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PubMed1980

Response of the bladder to bethanechol after acute spinal cord transection in cats.

Immediately after spinal cord transection, normal bladder reflex activity is lost and voiding contractions in response to cholinergic drugs can no longer be elicited. Intravesical pressure responses to s.c. and i.a. bethanechol were studied in male cats before and after spinal cord transection at T6 to T7. Bethanechol s.c. enhanced spontaneous bladder activity and produced a sustained bladder contraction. The sustained response was abolished by spinal transection. The response of the bladder to i.a. bethanechol consisted of two phases. The first, dose-related phase, which resembled the response to i.a. acetylcholine, was unchanged by spinal cord transection, rhizotomy (L7-S3) or by ganglion blockade with hexamethonium. The second sustained phase, like the s.c. response, was markedly reduced by all three treatments. Because the response to bethanechol in vitro did not differ in control and transected preparations, it is unlikely that the depressant effects are due to a persistent change in bladder muscle responsiveness. No contractions were observed regardless of s.c. injection site; hence, altered drug absorption and distribution are not sufficient to explain the diminished responses observed. Because interruption of pelvic parasympathetic reflex pathways by rhizotomy and ganglion blockade interfered with the responses to s.c. and i.a. bethanechol, we conclude that bethanechol requires intact pelvic reflex pathways in order to produce sustained contractions. The prolonged action of bethanechol is an important feature contributing to its effectiveness. Removal of reflex functions by spinal cord transection might explain the ineffectiveness of cholinergic drugs in both patients and experimental animals in the acute, areflexic stage after spinal cord transection.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1993

Effects of prostaglandin of E, F and I series, leukotriene C and platelet activating factor on amylase release from isolated rat pancreatic acini.

Exogenous eicosanoids were reported to affect pancreatic secretion, but it is unknown whether this effects is mediated by the changes in pancreatic circulation or by direct action on pancreatic secretory cells. In this study the effects of prostaglandins (PG), leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and platelet activating factor (PAF) and the blockers of their biosynthesis or receptor antagonists on amylase release from the isolated rat pancreatic acini were examined. The acini were incubated with pancreatic secretagogues, such as caerulein or urecholine in the presence or absence of various concentrations (10(-9)-10(-5) M) of PGE2, Nocloprost (stable analog of PGE2), PGI2, PGF1 alpha, LTC4, PAF, indomethacin (inhibitor of endogenous PG formation) and A-63162 (blocker of endogenous LT biosynthesis). PGE2, PGI2 and PGF1 alpha inhibited secretagogues-stimulated enzyme secretion from isolated pancreatic acini but their inhibitory potency was about 1000 times lower, on molar basis, than that of Nocloprost. PAF and LTC4 produced concentration-dependent stimulation of amylase release from the unstimulated acini reaching about 50% of caerulein-induced maximal response and enhanced amylase release induced by caerulein or urecholine. The effects of PAF and LTC4 were reversed by the addition of respective receptor antagonist for PAF (TCV-309) and for LTC4 (FPL-55712). These results indicate that PG inhibit, while PAF and LTC4 stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion and thus could be implicated in the control of this secretion.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1993

Selective muscarinic sensitivity in perfused pancreata of obese Zucker rats.

Insulin secretion was evaluated in response to the muscarinic agonist, bethanechol, and to the antagonist, atropine, in three-month-old female homozygous lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats, using an in vitro pancreas perfusion. Three doses of bethanechol were used (0.5, 5 or 50 microM). Bethanechol at 50 microM concentration had a significant potentiating effect on glucose-induced insulin secretion in pancreata from both lean and obese rats. There was no effect of atropine (25 microM) on insulin secretion in pancreata from either lean or obese rats. In another study, the perfusate used contained glucose at 75, 125 or 200 mg/dl for the entire 60 min period. Perfusate, with or without bethanechol (50 microM), was infused from 21-40 min, using a side-arm syringe. In general, bethanechol significantly increased insulin secretory rates in both lean and obese rats. Since the pancreas of obese rats secretes more insulin to the same glucose concentration than the pancreas of lean rats, we compared changes in insulin release due to bethanechol in obese and lean rats having comparable basal insulin secretory rates during the 11-20 min period. To produce comparable insulin secretion, glucose levels in the perfusate were kept lower in the obese group (75 mg/dl). In the comparably secreting lean group, a glucose level of 200 mg/dl was required. We also compared changes in insulin secretory rate due to bethanechol stimulation between groups with comparable insulin secretory rates during the 21-40 min period in the control groups, i.e. 75 mg/dl glucose in the obese group vs. 125 mg/dl glucose in the lean group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

[Prostatic malacoplakia: a case report].

We report a case of prostatic malacoplakia in a 68-year-old man complaining of fever, residual urinary sensation and small urinary stream. Culture of the urine showed E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Digital examination and transrectal ultrasound of the prostate were most compatible with carcinoma. However, transrectal needle biopsy revealed the histopathological features of malacoplakia. The patient had been treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, bethanechol and ascorbic acid for 5 months. Twenty-seven cases of prostatic malacoplakia in the Japanese literature are reviewed.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Increase of acetylcholine release by nebracetam in dog cardiac sympathetic ganglion.

The effects of nebracetam (4-aminomethyl-1-benzylpyrrolidine-2-one hemifumarate, WEB 1881FU), a potential cognitive enhancer, on acetylcholine release from the preganglionic nerve terminals were investigated in the isolated dog stellate ganglia. Acetylcholine release from the isolated ganglia by preganglionic stimulation (5 Hz) was enhanced in the presence of nebracetam, 10(-7) to 10(-5) M. The release was decreased to a certain extent by bethanechol, 10(-5) M, and this decrease was completely antagonized by AFDX-116 (10(-5) M), a selective M2 muscarinic antagonist, but was unaffected by nebracetam (10(-6) M). Under the depleted condition of acetylcholine induced by pretreatment with hemicholinium-3 (10(-5) M) in combination with prolonged preganglionic stimulation, the release was increased to a degree by nebracetam or choline alone and was markedly increased in the presence of both nebracetam and choline. Nebracetam did not directly act on choline acetyltransferase activity, but acetylcholine formation was stimulated in the isolated ganglion incubated with the agent at 10(-6) M and in the ganglion isolated from the dog to which nebracetam, 5 mg/kg, was previously administered i.v. Uptake of choline in the isolated ganglia was not altered by nebracetam (10(-6) M) but was enhanced under the depleted conditions. These findings suggest that nebracetam enhances acetylcholine release from presynaptic sites of dog stellate ganglia not by blocking presynaptic M2 muscarinic autoreceptors but by accelerating acetylcholine formation, and by increasing choline uptake when acetylcholine is depleted.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1994

Parasympathetic innervation of rat peri-orbital smooth muscle: prejunctional cholinergic inhibition of sympathetic neurotransmission without direct postjunctional actions.

The role of parasympathetic neurotransmission in regulating periorbital smooth muscle function was investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats. Parasympathetic nerves were activated by stereotaxic electrical stimulation (20 Hz, < or = 2.0 V) of the ipsilateral superior salivatory nucleus, which gives rise to preganglionic innervation to the pterygopalatine ganglion and hence to the orbital targets. This approach permits selective parasympathetic activation that cannot be attained at more peripheral sites. Target responses were measured by recording changes in tarsal smooth muscle tension from the superior eyelid. Parasympathetic stimulation caused a small decrease in resting tension (-73 +/- 4 mg) that was not altered when the muscle was partially contracted with methoxamine. However, adrenoceptor-mediated contraction induced by cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation was attenuated in a frequency-dependent manner, with inhibition greatest at higher sympathetic stimulation frequencies (-338 +/- 35 mg at 8 Hz). This attenuation was blocked by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine methyl nitrate. Administration of the muscarinic agonist bethanechol increased resting tarsal muscle tension (655 +/- 34 mg). However, sympathetically mediated contraction at 2 Hz (1295 +/- 53 mg) was decreased by bethanechol administration to a value (710 +/- 37 mg) not significantly different from the contraction caused by bethanechol alone. We conclude that muscarinic receptors are present on tarsal smooth muscle, where they elicit contractions, and on sympathetic nerves, where they inhibit neurotransmission presumably by depressing noradrenaline release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Abomasal and duodenal motility in yearling cattle after administration of prokinetic drugs.

Effects of the following treatments on abomasal and duodenal myoelectric activity in yearling cattle were studied: 2 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (NACL); 0.07 mg of bethanechol (BET)/kg of body weight; 0.1 mg of metoclopramide (MET)/kg; and 0.07 mg of bethanechol and 0.1 mg of metoclopramide (BETMET)/kg. All treatments were administered SC during the early part of phase I of the migrating myoelectric complex. Myoelectric signals were recorded for 4 hours after administration of the treatments from 1 electrode in the antrum and 3 electrodes in the duodenum. For the antral spike rate (ASR), there was no significant difference among treatments during the first hour, but the ASR was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during hours 2 to 4 after treatment with BETMET, compared with ASR for MET alone. The duodenal spike rate (DSR) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the first hour after administration of BETMET than after the other treatments. After administration of BET, DSR was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than after MET or NACL. There was no difference in DSR after MET, compared with DSR after NACL. There was no significant difference in DSR among treatments during the second and third hours. The total antegrade propagating spike (TAPS) count was greater after administration of BETMET in all hours, compared with the other treatments. The ratio of TAPS to total spikes on the orad-most duodenal electrode was significantly (P < 0.05) greater after BETMET during hours 1 and 2.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1994

Prokinetic agents in postgastrectomy patients.

Postgastrectomy syndromes are uncommon but, unfortunately, frustrating for both patient and physician, because treatment with prokinetic agents is often of limited benefit. This article examines the evidence for efficacy of available prokinetic drugs in the management of these difficult disorders.

Bethanechol↗
PubMed1994

[Experimental studies on the influence of selected preparations on secretion of tear fluid. I. Schirmer test I and lysozyme test].

In the paper the influence of ambroxol, betanechol and mesna on the production of tear fluid by the lacrimal gland in rabbits was studied and compared with the effectiveness of bromhexine hydrochloride. Tear secretion was stimulated by the Schirmer I and lysozyme tests. The obtained results indicate that all four examined drugs stimulate the production of tear fluid. The greatest stimulation of secretion was observed after mesna and then after betanechol and ambroxol. The least potent drug was bromhexine.

Ambroxol↗
PubMed1994

[Experimental studies on the influence of selected preparations on secretion of tear fluid. II: Light and transmission electron microscopy].

In the paper the influence of ambroxol, bethanechol, mesna and bromhexine hydrochloride on the morphologic appearance of the lacrimal glands in rabbits was studied with the use of light and transmission electron microscopy. The examination of the lacrimal glands in light microscopy has shown in comparison with the control group an increase in the number of secretory granules in rabbit glands after treatment with different drugs. In electron microscopy in animals, after treatment, much more prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum with a considerable distention of the cisternae and increase of the number of secretory granules in the cytoplasm of the cells were seen. The greatest stimulation of the production of tear fluid was observed after treatment with mesna. Nearly similar results were obtained after bethanechol and slightly worse after ambroxol. The least potent drug was bromhexine.

Ambroxol↗
PubMed1993

Bethanechol in the treatment of stuttering.

A double-blind trial of bethanechol for the treatment of stuttering that used a crossover experimental design failed to find the drug superior to placebo. However, two of the patients who did respond favorably elected to continue with the medication and have remained more fluent after taking the drug for 6 months. The notion of "bethanechol responders" is advanced.

Adult↗