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PubMed1999

Dementia in affective disorder: a case-register study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate whether patients with affective disorder have increased risk of developing dementia compared to other groups of psychiatric patients and compared to the general population. METHOD: In the Danish psychiatric central register, 3363 patients with unipolar affective disorder, 518 patients with bipolar affective disorder, 1025 schizophrenic and 8946 neurotic patients were identified according to the diagnosis at the first ever discharge from psychiatric hospital during the period from 1970 to 1974. The rate of discharge diagnosis of dementia on readmission was estimated during 21 years of follow-up. In addition, the rates were compared with the rates for admission to psychiatric hospitals with a discharge diagnosis of dementia for the total Danish population. RESULTS: Patients with unipolar and with bipolar affective disorder had a greater risk of receiving a diagnosis of dementia than patients with schizophrenia and those with neurosis. All groups of patients had a higher risk of being given a diagnosis of dementia than gender- and age-matched samples of the general population. CONCLUSION: Patients with affective disorder appear to be at increased risk of developing dementia.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Citric acid treatment of periodontitis-affected cementum. A scanning electron microscopic study.

Previous studies have described an inconsistent histological occurrence of a zone of surface demineralization on periodontitis-affected cementum following treatment with citric acid, and a lack of connective tissue attachment to the latter surfaces. In view of these findings, the purpose of the present study was to use scanning electron microscopy to examine the surface morphology of cementum from normal and periodontitis-affected root surfaces following citric acid treatment for differences in the effects of the demineralizing solution on these surfaces. Cementum surfaces were derived from the roots of extracted human teeth from areas beneath attached periodontal ligament fibers (normal) and calculus deposits (periodontitis-affected). 5 specimens were evaluated in both groups. Periodontal ligament fibers were removed from normal root surfaces with a curette, and calculus deposits were removed from periodontitis-affected root surfaces using an ultrasonic scaler. The resultant 5 specimens in each group were then sectioned in half, one-half serving as the untreated control and the other as the experimental, citric acid treated specimen. Experimental specimens were immersed in a saturated solution of citric acid, pH 1 for 3 min and then rinsed in tap water. Both control and experimental specimens were dehydrated in ethanol, critical-point dried, sputter-coated with gold and examined in the scanning electron microscope for morphological characteristics. Citric acid treatment of cementum from normal root surfaces produced an undulating, markedly fibrillar surface morphology which is consistent with the exposure of a fibrillar, collagen substrate. Periodontitis-affected cementum, however, was not appreciably altered in appearance by the citric acid treatment, having only a faint mat-like surface texture. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Citrates↗
PubMed2004

Affection and conflict in marital and parent-child relationships.

In this study, we examined affection and conflict in marital and parent-child relationships, as reported by mothers, fathers, and 9- and 10-year-old children in a community sample of 87 families. Affection and conflict were inversely related within relationships, with mixed findings across relationships. Most reports showed an association between marital and parent-child conflict as well as between marital and parent-child affection. According to fathers, however, the association between marital affection and father-child affection is moderated by marital conflict. Clinical implications of the associations between positive and negative dimensions of family interaction and of the links between marital and parent-child relations are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Resin adhesion to caries-affected dentine after different removal methods.

BACKGROUND: Caries-affected dentine is the common bonding substrate when treating a patient. At present, there are many methods used for caries removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength of two adhesives (Clearfil Protect Bond and OptiBond Solo Plus Total-Etch) to caries-affected dentine after three different caries removal methods. METHODS: Extracted carious human third molars were used and caries-affected dentine surfaces were obtained from one of the three removal methods: (i) round steel bur in a slow-speed handpiece; (ii) Er:YAG laser; or (iii) 600-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper. Each of the adhesives was used to bond resin composite to the caries-affected dentine according to the manufacturers' instructions. Hourglass-shaped specimens were prepared and stressed in tension at 1mm/min. Data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance and least significant difference test. RESULTS: Clearfil Protect Bond showed significantly lower bond strength than OptiBond Solo Plus Total-Etch after caries removal with round steel bur, but the opposite was found for specimens treated with silicon carbide abrasive paper. For laser-treated dentine, no significant differences between the adhesives were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Besides the differences in adhesives, different caries removal methods seem to influence resin adhesion to caries-affected dentine.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Responses of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to inhalation challenges with mould antigens.

Eight control and 8 asymptomatic COPD-affected horses were given, on separate occasions, inhalation challenges with extracts of Micropolyspora faeni, Aspergillus fumigatus and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. All horses were also given nebulised phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) challenges and 'natural challenges' (NCs), i.e. exposure to hay and straw, as control challenges. Responses were assessed by clinical, pulmonary mechanics, arterial blood gas tensions, arterial blood pH and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological examinations. PBS challenges had no effect on control or COPD-affected horses, while NC induced COPD only in the COPD-affected horses. Pulmonary disease, similar to naturally occurring COPD, was induced, only in the COPD-affected horses, by M. faeni and A. fumigatus challenges, thus implicating these organisms in the aetiology of equine COPD. The role of T. vulgaris in the aetiology of equine COPD could not, however, be determined because the T. vulgaris challenges, in addition to inducing pulmonary disease in 4 COPD-affected horses, induced pulmonary disease in 2 control horses which had been unaffected by NC. The absence of pulmonary disease in control horses after M. faeni, A. fumigatus and NC challenges suggests that equine COPD is a pulmonary hypersensitivity, rather than a non-specific toxic response.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2002

Relationship between markers of blood oxidant status and physiological variables in healthy and heaves-affected horses after exercise.

Exercise-induced oxidative stress is investigated as a potential performance-limiting factor in human sports medicine. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess whether physiological variables that change with exercise intensity were correlated with blood oxidant markers in healthy and heaves-affected horses. Seven healthy horses, 8 heaves-affected in remission and 7 heaves-affected in crisis performed a standardised exercise test (SET) of stepwise increasing intensity. Variables monitored during exercise were heart rate (HR), venous plasma lactate (LA), packed cell volume (PCV) and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2). Oxidant markers (uric acid [UA], 8-iso-PGF2alpha and reduced [GSH] and oxidised glutathione [GSSG]) were analysed in venous peripheral blood sampled at rest (R), at peak-exercise intensity (Emax), 15 (E15) and 60 (E60) min after SET. There was a significant effect of heaves on oxidant markers and, therefore, correlation analyses between physiological variables and oxidant markers were performed separately per horse group. In healthy horses, UA analysed at Emax was positively correlated with LA. Furthermore, GSH analysed at Emax and E15 was positively correlated with PaO2. In healthy and heaves-affected horses in remission, GSH and GSSG determined at Emax were negatively correlated with HR. There was no significant correlation between 8-iso-PGF2alpha and physiological variables. In conclusion, a correlation between the physiological response to exercise and some oxidant markers exists in healthy horses. However, in heaves-affected horses the blood oxidant status is probably more dependant on airway disease than on exercise. Future studies should be undertaken to assess whether antioxidant supplementation might positively influence the oxidant-antiodidant balance in exercising horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Regulation of phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by factors affecting mitochondrial development.

Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase (PGPS; CDP-diacylglycerol glycerol 3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase; EC 2.7.8.5) catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of cardiolipin, an acidic phospholipid found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PGPS expression is coordinately regulated with general phospholipid synthesis and is repressed when cells are grown in the presence of the phospholipid precursor inositol (M. L. Greenberg, S. Hubbell, and C. Lam, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4773-4779, 1988). In this study, we examined the regulation of PGPS in growth conditions affecting mitochondrial development (carbon source, growth stage, and oxygen availability) and in strains with genetic lesions affecting mitochondrial function. PGPS derepressed two- to threefold when cells were grown in a nonfermentable carbon source (glycerol-ethanol), and this derepression was independent of the presence of inositol. PGPS derepressed two- to fourfold as cells entered the stationary phase of growth. Stationary-phase derepression occurred in both glucose- and glycerol-ethanol-grown cells and was slightly greater in cells grown in the presence of inositol and choline. PGPS expression in mitochondria was not affected when cells were grown in the absence of oxygen. In mutants lacking mitochondrial DNA [( rho0] mutants), PGPS activity was 30 to 70% less than in isogenic [rho+] strains. PGPS activity in [rho0] strains was subject to inositol-mediated repression. PGPS activity in [rho0] cell extracts was derepressed twofold as the [rho0] cells entered the stationary phase of growth. No growth phase derepression was observed in mitochondrial extracts of the [rho0] cells. Relative cardiolipin content increased in glycerol-ethanol-grown cells but was not affected by growth stage or by growth in the presence of the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline. These results demonstrate that (i) PGPS expression is regulated by factors affecting mitochondrial development; (ii) regulation of PGPS by these factors is independent of cross-pathway control; and (iii) PGPS expression is never fully repressed, even during anaerobic growth.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1999

Why children with inflammatory bowel disease are diagnosed at a younger age than their affected parent.

BACKGROUND: Genetic anticipation has been proposed to explain observed age differences at diagnosis of Crohn's disease in affected parents and offspring. AIMS: To compare affected parent-child pairs with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis with a control group of non-familial patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in order to quantify whether ascertainment bias could account for this effect. METHODS: 137 affected parent-child pairs from 96 families and 214 patients with sporadic IBD were studied. Age at onset of symptoms and diagnosis were ascertained by interview and disease confirmed from clinical records. RESULTS: Of the 137 affected parent-child pairs, 50 had Crohn's disease only, 51 had ulcerative colitis only, and in 36, one had Crohn's disease and the other ulcerative colitis. The median age of parents at diagnosis was 17.5 years older, 16 years older, and 18 years older in the Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and mixed disease families respectively (p<0.001 in each case). These observed age differences were compatible with those predicted from the regression lines of years of birth against age at diagnosis for the non-familial IBD patients. No evidence was found for an effect of parental sex on age at diagnosis or disease extent in offspring. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of genetic anticipation or genomic imprinting of age at diagnosis in this sample of IBD families. Ascertainment bias is responsible for the age differences at diagnosis between affected parents and children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Investigation of factors affecting superovulation and non-surgical embryo recovery from lactating British Friesian cows.

Factors affecting the success of superovulation and embryo recovery were examined in two groups of 16 lactating Friesian cows which were superovulated twice at five to six week intervals in a 24 factorial experiment. There were no differences in ovarian response using pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin or human menopausal gonadotrophin. A total of 3000 iu human chorionic gonadotrophin given intravenously at the first insemination significantly (P less than 0.01) affected embryo recovery rate. A single intramuscular treatment with releasing hormone had no effect. A lower proportion of unfertilised eggs was recovered after insemination with semen from a bull of above average fertility than with semen from a bull of below average fertility (P less than 0.03). Insemination routines affected both the proportion of unfertilised eggs (P = 0.06) and embryo recovery rate (P less than 0.03). Antibacterial treatment given when insemination was carried out after the end of oestrus did not affect success. The three-way circulation system of embryo and fluid recovery was significantly (P less than 0.01) more efficient than the two-way to-and-fro system at day 7 after oestrus, but this appeared to alter at day 8 in favour of the two-way system. A more efficient fluid recovery was achieved with the three-way system (P less than 0.001). Catheter location, catheter size, interval from calving and condition of the donor did not affect success, but embryo recovery rate from younger cows (less than 4.5 years) was lower than from older animals (4.5 to 7 years) (P less than 0.05).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Multivariate analysis on factors affecting suppression of thyroid-stimulating hormone in treated congenital hypothyroidism.

AIMS: To determine the factors which influence the suppression of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in infants with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) following treatment. METHODS: We examined retrospectively the patterns of thyroid function tests from diagnosis to 3 years of age in 140 infants diagnosed with CH from screening. Patients were classified into 3 groups: athyreosis, ectopia and presumed dyshormonogenesis on the basis of thyroid scans. Adequate TSH suppression was defined as plasma TSH concentration <6 mU/l. The factors affecting the suppression of TSH at 6 months and 1 year of age which were evaluated were: initial confirmatory plasma TSH, initial plasma thyroxine (T4), mean age of starting treatment with L-T4, dose of L-T4 at diagnosis, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, and aetiology of the congenital hypothyroidism. Variables were then entered in a stepwise logistic regression model for TSH suppression at 6 months and 1 year of age. RESULTS: All infants had radionuclide scans prior to treatment: athyreosis (n = 39), ectopia (n = 78) and dyshormonogenesis (n = 23). 58% of patients had persistently raised TSH at 6 months of age while 31% of patients had a persistently raised TSH at 1 year of age. There was a significant delay in the normalisation of plasma TSH in athyreosis and ectopia groups compared with dyshormonogenesis. Multiple regression analysis for TSH suppression at 6 months of age found plasma T4 levels and aetiology of CH as independent factors affecting the timing of TSH suppression. Aetiology of CH was the only independent factor affecting TSH suppression at 1 year of age. CONCLUSION: At 6 months of age, plasma T4 levels at 6 weeks and 3 months, and aetiology of CH were independent factors affecting timing of TSH suppression. However, by 1 year of age, the aetiology of CH was the only independent factor affecting suppression of TSH.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

Affective disorders in motor neuron disease: a population-based study.

Several studies have suggested that there may be an increased prevalence of affective disorders in people with motor neuron disease (MND). However, the literature is inconsistent, possibly because of small sample sizes in the existing studies. The Canadian province of Alberta has a universal health care system in which physician contacts are recorded along with ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes. In this analysis, diagnostic codes indicative of MND and affective disorders were used. Stratified analysis and logistic regression were used in the analysis. There were 336 cases of MND leading to a prevalence of 14.5 per 100,000 in provincial residents > or =20 years old. Affective disorders were identified in 8.6% of the total population during the same year. The crude odds ratio for affective disorders in MND was 2.3 (95% CI = 1.7-3.0). However, the prevalence of affective disorders declined with increasing illness duration.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Alpha-2-adrenoreceptor binding as a possible vulnerability marker for affective disorders.

The affinity (1/Kd) and density (Bmax) of alpha 2-adrenoreceptors in platelet membranes were studied in patients with major depressed illness (n = 10), affected first-degree relatives (n = 17), nonaffected first-degree relatives (n = 44) and controls (n = 31). The alpha 2 selective antagonist 3H-yohimbine was used as the radioligand. The mean Bmax values of affected subjects (probands and relatives) were significantly lower than those of controls. There was no difference in Kd values between the controls and affected subjects. There was a positive gradient of the mean Bmax values from the groups of probands to affected relatives, unaffected relatives and control subjects. A familial effect of Bmax values between members of the same families confirms a genetic control of alpha-receptor affinity. These results support the hypothesis that the density of alpha 2-adrenoreceptors, evaluated by 3H-yohimbine binding on human platelets, could be a potential vulnerability marker for affective disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Schizo-affective disorders: 'just another illness' or key to understanding the psychoses?

Descriptive studies of schizo-affective disorder can be reviewed to suggest answers to several major questions regarding this disorder. Cross-sectional studies have not supported the existence of a dichotomy between schizophrenia and affective disorders. Rather, they suggest a continuum of disorders with schizo-affective clinical pictures in the middle. Longitudinal studies indicate that some patients with schizophrenia and major affective disorders go through a 'schizo-affective period' on the way to developing the clinical picture of the other disorder, while still other patients have a continuity of syndrome type. These findings suggest the importance of considering disorder processes rather than just disease types. An interactive developmental model of disorder is one way of conceptualizing these processes.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of carbon dioxide responsiveness of cerebellar blood flow between affected and unaffected sides with crossed cerebellar diaschisis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Concerning vasoreactivity of cerebellar blood flow (CeBF) in patients affected with crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD), several controversies have been reported. One is reduced asymmetry of CeBF after acetazolamide administration in 99mTc hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime single-photon emission-computed tomography, and the other is persistent asymmetry with alternation in PaCO2 using the 133Xe clearance method. The purpose of this study is to examine whether CeBF vasoreactivity in the side affected with CCD is the same as that in the unaffected side. METHODS: We analyzed CeBF during hypocapnia, normocapnia, and hypercapnia performed in 27 patients with cerebrovascular disease (age range, 38 to 73 years; mean age, 62.0 +/- 8.5 years) affected by CCD. CeBF was measured using H2(15)O and positron emission tomography. RESULTS: The CeBF ratio of CCD-affected side to CCD-unaffected side was consistent during the perturbation of PaCO2. This ratio was 0.82 +/- 0.08 for PaCO2 elevation and 0.83 +/- 0.07 for PaCO2 lowering. Both were not significantly different from unity. CONCLUSIONS: The percent change of CeBF per millimeter of mercury PaCO2 change was uniform across affected and unaffected sides with CCD. These findings are consistent with our recent findings observed in activated cerebral tissue during photic stimulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Sexual histories and premenstrual affective syndrome in psychiatric inpatients.

Of 45 female inpatients with schizophrenia, depression, borderline personality, or depression and borderline personality, 28 met criteria for probable or definite premenstrual affective syndrome. Of these 28, 16 had abnormal sexual histories, compared with only 1 of the 17 women who did not have premenstrual affective syndrome. Of the 12 patients with both depression and borderline personality disorder, 9 had both premenstrual affective syndrome and abnormal sexual histories. The 6 patients who had been raped all met the criteria for premenstrual affective syndrome. The authors suggest that premenstrual affective syndrome may signify unresolved sexual conflicts in subgroups of psychiatric patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Schizophrenia-related and affective personality disorder traits in relatives of probands with schizophrenia and personality disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The possible heterogeneity of the schizophrenia-related personality disorder traits associated with DSM-III criteria for schizotypal personality disorder was investigated using the family history method. A familial relationship to schizophrenia was hypothesized for schizophrenia-related personality disorder traits without coexisting affective personality disorder traits, pure schizophrenia-related personality disorder traits. Alternatively, a familial relationship with borderline personality disorder was hypothesized for schizophrenia-related personality disorder traits with comorbid affective personality disorder traits. METHOD: Criteria for schizophrenia-related and affective personality disorder traits were used to assess the 588 nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of 55 chronic schizophrenic probands and 67 probands with personality disorders. The probands with one or more DSM-III personality disorders were categorized as having schizotypal personality disorder without borderline personality disorder (pure schizotypal personality disorder), borderline personality disorder without schizotypal personality disorder (pure borderline personality disorder), both disorders, or neither. RESULTS: The morbid risk of all cases of schizophrenia-related personality disorder traits was higher in relatives of probands with schizophrenia and pure schizotypal personality disorder than in relatives of probands with neither schizotypal nor borderline personality disorder; however, it differed only slightly from that observed in the relatives of probands with both schizotypal and borderline personality disorders and pure borderline personality disorder. In contrast, the risk of pure schizophrenia-related personality disorder traits was higher in relatives of probands with schizophrenia and pure schizotypal personality disorder, while the risk of coexisting schizophrenia-related and affective personality disorder traits was lower in both of these groups than among the relatives of probands with both schizotypal and borderline personality disorders and pure borderline personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These results offer preliminary indications that schizotypal personality disorder features present without comorbid affective personality disorder traits may more specifically characterize the personality characteristics familially related to schizophrenia. Furthermore, they indicate that schizotypal personality disorder features as currently defined are found in relatives of patients other than those with schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Alcoholism and affective disorder: clinical course of depressive symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the severity of and the change in depressive symptoms among men with alcohol dependence, affective disorder, or both disorders during 4 weeks of inpatient treatment. METHOD: After their primary and secondary psychiatric disorders were defined with the use of criteria based on chronology of symptoms, 54 unmedicated men entering treatment for alcohol dependence or affective disorder were assessed for 4 consecutive weeks with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. RESULTS: The findings indicate that the rate of remission of depressive symptoms was consistent with the primary diagnosis. Depressive symptoms remitted more rapidly among the men with primary alcoholism than among those with primary affective disorder. However, a minimum of 3 weeks of abstinence from alcohol appeared to be necessary to consistently differentiate the groups with dual diagnoses on the basis of their current depressive symptoms. Alcohol dependence occurring in conjunction with primary affective disorder did not intensify presenting depressive symptoms or retard the resolution of such symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnoses of alcohol dependence and affective disorder based on symptom chronology appear to have prognostic significance with respect to remission of depressive symptoms in men with both diagnoses. Depressive symptoms of dysphoric mood, dysfunctional cognitions, vegetative symptoms, and anxiety/agitation showed different rates and levels of remission across the primary diagnostic groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Association of the dysbindin gene with bipolar affective disorder.

OBJECTIVE: In the study of bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia, there is some evidence suggesting a phenotypic and genetic overlap between the two disorders. A possible link between bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia remains arguable, however. The authors hypothesized that dysbindin, which is a probable susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, was associated with bipolar affective disorder and tested this hypothesis using a case-control design study. METHOD: Participants included 213 patients with bipolar I disorder and 197 comparison subjects. In each subject, 10 polymorphisms in the dysbindin gene were genotyped and assessed. RESULTS: Two polymorphisms showed individual genotypic association with bipolar I disorder. Multiple marker haplotypes were more strongly associated, with the rarer of the two common haplotypes being overrepresented in the patients with bipolar affective disorder. A similar finding was reported in patients with schizophrenia in a previous study. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that the human dysbindin gene may play a role in the susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder, which underscores a potentially important area of etiological overlap with schizophrenia. The existence of shared genetic risk factors will, in time, lead to changes in the current nosology of major psychoses.

Bipolar Disorder↗