Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “BODY FLUID BALANCE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Trace element status in alcoholism before and during disulfiram treatment.

Trace element status was ascertained in 19 alcoholic patients under long-term treatment with disulfiram and in 12 alcoholic patients treated for the first time; the latter group was re-examined after four weeks of treatment. Both groups were compared to matched controls with a moderate alcohol intake. The copper/zinc ratio in serum was increased in the patients under long-term treatment, and a significant decrease occurred during the first four weeks of treatment in the second group. Blood lead was slightly increased in the second group, but not in the patients under long-term treatment. Blood cadmium was high in both groups, perhaps related to excessive tobacco smoking. Blood mercury concentrations were uniformly low. Urinary nickel excretion in the first group was above reference values, and an increase was seen in the second group during the treatment period. Although trace element concentrations in body fluids may not reflect tissue levels, the results support the notion that trace element balances are influenced by alcoholism and disulfiram treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Space motion sickness and space vestibulology.

Given the relatively short period of the space flight missions and more inexperienced personnel expected to be aloft, if the time in space should be optimized, the critical processes which occur in the body equilibrium system during the period of initial exposure to space environment must be thoroughly investigated. It is most important that improved management of space motion sickness (including the prediction, prevention and countermeasures) is properly developed. The improvement will fully depend on advances in our research on the etiology and pathology of this debilitating condition.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1971

[Dehydration].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1993

Body fluid alterations during head-down bed rest in men at moderate altitude.

To determine the effects of hypoxia on fluid balance responses to simulated zero-gravity, measurements were made in six subjects (acclimatized to 5,400 ft; 1,646 m) before and during -5 degrees continuous head-down bed rest (HDBR) over 8 d at 10,678 ft. The same subjects were studied again at this altitude without HDBR as a control (CON) using a cross-over design. During this time, they maintained normal upright day-time activities, sleeping in the horizontal position at night. Fluid balance changes during HDBR in hypoxia were more pronounced than similar measurements previously reported from HDBR studies at sea level. Plasma volume loss (-19% on day 6) was slightly greater and the diuresis and natriuresis were doubled in magnitude as compared to previous studies in normoxia and sustained for 4 d during hypoxia. These changes were associated with an immediate, but transient rise in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to day 4 of 140% in HDBR and 41% in CON (p < 0.005), followed by a decline towards baseline. Differences were less striking between HDBR and CON for plasma antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone, which were transiently reduced by HDBR. Plasma catecholamines showed a similar pattern to ANP (+122%) in both HDBR and CON, suggesting that elevated ANP and catecholamines together accounted for the enhanced fluid shifts with HDBR during hypoxia.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Determinants of prolonged mechanical ventilation after coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: Early extubation of cardiac surgical patients enhances ambulation, improves cardiopulmonary function, and can lead to savings in health care costs. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the role of 48 variables in determining the period of ventilatory support in 507 patients having coronary artery bypass grafting. RESULTS: Fifteen (< 3%) of 507 patients required ventilatory support in excess of 24 hours. Among the remaining patients, extubation was achieved early (< or = 8 hours) (mean time, 5.65 +/- 1.31 hours) in 53% and late (> 8 hours) (mean time, 13.7 +/- 3.4 hours) in 47%. Logistic and linear multivariate regression analyses implicated increased age, New York Heart Association functional class IV, intraoperative fluid retention, postoperative intraaortic balloon pump requirement, and bank blood transfusions as predictors of late extubation. Also, the linear regression linked lower body weight and number of anastomoses (or grafts) to increased mechanical ventilatory support. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the fluid balance and cardiopulmonary bypass data suggests that earlier extubation may be achieved by actively reducing fluid retention (eg, by hemoconcentration) and time on bypass (eg, normothermia). Finally, intensive care unit stay and postoperative length of stay were significantly lower in the early versus late extubation groups without an increase in pulmonary complications.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed1987

Localization of specific binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor in the central nervous system of rat, guinea pig, cat and human.

Specific, high-affinity binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) were identified and localized in the rat and guinea pig central nervous system (CNS), the cat brainstem, and the rat, guinea pig, cat and human spinal cord using quantitative autoradiographic techniques. The radioligands tested were rat 125I-ANF(1-28) in guinea pig, rat, cat and human tissues, human 125I-ANF in rat and human, and rat [3H]atriopeptin III in rat. All 3 radioligands labeled essentially the same structures in the brain and spinal cord of all species in which they were tested. In guinea pig very high concentrations of ANF binding sites were observed in the olfactory bulb, lateral olfactory tract and the granule cell layer of the cerebellum, high concentrations were observed in the fasciculus retroflexus, interpeduncular nucleus and subfornical organ. Moderate concentrations were observed in the nucleus accumbens, dorsomedial and suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nuclei, paraventricular thalamic nuclei, primary olfactory cortex and the subcommissural organ. High concentrations of ANF binding sites were also observed in the choroid plexus and the leptomeninges. Low concentrations were observed in the pineal gland. In the rat the same structures were labeled as in the guinea pig except that suprachiasmatic and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, paraventricular thalamus and cerebellum were unlabeled. In the lower brainstem of the cat and all levels of the rat, guinea pig, cat and human spinal cord, the only site where specific binding was observed was in the pia/arachnoid. These findings suggest that ANF binding sites constitute several functional classes in the CNS as well as in a variety of other tissues. Outside the blood-brain barrier binding sites are prominent in glandular tissues implicated in the production of hormones involved in fluid and electrolyte balance, e.g. adrenal glomerulosa, neurohypophysis and subfornical organ, unstratified epithelia involved in ion gradient exchange, e.g. renal glomerulus, ciliary body, choroid plexus and pia mater; crossing the blood-brain barrier are sites in the anterior hypothalamus, e.g. organum vasculosum, regions of the brain parenchyma associated with angiotensin II binding sites, e.g. dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus, some of which may be occupied by brain rather than cardiac synthesized ANF, regions of brain lacking an obvious role in fluid and ion exchange or regulation, e.g. cerebellum, although association with K+,Na+-ATPase in guinea pig cerebellum may be a relevant clue and brain regions possibly implicated in an integrative and/or indirect regulatory role in fluid and electrolyte balance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Pathophysiology and management of perioperative hypothermia].

The paper is a review of pathophysiology and management of perioperative hypothermia. The advanced methods of rewarming, such as passive and active: external and core used in clinic allow for efficient management ant prophylactics of hypothermia. Thermotherapy with use of infrared ceiling heaters CTS and mobile MTC as well as Infutherm system applying by authors are desirable and even indispensable in contemporary equipment of surgery clinics, cardiovascular surgery clinics and burn centers. The ideal rewarming method should be safe and enable fast, reliable and predictable warming or rewarming. The clinical parameter to determine the efficacy of rewarming is the change of core temperature. There is no doubt that active warming with forced-air warmers (Warm Touch 5700 and Bair Hugger 500) or radiative heaters (IR-A:Hydrosun 500, IR-C radiation: CTC X, MTC) is more effective than use of standard, passive insulation hospital blankets or convectional heaters. Actually the forced-air warmers are counted to be more useful in cardiovascular surgery hypothermia management, because of fast rate core temperature rise and faster rise in mean skin temperature compared to the control group. CTC X and MTC Aragona radiative heaters are useful in burn management being the most effective when the distance of heater from the patient body is less than 80 cm. The observation of 60 consecutive extensive burns leads to conclusion that long-lasting dressings in burn patients when the whole body is not covered and protected, can be performed safely only in conditions excluding heat losses and core temperature drop. While the cold intravenous fluids may significantly contribute to the temperature drop depending on the volume infused, the use of fluids warming systems as well as external heat application is absolutely indicated to improve the heat balance of the patient body.

Burns↗
PubMed1986

Total body fluid volume determination based on urea kinetics in hemofiltration as an index of basal body weight in uremic patients.

Assuming that urea is distributed uniformly within the total body water, urea-space or total body fluid volume was determined in six uremic patients based on urea kinetics in hemofiltration. The total body fluid volume before hemofiltration was 36.0 +/- 3.6 L (61.8 +/- 2.6% BW) and after hemofiltration 32.5 +/- 3.4 L (59.3 +/- 2.8% BW), suggesting that the total body fluid volume was nearly normalized by hemofiltration. It is concluded that urea-space, easily measurable based on urea kinetics during hemofiltration, is useful in evaluating the fluid balance in patients undergoing artificial kidney therapy.

Blood↗
PubMed2002

Invited review: Active fluid clearance from the distal air spaces of the lung.

Active ion transport drives iso-osmolar alveolar fluid clearance, a hypothesis originally suggested by in vivo studies in sheep 20 yr ago. Over the last two decades, remarkable progress has been made in establishing a critical role for active sodium transport as a primary mechanism that drives fluid clearance from the distal air spaces of the lung. The rate of fluid transport can be increased in most species, including the human lung, by cAMP stimulation. Catecholamine-independent mechanisms, including hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, can also upregulate epithelial fluid clearance in the lung. The new insights into the role of the distal lung epithelium in actively regulating lung fluid balance has important implications for the resolution of clinical pulmonary edema.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Voluntary dehydration in men working in heat.

An investigation was carried out on 77 steelworkers, divided into two groups, at their work places. Group I (30 subjects) drank ad lib. a special tea containing (17.1 mmol/l NaCl, 1.34 mmol/l KCl, 0.14 mmol/l Na2HPO4, and 0.57 mmol/l vitamin C). Group II (47 subjects) drank ad lib. ordinary drinks (water, mineral water, and soda-water). Determination of water balance was performed seven times in all within 3 weeks. In groups I and II sweat losses were 5.1 +/- 1.2 kg and 5.0 +/- 1.3 kg, and intakes were 4.1 +/- 1.1 kg and 3.4 +/- 1.1 kg, respectively. When the intake period of the drinks with salts was extended it was found that voluntary dehydration decreased and amounted to 10% of sweat rate on the last day of the study. The voluntary dehydration in group I was lower by 40%, the difference being highly significant in comparison with group II (P < 0.001). Data obtained from anamnesis and a questionnaire results showed smaller fatigue, higher work capability and better subjective feelings in group I. Five subjects who previously had complained of recurrent pain and muscle spasm experienced disappearance of these symptoms. The importance of intake of water containing salts in hot working conditions and their role in maintaining the water-electrolyte balance for normal physiological functions and subjective feelings were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Disorders of body water homeostasis.

Disorders of body fluids are among the most commonly encountered problems in the practice of clinical medicine. This is in large part because many different disease states can potentially disrupt the finely balanced mechanisms that control the intake and output of water and solute. It therefore behoves clinicians treating such patients to have a good understanding of the pathophysiology, the differential diagnosis and the management of these disorders. Because body water is the primary determinant of the osmolality of the extracellular fluid, disorders of body water homeostasis can be divided into hypo-osmolar disorders, in which there is an excess of body water relative to body solute, and hyperosmolar disorders, in which there is a deficiency of body water relative to body solute. The classical hyperosmolar disorder is diabetes insipidus (DI), and the classical hypo-osmolar disorder is the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). This chapter first reviews the regulatory mechanisms underlying water and sodium metabolism, the two major determinants of body fluid homeostasis. The major disorders of water metabolism causing hyperosmolality and hypo-osmolality, DI and SIADH, are then discussed in detail, including the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.

Arginine Vasopressin↗