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PubMed1990

An investigation of vascular anatomy and microvascular architecture of the brainstem in cats.

The vascular anatomy and microvascular architecture of the vertebrobasilar system, especially within the brainstem, was investigated in cats. The main branches of the basilar artery were observed and the inner diameters of these vessels were measured on vertebral angiograms. The three-dimensional microvascular architecture was constructed using molded vascular models. The arterial anastomoses between the arteries inside the brainstem were studied using contact microangiograms. The paramedian branch penetrated into the brainstem in a retrograde fashion from the cranial basilar artery, and in an anterograde fashion from the caudal basilar artery. Arterial anastomoses were noted between the circumferential arteries. The frequency of arterial anastomoses was higher and diameters of the anastomotic vessels were larger in the ventrolateral region of the brainstem than in the ventromedial region. Regarding the perforating arteries, the arterial anastomoses were present outside the brainstem. No arterial anastomoses were found inside the brainstem.

Angiography↗

PubMed1990

Alterations of elastic architecture in human aortic dissecting aneurysm.

Elastin of the ascending aortic media of 10 cases with type A dissecting aneurysm, 14 hypertensive cases, and 30 control cases were prepared by the treatment of aortas with hot formic acid, and three-dimensional architecture was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In the control cases, elastin showed framework-like continuous structure consisting of elastic laminae, and interlaminar fibers that interconnected the laminae. In 6 of 10 cases of dissecting aneurysm, the interlaminar fibers were apparently irregular in arrangement and shape, and decreased in number, especially in the outer media. This architectural alteration resulted in a rarefaction of interconnection between the elastic laminae in the media, and possibly resulted in the local weakness against the dissecting force of the laminae. This medial weakness may be related to the mechanism of initiation and progression of dissecting aneurysm. The cystic medial necrosis (CMN) was found in 3 cases, but only 1 of them was accompanied by a mild decrease of the interlaminar fibers in the area outside of CMN, suggesting that the initiation of CMN did not directly relate to the decrease of the interlaminar fibers. The aortic media of hypertensives generally showed an increase of interlaminar fibers, but their focal decrease was encountered in the outer media of 3 cases. These findings suggest that the decrease of the interlaminar fibers of medial elastin seen in dissecting aneurysms were related to hypertension.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

NE-58095: a diphosphonate which prevents bone erosion and preserves joint architecture in experimental arthritis.

The rat adjuvant arthritis model, like human rheumatoid arthritis, is characterized by fulminating intra- and periarticular inflammation and bone lysis. This model was used to determine the effectiveness of a potent antiresorptive diphosphonate (NE-58095: monosodium [2-(3-pyridinyl) ethylidene] hydroxy diphosphonate) prophylactically in Lewis rats and therapeutically in Sprague-Dawley rats. Modified Freund's adjuvant (MFA) was injected into the tail of Lewis and Sprague-Dawley rats. Prophylactic treatment in Lewis rats [oral (PO): 14.8 mg/kg/day); subcutaneous (SC): 0.148 mg/kg/day] was begun on the day of MFA injection. A significant reduction in paw swelling was seen as early as day 12 after MFA injection with both oral and parenteral treatment. NE-58095 produced a reduction in paw swelling of 28, 39 and 61% on days 12, 17 and 24 respectively, as compared to the saline-treated MFA control. Bone lysis in the saline-treated MFA group was 85% of total possible incidence for 6 joint regions in the hind paws and 4 regions in the front paws at day 24. This resorption was reduced by 70% in the rats administered NE-58095 PO and SC at 24 days after MFA. In the therapeutic experiments with Sprague-Dawley rats, treatment with NE-58095 (SC: 0.148 mg/kg/day) was begun on day 14 after MFA injection, at which time significant paw swelling (greater than 0.5cc) had occurred. On day 25 (12 days of treatment), paw swelling was reduced 70% by NE-58095 treatment as compared to the saline-treated MFA controls. Histologically, the architecture of the tibio-tarsal joints in the saline-treated MFA rats was affected, in contrast to the NE-58095-treated MFA rats where the architecture of the joint was preserved. This new potent diphosphonate is not an anti-inflammatory compound by any of the classical tests and is effective both orally and parenterally. The mechanism by which this diphosphonate protects joint integrity is not clear but appears to be related to its ability to block bone resorption and the consequent inhibition of the diffusion into the joint space of calcium, chemotactic factors and cytokinas released from bone matrix, resulting in a quenching of the arthritic process.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

The three-dimensional histological architecture of pustulosis palmo-plantaris.

Using computer reconstruction techniques, it is possible to study and understand the three-dimensional architecture of the histo-pathological changes in pustulosis palmo-plantaris (PPP). In PPP vesicles and pustules develop. As the vesicles move upwards, they may gain contact with a granulocytic lake above them. Through the roof of the vesicle, granulocytes then break into the vesicle thereby changing it into a pustule. The blood vessels in PPP exhibit a bulbous vascular network at the epidermal end of the dermal papillae. At lower levels, the capillaries may form loops and arches. It is suggested that this special architecture of the vascular system produces a marked retardation of the blood flow in the tips of the dermal papillae, allowing a longer contact of the blood with the capillary wall. The granulocytes can therefore easily immigrate.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1989

The fine surface architecture of the primate ciliary body with special regard to the pars plana.

The fine surface architecture of the pars plana of the ciliary body was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in young and adult primate eyes following the removal of zonular fibers by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid. In the young eye, the internal surface of the pars plana was characterized by a series of meridional ridges and grooves and, in the posterior region, by conspicuous surface invaginations on the ridges. In the adult eye, the meridional ridges in the anterior pars plana were smaller than in the young eyes and in a varying configuration, and the meridional grooves among the ridges were wide. In the mid-pars plana, spine-like architectures were observed leaning parallel to each other toward the lens, along the course of the zonular fibers. In the posterior pars plana, the internal surface exhibited a reticularly multilayered appearance with interstices of various sizes. In incompletely digested specimens, the zonular bundles were found to dissociate into fan-shaped off-shoots, and were observed entering the meridional grooves and the surface invaginations on the ridges. The procedure used in the present study was considered to be highly useful for SEM observation of the surface morphology of the ciliary body.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1977

The architecture of the musculo-fibrous apparatus in the human orbit.

Combining the thick serial (60 mu) histological section technique with the 0.5 cm cleared section technique, a definite structural organization in orbital connective tissue and adipose tissue components lying in between, is revealed. Additionally, an interindividual uniformity and bilateral symmetry in the human orbital connective tissue structures was found. Finally, using the reconstruction technique it became clear that each eye muscle has its own connective tissue system in the orbit and that its architecture highly differs dependent on, which orbital area is approached. It is conceivable that in future the spatial architecture of the musculo-fibrous apparatus in the human orbit might prove to be of importance for clinical diagnosis and surgical approach.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Scanning electron microscopic studies on microvascular architecture of human coronary vessels by corrosion casts: normal and focal necrosis.

Microvascular architecture of the normal human heart and myocardial focal necrosis were studied by scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. Casts macroscopically identical in form to the left ventricular posterior wall were prepared. The following results were obtained in the normal human heart. Most of the arterioles communicated with capillary plexuses smoothly and straightforwardly in the left ventricular posterior free wall. Arterioles which branched from the arteries ran in various directions and continued into capillaries either at right angles or obliquely in the trabeculae carneae. Capillaries running parallel with the cardiac muscle fibers ran in different directions to cross over with each other in different layers of myocardium. Capillaries in the myocardium formed a continuous and coarse net-like architecture with many bifurcations and anastomoses. Capillaries were about 5-7 micron in diameter. Some veins gathering capillaries in the epicardium ran into the myocardium and the others ran in the epicardium. Veins connecting with capillaries in the myocardium ran in the myocardial layer and communicated with larger veins. An arterio-venous anastomosis and two different types of venous-venous anastomoses were observed in the left ventricular posterior wall. At the site of focal necrosis, cross sections of dilated vessels were observed in large numbers by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. At the site of focal necrosis, dilated capillaries running with tortuosity were seen in large numbers by scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. When compared with vessels in the normal myocardium, small arterial branches were dilated and run tortuously. These dilated capillary plexuses were observed in the area which communicated with twigs branching off at the right angle from the arterial branch.

Capillaries↗

PubMed1986

Architecture of swine lymphnode: light- and scanning electron microscopical studies.

The overall architecture of the swine lymphnode was studied on: nodes injected for the visualization of the lymph pathway, serially sectioned nodes, and material processed for scanning electron microscopy. Despite the commonly reported scheme of the node architecture, cortical-like and medullar-like tissue appeared to be intermingled seemingly with no rules in the node substance. Thus it was not uncommon to find cortical-like tissue in a peripheral position like in other mammals. A scheme of the node organization is proposed and the features of the different components of the parenchyma are described with particular emphasis on the lymphatic sinuses and the lymph pathway. Finally, scanning electron microscopical data on swine nodes are discussed and comparison made with observations reported for other mammals.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Hygienic requirements for the architectural-functional design of intensive care units (author's transl)].

Three standard variants of intensive care units are described. The hygienic-microbiological examinations of the patients' surrounding show in how fat architectural factors influence the propagation of germs responsible for nosocomial infections. The results are hygienic requirements concerning the architectural functional structure of intensive care units to facilitate the maintenance of anti- and asepsis for the nursing personal.

Facility Design and Construction↗

PubMed1983

Muscle architecture of the human lower limb.

The architectural features of the major knee extensors and flexors and ankle plantar flexors and dorsiflexors were determined in three human cadavers. There was marked uniformity of fiber length throughout a given muscle and a trend toward similar fiber lengths within muscles of a synergistic group. Muscle length/fiber length ratios were remarkably similar for all three limbs. Angles of fiber pinnation were relatively small (0 degree-15 degrees) and generally consistent throughout the muscle. From these architectural data, the performance of a muscle was studied with respect to its tension production and velocity of shortening potentials. The tension is a function of the number of sarcomeres in parallel, and the velocity of shortening is a function of the number of sarcomeres in series. Muscles were grouped according to whether they showed a predilection for tension or velocity of shortening.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1983

Architecture of human pancreas: implications for early changes in pancreatic disease.

An increased proportion of ductulelike structures, sometimes dilated, occurs in association with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and pancreatic ectasia associated with conditions such as uremia. This frequently is interpreted as ductular proliferation, implying origin in ductal elements. Recent animal studies have provided an altered view of pancreatic architecture that is consistent with acinar dedifferentiation leading to the ductulelike structures, or tubular complexes. The architecture of pancreas from organ donors was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy and by wax reconstruction of serial sections. It is concluded that the zymogen granule-containing cells of normal human exocrine pancreas are arranged as branching tubules that vary in diameter and curve acutely. The tubules frequently end blindly to form acinar structures; less frequently they anastomose. This arrangement is consistent with the interpretation that tubular complexes associated with pancreatic disease result from dedifferentiative changes in acinar cells. Tubular complexes may reflect a defect or defects common to pancreatic disease rather than ductular proliferation specific to each one.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

[Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome : analysis of craniofacial architecture in six cases (author's transl)].

The trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, first described by Giedon in 1966, is a condition characterized not only by skeletal, nasal, and phanerian anomalies, but by typical changes in craniofacial architecture : the vertical height of the face and cranium is increased, and there is broadening of the sagittal maxillomandibular width compensatory bilateral retroalveoli. According to Delaire, who analyzed the craniofacial architecture, the primary etiological feature of the characteristic craniofacial modifications observed in this syndrome is a reduction in size of the craniofacial basal structure.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed1982

[Anatomical and radiological studies of the internal architecture of the hip (author's transl)].

Internal architecture and detailed shapes of the adult pelvis and femur were studied anatomically and radiologically. The measurements of torsion and curvature of the femurs were investigated using the special pattern gauge. The pelvis and femurs were sectioned transversely into several specimens and changing patterns of the osseous column were observed for each specimen. Torsion in the calcar femorale of the femur is reversely correlated with the anteversion and plays an important dynamic role for the internal weight bearing system. Although the central part of the cervical region of the femur is architecturally a fragile part, torsion and curvature of the cervical region form a shape serving the purpose by working in a rational way. There are three groups of osseous beams gathering at the acetabulum of the pelvis. These groups of osseous beams being exposed to the load and force from the perifemoral muscle probably induce torsion of the pelvis. There is a correlation between torsion of the pelvis and the forward-opening angle of the acetabulum.

Aged↗

PubMed1981

Microvascular architecture of rat and human testes.

We made corrosion casts of the testicular vessels in rats and humans and investigated their architecture by scanning electron microscopy. Two types of capillaries, intertubular and peritubular, were clearly demonstrated in the rat testis; the former formed a dense network with a polyhedral shape and the latter had a rope-ladder-like appearance. The architecture of the human testis was very complicated; the intertubular capillaries formed either no clear capillary network or a very loose one. The peritubular capillaries did not show a rope-ladder-like appearance.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1978

The architecture of cancellous bone.

The architecture of cancellous bone has been studied in macerated human bones. A number of distinct types of architecture can be recognized as follows: Type I consists of a very delicate meshwork of fine rods. Type II is made up of both rods and plates. Sub-type IIa is a meshwork similar to Type I, but a varying proportion of rad are replaced by delicate plates. Sub-type IIb shows the presence of thin but large fenestrated plates with a well marked orientation in preferred planes; these are interconnected by smaller plates and rods. Sub-type IIc is made up of relatively thick and extensive arranged for the most part parallel to one another, the plates being connected to each other by fine rods. Type III is made up entirely of plates. Delicate plates may form a meshwork in which a directional orientation may or may not be apparent (Sub-type IIIa). Elsewhere better defined, larger plates may enclose tubular spaces (Sub-type IIIb). In some areas (where cancellous bone is very dense) small relatively thick plates enclose irregular spaces; the appearance may closely resemble that of a honeycomb when the spaces are small, but elsewhere the spaces may show a definite directional orientation. The wall of the marrow cavity of long bones is seldom smooth. It is characterized by the presence of plates and rods in various configurations. A distinct marrow cavity is seen in the majority of clavicles examined.

Bone and Bones↗

PubMed1981

Sequential changes in bone marrow architecture during continuous low dose gamma irradiation.

Beagles continuously exposed to low daily doses (10 R) of whole-body 60Co gamma-radiation are prone to develop either early occurring aplastic anemia or late occurring myeloproliferative disorders (Seed et al., 1977). In this study, we have examined by a combination of light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy the sequential changes in the morphology of biopsied rib bone marrow of continuously irradiated dogs that developed either aplastic anemia, myelofibrosis, or myelogenous leukemia. Characteristic modification of key elements of marrow architecture have been observed during preclinical and clinical phases of these hemopathological conditions. The more prominent of these changes include the following. (i) In developing aplastic anemia: severe vascular sinus and parenchymal cord compression, and focally degenerate endosteal surfaces. (ii) In developing myelofibrosis: hyperplasia of endosteal and reticular stomal elements. (iii) In developing leukemia: hypertrophy of reticular and endothelial elements in the initial restructuring of the stromal matrix and the subsequent aberrant hemopoietic repopulation of the initially depleted stromal matrix. These architectural changes during preclinical phases appear to be related to the pathological progression to each of the radiation-induced hemopathological end points.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

The effects of doxofylline versus theophylline on sleep architecture in COPD patients.

Theophylline is known to alter sleep architecture because of its affinity to adenosine receptors. One of the consequences of disrupted sleep is impaired cognitive performance. A single-blind, randomized cross-over study of eight male chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients was undertaken to evaluate the effects of theophylline versus doxofylline on sleep architecture. The patients, who were all ex-smokers, had been treated with theophylline. Mean age was 53 +/- 12 yrs, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 50 +/- 22% predicted and forced vital capacity (FVC) 70 +/- 18% predicted. Following a wash-out period, four patients were given oral slow-release theophylline (T) (300 mg b.i.d.) for one week, followed by a cross-over to doxofylline (D) (400 mg t.i.d.) for a second week. The other four patients were given the drugs in the reverse order. All patients underwent polysomnography at baseline and at the end of each week of treatment. The number of arousals per hour was 5.5 +/- 2.9 at baseline, 9.4 +/- 5.2 during T treatment and 5.4 +/- 4.4 during D treatment. During T treatment, sleep efficiency was 60 +/- 19% vs 75 +/- 13% recorded at baseline trial and 68 +/- 25 recorded during D treatment. Sleep quality, during T treatment, was poorer than at baseline, with a greater increase in the percentage of wakefulness and more stage 2 sleep than at baseline. Slow wave sleep was reduced with both treatments, particularly D. Neither drug affected the arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) or respiratory rate during sleep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1995

A portable, GUI-based, object-oriented client-server architecture for computer-based patient record (CPR) systems.

Software applications for computer-based patient records require substantial development investments. Portable, open software architectures are one way to delay or avoid software application obsolescence. The Clinical Management System at Temple University School of Dentistry uses a portable, GUI-based, object-oriented client-server architecture. Two main criteria determined this approach: preservation of investment in software development and a smooth migration path to a Computer-based Patient Record. The application is separated into three layers: graphical user interface, database interface, and application functionality Implementation with generic cross-platform development tools ensures maximum portability.

Humans↗