Half a century of comparative research on biogenic amines and active peptides in amphibian skin and molluscan tissues.
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Amphibians↗
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Effect of temperature stress on circulating biogenic amines in bovine.
A sensitive, simple and selective chromatographic method using high performance liquid chromatography was developed to measure circulating levels of histamine (HI), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) as indicators of response to thermal stress in two breeds of cattle. Duplicate exposures for 8 hr to 13 degrees C resulted in significantly elevated plasma NE and DA in longhorns but not in Herefords and suggest a relatively greater sensitivity to the cold (13 degrees C) in the longhorn. Environmental temperatures of 32 and 42 degrees C significantly increased rectal temperatures of both breeds with much higher rectal temperatures in Herefords. The 32 and 42 degrees C effects on circulating NE and DA of Herefords were highly significant but not in the longhorn. However, heat stress significantly elevated HI and 5-HT in the longhorn which may account for their relatively greater heat tolerance based on their lower rectal temperatures.
Animals↗
Stimulation of adenylate cyclase in the heart of Aplysia californica by biogenic amines.
The effects of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), several peptides including FMRFamide and arginine vasotocin, the diterpene forskolin and Ca2+ were examined on adenylate cyclase in a particulate fraction from hearts of Aplysia californica. Enzyme activity was stimulated 6-7-fold by 5-HT (EC50, 1 microM) in the presence of GTP. Several 5-HT analogs particularly 5-methoxytryptamine and 5-methoxy-N-N-dimethyltryptamine were also active. The stimulatory action of 5-HT was antagonized by the 5-HT receptor blockers methergoline and metitepine and by the DA receptor blocker chlorpromazine. Dopamine had weak stimulatory action (EC50, 10 microM) and an efficacy relative to that of 5-HT of 0.3. The action of DA was antagonized by chloropromazine and metitepine. Several peptides including FMRFamide and arginine vasotocin had no effect on adenylate cyclase when tested over the concentration range 0.1-100 microM. The enzyme was stimulated 6-fold by the diterpene forskolin (EC50, 2 microM). 5-HT-stimulated activity was strongly inhibited by Ca2+. Calmodulin had no action on the enzyme in the presence of Ca2+.
Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors↗
Effects of biogenic amines and related agonists and antagonists on the isolated heart of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L.
1. Effects of noradrenaline and the related compounds adrenaline, dopamine, octopamine, tyramine, clonidine and isoprenaline were studied in isolated heart preparations from the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. 2. All analogues produced a positive inotropic affect, with noradrenaline being the most potent substance. The chronotropic effects of the tested compounds differed widely. 3. The action of substances of the phenylethanolamine group were not antagonized by propranolol but were partly antagonized by phentolamine. 4. Serotonin and its analogues also produced cardio-excitation. These effects were blocked by cyproheptadine but not by methysergide. 5. These results indicate the presence of two different receptors in the Sepia myocardium: one type reacting with noradrenaline most effectively and a second type being stimulated by serotonin.
Animals↗
Effects of hypothalamic releasing hormones and biogenic amines on identified neurones in the circumoesophageal ganglia of the water snail (Planorbis corneus).
1. The effect of locally applied releasing hormones, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and the putative neurotransmitters, acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA), on the neuronal excitability of identified invertebrate giant dopaminergic neurone (GDN) and serotoninergic neurone (5-HT) (Planorbis corneus) were investigated by intracellular recording in vitro. 2. The membrane potential of GDN was of the order of -60 to -70 mV. The microiontophoretically applied substances produced membrane depolarization as well as spike activation. Their order of efficacy was as follows: TRH greater than ACh greater than DA greater than LHRH. 3. The effects of the tested TRH, ACh, LHRH and DA on serotoninergic neurones were less pronounced. 4. During ACh depolarization the membrane resistance of GDN was found to be strongly reduced, whereas TRH produced only a small reduction in membrane resistance. 5. Dihydro-beta-erythroidin (DHE) added to the bath solution reversibly blocked ACh depolarization without influencing TRH depolarization. Concentrations of atropine sulfate required to block the ACh depolarization were higher by at least 100 order of magnitude. 6. These effects are discussed in relation to the immunoreactive TRH detected earlier in the central nervous system of invertebrates and vertebrates. The results are consistent with the postulate that TRH acts as a neuromodulator and/or neurotransmitter on invertebrate and vertebrate neurones.
Acetylcholine↗
Differential modulation of mouse brain biogenic amines by haloperidol and pimozide: implications in Tourette's syndrome.
1. A comparison between the effect of equal dose regimens of Tourette's medications on mouse motor activity and regional brain monoamines suggests differential responses which may underlie drug-induced side-effects. 2. Haloperidol was more potent than pimozide in altering striatal dopamine concentration which may account for the greater incidence of haloperidol-induced extrapyramidal disorders compared to pimozide. 3. Pimozide, but not the haloperidol treatment, altered brain serotonin concentrations to suggest a decrease in turnover rate which may underlie pimozide-caused sedation in Tourette's syndrome. 4. Pimozide was more potent than haloperidol in duration of behavioral depression which suggests differential dopamine receptor subtypes blockade. 5. Pimozide was more potent than haloperidol in altering 3 of the 6 brain regions content of norepinephrine-derived normetanephrine which may be responsible for the increase in blood pressure reported during pimozide treatment.
Animals↗
Biogenic monoamines in oocytes of echinoderms and bivalve molluscs. A formation of intracellular regulatory systems in oogenesis.
1. Identification of catecholamines and indolylakylamines in the fully grown oocytes or mature eggs of the representatives of echinoderms and bivalve molluscs was made using the fluorometric method. 2. Dopamine is the main catecholamine in the oocytes of all investigated animals. Tryptamine was the main indolylalkylamine. 3. The data presented confirm the presence of the main components of regulatory systems (transmitters, enzymes of their exchange, intracellular messengers, intracellular receptive systems) in the fully grown oocytes. 4. A hypothesis is proposed of the formation of intracellular regulatory systems (monoaminergic, cholinergic, peptidergic and steroidal) in oogenesis.
Animals↗
Biogenic amines in newly-ecdysed cockroaches.
1. Simultaneous quantification (HPLC and electrochemical detection) of biological extracts have shown dopamine, N-acetyl dopamine, tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, a 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid-like substance in nervous tissue and hemolymph of Blaberus craniifer and Periplaneta americana. 2. 5-Hydroxytryptophan was only detected in head and thoraco-abdominal nerve cord. 3. Octopamine, but not N-acetyl-5-HT was quantified in the hemolymph.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
Effects of Newcastle disease virus administration to mice on the metabolism of cerebral biogenic amines, plasma corticosterone, and lymphocyte proliferation.
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) administration to mice increased concentrations of plasma corticosterone, with a maximal effect at 8 h. This elevation of plasma corticosterone concentrations was not observed in hypophysectomized animals in which the completeness of the hypophysectomy was verified by functional tests. NDV administration consistently increased concentrations of free tryptophan in all brain regions examined (prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, and brain stem). It also caused an activation of cerebral catecholamine and indoleamine metabolism as determined by measurement of the amines and their catabolites. 3-Methoxy,4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG), the major catabolite of norepinephrine (NE), homovanillic acid (HVA), a major catabolite of dopamine (DA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the major catabolite of serotonin (5-HT), were all increased in both hypothalamus and brain stem. Ratios of catabolites to the parent amine, considered to be an index of utilization of the neurotransmitters, were increased for NE, DA, and 5-HT in the hypothalamus and for DA and 5-HT in the brain stem. This pattern of changes resembles that observed following stressors such as footshock or restraint. There were also significant increases of tryptophan, HVA, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and 5-HIAA in hypophysectomized relative to sham-operated mice. The NDV treatment also increased thymus weights and markedly decreased the proliferative responses of isolated spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. These changes were not caused by increased circulating corticosterone because they were present at equal magnitude in hypophysectomized mice. Thymosin alpha 1 concentrations in the plasma were not altered by NDV or hypophysectomy. These results indicate that administration of NDV to mice can initiate neurochemical and endocrine responses like those observed during stress and can also cause immunosuppression. They are thus consistent with the hypothesis that a virus can be a stressor.
Animals↗
Levels of biogenic amines and peptides in individual corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea, using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
Quantitative levels of octopamine, serotonin, and dopamine were measured from brain and corpus cardiacum in individual male and female Helicoverpa zea, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. By increasing the proportion of organic modifiers in the mobile phase we were also able to quantify two peptides, adipokinetic hormone and hypertrehalosemic hormone. Levels of amines in both tissues were similar in males and females, but with greater quantities in the brain than the corpus cardiacum. In contrast, the two hormones were found predominantly in the corpus cardiacum, with the level of adipokinetic hormone three times greater than that of the hypertrehalosemic hormone, a finding in agreement with other studies. The described methodology demonstrates the power of HPLC with electrochemical detection for analysis of amines and peptides found in small quantities within the nervous tissue of individual insects.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
The effect of in vivo treatment with (-) delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol, and other psychoactive drugs on the in vitro uptake of biogenic amines.
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Animals↗
Effects of (Z)-3-hexenol, a major component of green odor, on anxiety-related behavior of the mouse in an elevated plus-maze test and biogenic amines and their metabolites in the brain.
In the present study, the effect of (Z)-3-hexenol, one of the main constituent of green odor, on the anxiety-related behavior of mouse and the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and their metabolites in the brain were investigated. Evaluation of anxiety-related animal behavior was performed by measuring the percent of time spent on the open arms and the percent of open-arm entries as conventional anxiety indices. The number of times displaying risk-assessment from a closed arm was also measured as an ethological anxiety index. Diazepam, an anxiolytic agent, enhanced the percent of time spent on the open arms and the percent of open-arm entries. The number of times displaying risk-assessment was not affected by diazepam in the present study. The percent of time on the open arms were depressed, and the number of times displaying risk-assessment were stimulated by 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP), indicating that TFMPP acts as an anxiogenic agent. (Z)-3-Hexenol revealed anxiolytic activity and increased the percent of time spent on the open arms and decreased the number of times displaying risk-assessment. In the neurochemical study, diazepam had no effect on the content of 5-HT and its metabolite in the brain cortex or hippocampus. On the other hand, TFMPP inhibited the 5-HT turnover rate accompanied by the elevation of the 5-HT content and reduction of the 5-HIAA content in the brain cortex and hippocampus. (Z)-3-Hexenol significantly increased the 5-HT content without affecting the 5-HIAA content or the 5-HT turnover rate in the brain cortex or hippocampus. Changes in serotonergic activity in the cortex and hippocampus were suggested to be involved in the anxiolytic effect of (Z)-3-hexenol observed in the elevated plus-maze test.
Animals↗
Sequestration of biogenic amines by alginic and fulvic acids.
The interaction of natural (alginic and fulvic acids) and synthetic (polyacrylic acid 2.0 kDa) polyelectrolytes with some protonated polyamines [diamines: ethylendiamine, 1,4-diaminobutane (or putrescine), 1,5-diaminopentane (or cadaverine); triamines: N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane (or spermidine), diethylenetriamine; tetramine: N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane (or spermine); pentamine: tetraethylene-pentamine; hexamine: pentaethylenehexamine] was studied at T=25 degrees C by potentiometry and calorimetry. Measurements were performed without supporting electrolyte, in order to avoid interference, and results were reported at I=0 mol L(-)(1). For all the systems, the formation of (am)L(2)H(i) species was found (am=amine; L=polyelectrolyte; i=1...4, depending on the amine considered). The stability of polyanion-polyammonium cation complexes is always significant, and for high-charged polycations, we observe a stability comparable to that of strong metal complexes. For example, by considering the formation reaction (am)H(i)+2L=(am)L(2)H(i) we found log K(i)=6.0, 6.5 and 10.8 for i=1, 2 and 3, respectively, in the system alginate-spermidine. Low and positive formation DeltaH(degrees) values indicate that the main contribution to the stability is entropic in nature. The sequestering ability of polyelectrolytes toward amines was modelled by a sigmoid Boltzman type equation. Some empirical relationships between stability, charges and DeltaG(degrees) and TDeltaS(degrees) are reported. Mean values per salt bridge of formation thermodynamic parameters (DeltaX(degrees) (n)) are DeltaG(degrees) (n)=-5.8+/-0.4, DeltaH degrees (n)=0.7+/-0.5 and TDeltaS(degrees) (n)=6.5+/-0.5 kJmol(-)(1) for all the systems studied in this work.
Alginates↗
The protective role of DL-alpha-lipoic acid in biogenic amines catabolism triggered by Abeta amyloid vaccination in mice.
The major pathological consequence of Alzheimer disease (AD) is accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide fibrillar plaque in the brain and subsequent inflammatory reaction associated with the surrounding cells due to the presence of these aggregates. Inflammation is the major complication associated with Abeta peptide vaccination. Abeta peptide activated T-helper cells are shown to enhance the existing-inflammatory conditions in the brain and other organs of AD patients. Hence systematic studies on potential approaches that will prevent inflammation during the vaccination are highly desired. DL-alpha-lipoic acid (LA), an antioxidant with known function as cofactor in mitochondrial dehydrogenase reactions, will be a good candidate to annul the oxidative damage due to vaccination triggered inflammation. For the first time, levels of principal neurotransmitters and their major metabolites in hippocampus and neocortex regions of brain are quantified to find out the level of inflammation. We have used high performance liquid chromatography with electro chemical detection (HPLC-EC) for monitoring neurotransmitter levels. We have shown a significant (p<0.05) reduction of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) in the systemic inflammation induced (SI), vaccinated (VA) and inflammation induced vaccinated (IV) mice. Nevertheless their metabolites such as 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) are significantly (p<0.05) increased when compared with control. Interestingly, antioxidant LA treated mice with systemic inflammation (IL), vaccinated (VL) and inflammation induced vaccinated (IVL) mice exhibited enhanced level of 5-HT, DA and NE and the concentration of 5-HIAA and HVA gradually returned to normal. These results suggest a possible new way for monitoring and modifying the inflammation and thereby preventing Abeta vaccination mediated tissue damage.
Amyloid beta-Peptides↗
Behavior and characteristics of biogenic amines, ornithine and lysine derivatized with the o-phthalaldehyde-ethanethiol-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate reagent.
The stability and characteristics of the ornithine (Orn), lysine (Lys), putrescine (Put), cadaverine (Cad), 1,7-diaminoheptane (Diah), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) derivatives obtained with the o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)-ethanethiol (ET)-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) reagent has been investigated. The stoichiometry of the introduced, two-step derivatization process has been followed by photodiode array (DAD) and fluorescence (FL) detections, simultaneously, while the composition of derivatives was confirmed by on-line HPLC-electrospray ionization (ESI) MS measurements. Depending on the composition of the OPA reagents, in addition to the secondary amino group-containing Spd and Spm, under common aqueous conditions also Orn and Lys do react with FMOC resulting in derivatives of various compositions. Applying the OPA-ET reagent of increasing methanol (Met) content (38-80%, v/v) the formation of the FMOC group containing Orn and Lys derivatives could be considerably decreased. Optimum elution condition (18 min, including equilibration) was developed for the simultaneous quantitation of Orn, Lys, Put, Cad, Diah, Spd and Spm, in the presence of the rest of protein amino acids. The practical utility of the method was demonstrated by the analysis of mouse tissues. Average reproducibility of quantitations, characterized with the relative standard deviation percentages of fluorescence intensities and UV responses, in order of listing, proved to be 2.1% and 2.1%, respectively.
Biogenic Amines↗
Improved method for the determination of biogenic amines and polyamines in vegetable products by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography.
Here, we report on the optimisation and validation of a liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 12 biologically active amines from vegetal food products in a single 40-min run. The suitability of the method was checked in five vegetal products of distinct matrix: spinach (leaves), hazelnut (high protein and fat content), banana, potato (high starch content), and milk chocolate (processed). Sample preparation consisted of a 0.6 M perchloric acid extraction from a minced homogeneous aliquot. For samples with high starch content, a previous mild hydrolytic treatment was required to prevent gel formation. The range of linearity was from 0.1 to 10 mg/l, except for serotonin and spermine (from 0.5 to 10 mg/l), and the correlation coefficient was higher than 0.997 (P < 0.001) for all standard curves. The detection limits and the determination limit were below 0.07 and 0.2 mg/l, respectively, except for spermine, which was 0.14 and 0.4 mg/l. The precision of the method was satisfactory; the relative standard deviation obtained for each amine in each product was acceptable according to Horwitz. Recovery was between 77 and 110% for all amines, irrespective of the product.
Biogenic Amines↗
Dopamine/serotonin receptor ligands. Part VIII: the dopamine receptor antagonist LE300 - modelled and X-ray structure plus further pharmacological characterization, including serotonin receptor binding, biogenic amine transporter testing and in vivo testings.
-LE300, a benz[d]indolo[2,3-g]azecine with nanomolar affinities to the hD(1) receptor family, has been further pharmacologically characterized and its modelled structure was compared to its X-ray structure in order to explain NMR data, that was not in accordance to the X-ray structure. Moderate affinity at the hD(3) receptor was determined, nanomolar affinities were found at the 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors, micromolar affinity at the 5-HT(1A) receptor using binding assays. Functional studies indicate moderate antagonist activity at the 5-HT(2A) site. No activity was found at dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. These results suggested the use of LE300 for cocaine addiction treatment. High activities were found using in vivo testing: LE300 suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity with an ID(50) of 1.24 mg/kg and attenuated locomotor activity induced by 20 mg/kg cocaine with an AD(50) of 1.50 mg/kg. It failed to substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects produced by cocaine.
Biogenic Amines↗
Biogenic amine and neuropeptide inputs to identified pelvic floor motoneurons that also express SRC-1.
In the rat, the neurochemical phenotypes of neurons that are presynaptic to motoneurons innervating the levator ani are poorly defined. In this study, motoneurons within the spinal nucleus of the bulbospongiosus (SNB) were revealed, using retrograde labelling, following injection of cholera toxin B subunit into the levator ani muscle. Different classes of neuron making substantial inputs onto these labelled neurons were revealed by using immunocytochemistry for dopamine beta hydroxylase, serotonin and substance P. Appositions (sites of presumptive synapses) between immunoreactive terminals and both the somata and dendrites of labelled SNB motoneurons were commonly seen suggesting that substance P, noradrenaline and serotonin are likely to exert a significant influence on the activity of perineal motoneurons and thus on sexual reflexes. Additionally, steroid receptor coactivator-1 was found to be present in the nuclei of 96% of SNB neurons retrogradely labelled from the levator ani. This suggests that practically all of the neurons that innervate the levator ani are likely to be modulated by circulating steroid hormones.
Animals↗