observed anticataract action. Mechanisms involving reduction of mitochondrial damage by stobadine are also discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Automated irrigation/aspiration before phacoemulsification in eyes with white cataracts.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A white mature cataract still presents a significant challenge for the cataract surgeon. Because of the reduced visibility and increased intracapsular pressure in such cases, it is difficult to consistently achieve controlled continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis. Several simple procedures for treatment of eyes with white mature cataract are described. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven consecutive patients (7 eyes) with white cataracts were enrolled for cataract surgery from July 2002 to February 2003. A small, central anterior capsular opening was created after carefully filling the anterior chamber with viscoelastic agents. Automated irrigation/aspiration by lowering of a connected bottle of balanced salt solution was used to aspirate the liquefied milky lens contents and decrease intracapsular pressure. RESULTS: All patients obtained controlled capsulorhexis, safe cataract phacoemulsification, and in-the-bag intraocular lens implantation. CONCLUSION: Automated irrigation/aspiration before phacoemulsification is safe and effective for eyes with white cataracts.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

[Evaluation of results of combined pars plana vitrectomy and cataract removal].

PURPOSE: Cataract often coexists with pathologies of the vitreous body. Moreover, after several months after vitrectomy, the lens becomes opaque. Lens opacities interfere with appropriate visualisation of the vitreous chamber and the eye fundus, which makes performing vitreoretinal procedures difficult. For this reason, in such patients, a combined procedure of pars plana vitrectomy and cataract extraction can be considered. This is retrospective analysis of the indications and results of combined cataract extraction and pars plana vitrectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data were based on case histories of patients who underwent combined cataract extraction and pars plana vitrectomy in the years 2001 - 2003, in the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lódź. The evaluated data included: diagnosis, pre- and postoperative best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, pre- and postoperative state of the anterior and posterior segment of the eye and the employed surgical techniques. RESULTS: The examined group consisted of 40 patients (40 eyes), including 20 men and 20 women, at the age from 13 to 76 years old (mean 55.7, SD+/-14.6). The indications to vitrectomy were: vitreous haemorrhage, retinal detachment, vitreoretinal proliferations, intraocular foreign body, persistent hyaloid artery and endophthalmitis. Phacoemulsification was the most often used method of cataract extraction (34 people, 85%). In three patients cataract was removed by classical extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), and in further 3 patients bimanual aspiration was used. In terms of anatomical results, therapeutic success was achieved in 35 cases (87,5%). Improvement of visual acuity was observed in 28 people (70%), unchanged visual acuity in 10 people (25%), and a decrease in visual acuity in 2 patients (5%). Improvement of visual acuity at least 2 lines on Snellen's chart was achieved in 20 patients (50%).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Cataract surgery and incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis in Israel].

BACKGROUND: Cataract surgery is the most common surgery in ophthalmology. Acute postoperative endophthalmitis is one of the most serious complications of cataract surgery and may result in severe visual impairment and even loss of the eye. In Israel there is no established and controlled registry on the number of operations or the rate of postoperative complications. AIM: To survey the total number of cataract operations performed annually in Israel, to investigate trends in surgical techniques and intraocular lenses used, and to study the rate of postoperative acute endophthalmitis. METHODS: Since the year 1990, a questionnaire regarding cataract surgery has been sent to all of the recognized inpatient and ambulatory surgical centers in the country. As of the year 2000, a questionnaire regarding postoperative endophthalmitis was added. RESULTS: The number of cataract operations performed annually demonstrates a constant increase in the last decade. In the last survey, conducted in 2004, there was a total estimated number of 39,000 operations. The incidence of post cataract endophthalmitis ranged between 0.13%-0.25%, with a downwards tendency in the past years. CONCLUSIONS: The constant increase in the number of cataract operations probably reflects both a true increase in the rate of operations, as well as better retrieval of data. The number of surgeries relative to the size of the population of Israel is within the lower limits of the range accepted in the industrialized world. The incidence of acute postoperative endophthalmitis is similar to that reported in controlled series. There is a need for an established controlled registry including information on the number of operations and the rate of complications.

Cataract Extraction↗

PubMed2006

[Association of metabolic syndrome components with cataract].

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of metabolic syndrome and its components with cataract among the middle-aged Kaunas population in relation to gender and age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The epidemiological examination was carried out in Kaunas, Lithuania, during 2001-2002. Health survey has been carried out according to the protocol of Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular disease (MONICA) study. Analysis was performed for 1,267 persons aged 35-64 years (571 men and 696 women). Metabolic syndrome was defined by criteria of World Health Organization and The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III). Cataract was defined by color photography according to the Lens Opacities Classification System (LOCS III) methods. RESULTS: After dividing of total cohort into three age groups (35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 years), relationship between metabolic syndrome and cataract was found in 55-64 years old men and 45-54 and 55-64 years old women: the prevalence of cataract was higher in men's and women's groups with metabolic syndrome than in groups of same the age and gender without metabolic syndrome, but significant difference was observed only in women's group. After evaluation of the relationship of every component of metabolic syndrome with cataract it was established that an increased prevalence of cataract was observed among men with hyperglycemia and central obesity and among women with all five components of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: This survey shows that metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of cataract in women of Kaunas city population aged 45-64 years.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The PITX3 gene in posterior polar congenital cataract in Australia.

PURPOSE: Congenital cataract is a significant cause of blindness worldwide. Many genes are known to cause the disorder. A large multigenerational pedigree was investigated for the genetic cause of a posterior polar autosomal dominant congenital cataract. METHODS: A genome wide scan was conducted in a large multigenerational family with autosomal dominant cataract to identify the linked region of the genome. The PITX3 gene was investigated through direct sequencing and detection of fluorescently labeled PCR products. RESULTS: Linkage was detected to a region of chromosome 10q23-26 which contains the candidate gene PITX3. A segregating 17 bp insertion mutation was identified. This mutation was not identified in 100 additional unrelated sporadic and familial congenital cataract patients. No mutations of the PITX3 gene were identified in 9 families with posterior polar congenital cataract. CONCLUSIONS: The 657ins17bp duplication of the PITX3 gene is the cause of the cataract phenotype in the large pedigree, however, this gene appears responsible for only a small proportion of congenital cataract in Australia.

Australia↗

PubMed2006

[Risk factors in cataract].

Cataract is one of the major causes of blindness throughout the world. Considerable effort to elucidate risk factors for cataract has been undertaken in hopes that simple, preventive strategies may be implemented to avoid or delay the progression of lens opacification. Advanced age, female gender, poor education, lower socioeconomic status, high or low body mass index and heavy alcohol consumption are some risk factors for senile cataract. Smoking appears to provide an oxidative challenge associated with depletion of antioxidants as well as with enhanced risk for cataract formation. Multiple drugs are responsive in iatrogenic cataract. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and pyruvate may have protective effects for senile cataract. Randomized clinical trials should be encouraged to find medical therapeutic ways to delay the cataract development.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed2006

Pigment epithelium-derived factor in cataractous aqueous humor and lens epithelial cells.

PURPOSE: To study the characteristics of PEDF in cataractous aqueous humor and its expression in human lens epithelium. METHODS: The PEDF concentration in the aqueous humor was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in senile (130 cases) and congenital (18 cases) cataract patients who underwent cataract phacoemulsification extraction surgery. Anterior lens capsular specimens were obtained from these patients to count lens epithelial cells (LEC) density. The Lens Opacities Classification System III was used to classify the senile cataracts as cortical, nuclear, posterior subcapsular and mixed types of opacity, and quantitative analysis of the nuclear opacities was performed by Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging system. Anterior lens capsular specimens from another senile (10 cases) and congenital (10 cases) cataract were collected for immunofluorescence with polyclonal antibodies specific to human pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). RESULTS: The mean aqueous level of PEDF was (178.9 +/- 87.5) ng/ml, and there was negative linear correlation of PEDF level and age (r = 0.811, P < 0.001) . In senile cases, the aqueous PEDF concentration decreased with increasing nuclear opacities (r = 0.447, P < 0.01), and the mean PEDF level in nuclear cataract was significantly lower than that in posterior subcapsular opacity (P < 0.01). PEDF immunostaining was detected in LEC of all capsular specimens. CONCLUSION: The PEDF level in human aqueous humor is related to age, types of cataracts and lens opacity. PEDF also express in human LEC. The study results suggest PEDF may regulate and/or protect LEC by paracrine and autocrine, and lack of PEDF may play a role in cataractogenesis.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Ultrasonic assessment in pre-operative cataract patients.

INTRODUCTION: The ability to examine the posterior segment of the eye accurately in patients with opaque media is essential to good surgical care of the cataract patient. In dense cataracts, the posterior segment is inaccessible to direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and so adequate evaluation of posterior segment to exclude abnormalities become difficult. There is a risk of poor prognosis in eyes of patients with cataracts who may also have co-existing posterior segment abnormalities. Ultrasonography provides a method of assessing the structural changes in the posterior segment of the eye in such patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relevance and prevalence of posterior segment abnormalities in patients with dense cataracts prior to surgery by ultrasonography. METHOD: A 12- month prospective study of patients with clinically diagnosed dense cataracts in either or both eyes, in which the posterior segment cannot be evaluated properly during ophthalmoscopy, and therefore were sent for ocular ultrasonography. B-scan ultrasound was done on 116 eyes of 80 patients. RESULTS: Eighty patients were involved in the study, 116 eyes demonstrated dense cataract. One hundred and ten eyes (94.8%) had a normal posterior segment. Total retinal detachment was noted in 3 eyes (2.59%), a left partial retinal detachment was observed in 1 eye (0.87%), 2 eyes with total retinal detachment in conjunction with vitreous haemorrhage were noted in a single patient, 1.72% CONCLUSION: Posterior segment assessment with ultrasound is advisable and important in the preoperative evaluation of patients with dense cataract prior to surgery.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Regional enzyme profiles in rabbit lenses with early stages of naphthalene cataract.

The naphthalene cataract in the pigmented rabbit, in contrast to the corresponding model in the pigmented rat, is characterized by a rather unstable cataract development during the later stages. Some animals rapidly develop mature cataracts, others develop cortical cataracts with almost no further progression inspite of a continued naphthalene treatment. To get more insight into this phenomenon, a study with pigmented rabbits (8 weeks old) was designed and at different stages of cataract development lenses were separated in single layers with the Bonn freeze-sectioning device. The key enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism and the redox potential were determined in those layers. The results of the biochemistry failed however to explain the prominent differences of cataract development in-vivo. We conclude from these findings that the naphthalene cataract model in the pigmented rabbit shall no longer be used in drug side-effect or efficacy studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Cataract formation following corneal transplantation in eyes with Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy.

In a retrospective analysis, 78 eyes in 58 patients that underwent corneal transplantation for Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy were examined for the presence of cataracts. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 17 years, with an average of 6.62 years. Thirty-four (44.1%) of the eyes developed cataracts sufficient enough to require surgical removal. The mean time from transplant to cataract formation averaged 4.9 years. The average age at the time of transplant surgery in the eyes that did not develop cataracts was 55.6, and in those that developed cataracts, 60.3 (p = 0.049). Thirteen percent of the transplants lost transparency following cataract extraction. The incidence of postkeratoplasty cataract increased at age 50 and occurred in 75% of eyes grafted in patients 60 years of age or older.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[The worth of anti-cataract drugs].

Lens opacities in the elderly occur as different types of cataracts in various regions of the lens. This variation is the manifestation of different pathomechanisms. None of the "anti-cataract" preparations on the market at present state the particular pathomechanism or type of cataract for which its application is recommended. Investigations to elucidate the mode of action by preclinical studies or adequate experimental cataract models have only been carried out in a few cases. For most of the preparations, the determination of the efficacy of the "component substances" or of "the substances supposed to be effective" at the target site of the lens is not even available. For about 10 years now, procedures have been at hand for performing objective tests on the efficacy of anticataract preparations. These qualifications have so far been met by only four of the licensed anticataract preparations. In these cases, it was shown that the progress of disturbances or opacities localized in certain defined layers of the lens could be delayed. However, there is still no preparation available that might be considered as generally effective in cases of "senile cataract". Also, experimental research and the development of novel substances have been only successful in certain cataract models with defined types of opacities. It is therefore questionable whether ophthalmologists should further prescribe preparations with the diffuse indication "senile cataract", especially as verification of their efficacy and preclinical data are often missing.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Prevalence of age-related cataract in Ganzi and Shanghai. The Epidemiological Study Group.

It has been reported that the prevalence of cataract is much higher in plateau than that in plain regions. But the data are incomplete and can not be compared because of different examination methods and different diagnostic criteria. A small group of ophthalmologists was sent to Ganzi, Sichuan Province at the altitude of 3.393 m, and to Qinpu in the suburb of Shanghai which is at the sea level. In Ganzi 3,905 (91.97%) people including 822 Hans and 3,083 Zang and in Qinpu 3,101 (93.20%) were studied. Age-related cataract was diagnosed when there are cortical or nuclear, or mixed opacities; and aphakia due to previous extraction of age-related cataract. Direct method was used to standardize the data. The prevalence of age-related cataract in Ganzi is about 82% higher than that in Qinpu in all age groups; from age 16-60, the prevalence of age-related cataract in Ganzi is about 180% (in Hans) and 160% (in Zangs) higher than that in Qinpu. There is no significant difference in the prevalence of age-related cataract between the ethnic groups in Ganzi. In Ganzi, the sunshine hours per year are 1.28 times that in Qinpu, and the global radiation in Ganzi is 1.47 times that in Qinpu. The higher prevalence of cataract in Ganzi than in Qinpu may be due to the greater exposure to the sunshine on the Tibetan plateau. The differences in prevalence between males and females and between indoor and outdoor work are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Messenger RNA population in normal and cataractous rat lens. A minireview.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

MP26 messenger RNA sequences in normal and cataractous lens. A molecular probe for abundance and distribution of a fiber cell-specific gene product.

Previous work from this laboratory has suggested that swollen nucleated fiber cells can survive in mature galactose-cataracts. Evidence for this observation was derived from analysis on the in vitro translation products of mRNA isolated from normal lens and lens undergoing development of galactose-cataracts. Therefore, studies on the fate of a fiber cell-specific gene product (MP26 mRNA) in both normal and cataractous lens should map out gene response to: (1) differentiation of epithelial cells to fiber cells; (2) levels of this differential gene activity and its anatomical location in initiation and maturation of galactose-cataracts; and (3) distribution of MP26 and mRNA in fibers of normal and cataractous lens. The MP26 probe was isolated by methods of cDNA cloning into expression vectors, then subcloned into a transcription vector, and the recombinant plasmid was transcribed into sense and anti-sense [35S]-UTP-labeled RNA. The [35S]-labeled RNA products were used to localize MP26 mRNA in tissue sections by methods of hybridization in situ. The results on normal lens show that gene transcription for MP26 mRNA is initiated immediately in elongating fibers, where new fiber cell nuclei begin to migrate to within the cortex. The MP26-positive grains are absent from the epithelium, highest at the bow, with a lower number in fibers below the posterior capsule, and lowest in the lens nucleus. The cataractous lens exhibits continued manifestation of MP26 mRNA at the bow, but at significantly lower concentrations than found in the controls, and this low level persisted in viable areas of the cortex. Absence of significant grains in areas containing cell debris is evident. The emerging picture for MP26 mapping in lens suggests that: (1) in cataractous as well as in normal lens MP26 mRNA first develops in elongating fibers; and (2) that MP26 mRNA localization gives an exact measure of point of cell specialization, and levels or "storage" of a specific gene product in fiber cells undergoing maturation, aging and cataractogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Cataract induction in rabbits with the Nd-YAG laser.

The study of occlusion amblyopia and its therapy has involved animal models of stimulus deprivation achieved by various means, none of which closely simulates human congenital cataract. The authors used the Nd-YAG laser as a means of inducing cataracts in rabbit eyes. Twenty rabbit eyes were treated at various frequency and power settings. High energy YAG laser pulses of 10 mJ produced cataracts that at first resembled large bubbles. Over several days, these bubbles coalesced into smaller opacities. With multiple treatments (usually 150-200 pulses), the authors could create a cataract of a specific size and position. Six months later, 100% of these laser-treated rabbit eyes showed persistent cataracts that resembled human congenital cataracts. It appears that the YAG laser can provide a reproducible and reliable method of inducing specific types of cataracts in animal eyes without damaging other ocular structures.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Some risk factors associated with cataract in S.E. Scotland: a pilot study.

Problems of epidemiological studies of cataract are outlined. Some results are reported from a study on 931 cataract patients and 325 non-cataractous individuals. After correction by age and sex several single variables were found to have significant positive or negative correlations with cataract. Interactions between variables were found; these include age, diabetes, the use of diuretics and cataract, between age, sex, the level of alcohol consumption and cataract, and between age, sex, plasma urea levels and the use of different diuretic drugs, only some of which were found to have a positive association with cataract.

Aged↗