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At least 1,297 records · Page 72Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Geographic pathology revisited: development of an atlas of cancer in India.

Information on 217,174 microscopically diagnosed cancers diagnosed in 2001-2002 was collected from pathology laboratories in 68 districts across India. Data collection took place primarily via the Internet. Average annual age-adjusted incidence rates for microscopically diagnosed cases (MAAR) by gender and site were calculated for each of the 593 districts in the country. The rates were compared to those from established population based cancer registries (PBCR). In 82 districts, the MAAR for 'all cancer sites' was above a "completeness" threshold of 36.2/100,000 (based on results of a rural PBCR). The results confirmed some known features of the geography of cancer in India, and brought to light new ones. Cancers of the mouth and tongue are particularly frequent in both genders in the southern states. Very high rates of nasopharynx cancer were found in the northeastern states (Nagaland, Manipur). There was clear geographic correlation between the rates of cervical and penile cancer, and a high rate of stomach and lung cancer (in both genders) in many districts of Mizoram State. The area of high risk for gallbladder cancer seems larger than suspected previously, involving a wide band of northern India. There is a belt of high incidence of thyroid cancer in females in southwest coastal districts. Other than identifying possible existence of high-risk areas of specific cancers, our study has recognized places where PBCR could be established. The study was remarkably cost-effective and the electronic data-capture methodology provides a model for health informatics in the setting of a developing country.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Seroprevalence atlas of infections with oncogenic and non-oncogenic human papillomaviruses in Finland in the 1980s and 1990s.

Vaccines against high-risk (hr) human papillomaviruses (HPVs) causing cervical cancer may soon be licensed. Thus, nature of HPV epidemics needs to be studied now. Random sampling for studies on HPV epidemiology was done from all 230,998 women belonging to the population-based Finnish Maternity Cohort and having a minimum of 2 pregnancies between 1983 and 1994. First pregnancy serum specimens were retrieved for 7,805 subjects, and were analyzed for antibodies to HPV6/11, 16 and 18 with standard ELISAs. HPV16 seroprevalence almost doubled from the 1980s to the 1990s, and the epidemic spread to new areas in 23-31 year olds, i.e. the bulk of pregnant female population in the southwest part of the country. The HPV16 epidemic in the 14-22 year olds in 1983-1988 (1961-1974 birth cohorts) and in the 23-31 year olds in 1989-1994 (1958-1971 birth cohorts) overlapped with strong clustering of HPV16 and HPV18 infections in the latter (odds ratio 8.0, 95% confidence interval 6.6-9.7). Similar clustering of HPV16 and HPV6/11 infections was not found. The epidemic and the clustering may be due to high transmission probability of the hrHPV types and increase in sexual activity of the index birth cohorts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A comprehensive atlas of the topography of functional groups of the dopamine transporter.

The neuronal dopamine transporter (DAT) is a transmembrane transporter that clears DA from the synaptic cleft. Knowledge of DAT functional group topography is a prerequisite for understanding the molecular basis of transporter function, the actions of psychostimulant drugs, and mechanisms of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Information concerning the molecular interactions of drugs of abuse (such as cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine) with the DAT at the functional group level may also aid in the development of compounds useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of drug abuse. This review will provide a cumulative and comprehensive focus on the amino acid functional group topography of the rat and human DATs, as revealed by protein chemical modification and the techniques of site-directed mutagenesis. The results from these studies, represented mostly by site-directed mutagenesis, can be classified into several main categories: modifications without substantial affects on substrate transport, DAT membrane expression, or cocaine analog binding; those modifications which alter both substrate transport and cocaine analog binding; and those that affect DAT membrane expression. Finally, some modifications can selectively affect either substrate transport or cocaine analog binding. Taken together, these literature results show that domains for substrates and cocaine analogs are formed by interactions with multiple and sometimes distinct DAT functional groups.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Three-dimensional probabilistic atlas of the human orbitofrontal sulci in standardized stereotaxic space.

A quantitative analysis of the variability of human orbitofrontal anatomical landmarks is required if one is to describe properly the location of functional or structural changes within this brain region. The present study investigated the orbitofrontal sulci in 100 normal adult human cerebral hemispheres using magnetic resonance images that were transformed into the standardized proportional stereotaxic space most commonly used, that of Talairach and Tournoux (1988). Four orbitofrontal sulci were identified and marked on each hemisphere: the olfactory, the medial, the lateral, and the transverse orbital sulci. Probability maps were then constructed for each sulcus. These maps provide a statistical description of the variability of the location of each orbitofrontal sulcus within the three-dimensional coordinate system of Talairach and Tournoux (1988). These probability maps may be directly compared with any image transformed into the same standardized space, providing a valuable tool for identifying and describing the location of functional or structural changes in the orbitofrontal region of the human brain.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

MR-based statistical atlas of the Göttingen minipig brain.

Thedomestic pig is increasingly being used as an experimental model for brain imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET). The recording of radiotracer uptake by PET gives functional and physiological information, but with poor spatial resolution. To date, anatomical regions of interest in pig brain have been defined in MR images obtained for each individual animal, because of the lack of a standard stereotaxic coordinate system for the pig brain. In order to define a stereotaxic coordinate system, we coregistered T1-weighted MR images from 22 male Göttingen minipigs and obtained a statistically defined surface rendering of the average minipig brain in which stereotaxic zero is defined by the position of the pineal gland. The average brain is now used as a target for registration of dynamic PET data, so that time-activity curves can be extracted from standard volumes of interest. In order to define these volumes, MR images from each individual pig were manually segmented into a total of 34 brain structures, including cortical regions, white matter, caudate and putamen, ventricular system, and cerebellum. The mean volumes of these structures had variances in the range of 10-20%. The 34 brain volumes were transformed into the common coordinate system and then used to generate surface renderings with probabilistic threshold greater than 50%. This probabilistic threshold gave nearly quantitative recovery of the mean volumes in native space. The probabilistic volumes in stereotaxic space are now being used to extract time-radioactivity curves from dynamic PET recordings.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The mouse atlas and graphical gene-expression database

The large amounts of gene-expression data on mouse development are now too extensive to be stored in any format other than that of a database. Furthermore, as this data is intrinsically graphical and as, in the early developmental stages at least, its boundaries do not map directly to those of anatomical tissues, the natural way to store it is in graphical format. We are therefore constructing a database able to handle such graphical gene-expression data by mapping it onto 3-D reconstructions of mouse embryos whose tissues have been delineated. This article reviews the progress that has been made in this project and describes its two major components, CD-ROMs of the 3-D reconstructions to be held on the user's computer and a gene-expression database that will be maintained at a host site, the two being linked over the internet by a complex Java-based interface for submitting data and querying the database.Copyright 1997 Academic Press Limited Copyright 1997Academic Press Limited

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Proportional anatomical stereotactic atlas for visual interpretation of brain SPET perfusion images.

A semi-automatic method was developed to determine the anterior (AC) and posterior (PC) commissures on brain single-photon emission tomographic (SPET) perfusion images, and then to draw the proportional anatomical Talairach's grid on each axial SPET image. First, the AC-PC line was defined on SPET images from the linear regression of four internal landmarks (frontal pole of the brain, inferior limit of the anterior corpus callosum, sub-thalamic point and occipital pole). Second, the SPET position of AC and PC points on the AC-PC line was automatically determined from measurements made on hard copies of magnetic resonance (MR) images of the patients. Finally, a proportional Talairach's grid was automatically drawn on each axial SPET image. To assess the accuracy of localization of AC and PC points, co-registered technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime SPET and MR images from 11 subjects were used. The mean displacements between estimated points on SPET and true points on MRI (Deltax=sagittal, Deltay=frontal and Deltaz=axial displacement) were calculated. The mean displacements (in mm) were Deltax=-1.4+/-1.8, Deltay=-1.7+/-3.3 and Deltaz=-1. 1+/-2.5 for AC, and Deltax=-1.8+/-1.8, Deltay=0.3+/-3.2 and Deltaz=-1.3+/-2.7 for PC. These displacements represented an error of less than 5 mm at the anterior or posterior pole of the brain or at the vertex. Intra- and inter-observer comparisons did not reveal significant differences in mean displacements. Thus, this semi-automatic method results in reproducible and accurate stereotactic localization of SPET perfusion abnormalities. This method can be used routinely for repeat follow-up studies in the same subject as well as in different individuals without requiring SPET-MRI co-registration.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

Effects of an anthelmintic treatment programme on sheep productivity in the Middle Atlas, Morocco.

This study evaluated the production advantages of the strategic anthelmintic treatment of both lambs and ewes in an area endemic for gastro-intestinal nematodes, lungworms and liver flukes. The liver fluke infections were generally chronic. The lambs were treated with albendazole (SmithKline Beecham), fenbendazole (Hoechst Roussel) or a vitamin supplement and their weight gains were followed over the next 7 months. The control group, which received a vitamin supplement only, gained 6.67 kg from July to January. The group that received fenbendazole, an anthelmintic with no activity against liver flukes, gained 10.42 kg over the study period. The third group which received albendazole, an anthelmintic with efficacy against liver flukes, gained 13.07 kg over the same period. Lamb deaths apparently due to liver flukes were 12, 4, and zero for the control, fenbendazole and albendazole groups, respectively. Similar advantages were observed in the ewes. Deaths were 16, 8, and zero in the control, fenbendazole and albendazole groups, respectively. The lambing rate in the control group was significantly lower than that in either of the 2 treated groups. The number of services per conception was significantly lower in the albendazole treated group than that in either of the other groups. These studies demonstrated the advantages of anthelmintic treatment in sheep in a helminth endemic area. While removing gastro-intestinal nematodes and lungworms improved production, the additional removal of liver flukes enhanced production gains as well as reducing deaths.

Albendazole↗