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PubMed1990

Objective assessment in dementia: automated psychometric tests and the P3.

Event-related potentials have been shown to be closely correlated with cognitive functioning and it has been suggested that one such potential, the P3, can act as an objective and sensitive measure of the degree of dementia. The P3 is no longer thought of as a diagnostic tool in dementia; however, longitudinal changes in the P3 latency can be used to follow the course of a dementing illness or to assess effects of therapy. It is possible that the measurement of P3 latency may prove useful in the selection of patients with early dementia. Automated psychometric tests are also of considerable value in assessing large numbers of cognitively impaired subjects. The advantages of using these tests and their usefulness in multicentre drug trials is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Effects of age, sex, and reproductive status on scent marking frequencies in the golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia.

This study reports on the longitudinal changes in scent marking frequencies of male and female lion tamarins in relation to age, reproductive status, and group composition. Juvenile males and females in family groups and subordinate males in trios (2 males, 1 female) scent marked infrequently. Juvenile females scent marked less than juvenile males and began scent marking later. Adult pair-bonded males and females scent marked with similar frequencies. Females showed scent marking increases during mid-pregnancy, but their scent marking decreased both before and again after parturition. Both males and females exhibited decreases in scent marking while transporting dependent infants.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1980

Correlation of gonadotropins with unbound testosterone during puberty in males.

The longitudinal change in the percentage binding of testosterone has been studied in 137 serum samplings from 41 pubertal males. Free (unbound) testosterone levels were also calculated and total and free testosterone levels evaluated according to the stage of sexual development and correlated with LH and FSH levels obtained concomitantly. There was a progressive rise of total and free testosterone levels throughout puberty closely correlated with pubic hair staging. Serum LH levels correlated significantly with both total and free testosterone levels while serum FSH correlated with total but not free testosterone levels.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Seven-year follow-up of cardiovascular study and maximal exercise of Chinese men.

A seven-year follow-up in 1973 of a prospective cardiovascular study of 1820 initially, healthy, middle-aged Chinese men of 40-59 years of age identified 1745 (95.9%) known survivors, 49 (2.7%) interim deaths, and 26 (1.4) who could not be traced. Of the survivors, 1462 (83.8%) were re-examined, 292 (16.7%) had another treadmill test of maximal exercise, and 283 (16.2%) failed to return for re-examination. On the basis of interim surveillance of hospital admissions, questionnaires and re-examination, a greater incidence of noncardiovascular events (338 or 18.6%) than evidence of cardiovascular disease (220 or 12.1%) was found while the majority (1021 or 56.1%) remained healthy. Total mortality was 0.29 for men under 50 and 0.76 per 100 person-years for men of 50 or more years of age. Only nine, or 18.4% of the deaths were due to cardiovascular causes, and unexpectedly for this population sample, only three were attributed to stroke. When cardiovascular morbidity was related to presence of ST depression after maximal exercise, to hypertension at rest by WHO criteria, to both findings, or to absence of either on initial intake examination, incidence increased from 2.3% for NEITHER group, to 5.7% for ST group, to 11.9% for HT group, and to 25.0% for BOTH groups. Re-examination revealed more evidence of cardiovascular disease than did surveillance of hospital admissions. Additional to effects of aging and mild adiposity, longitudinal changes in blood pressure and ST depression, increasing in the NEITHER group, but less frequent in the other groups, showed some evidence of regression toward the mean, as well as emerging disease and the confounding effects of uncontrolled treatment of hypertension in many. The potential for prediction of subsequent cardiovascular morbidity or mortality appeared stronger for hypertension than for postexertional ST depression, although the two were additive in this population, which is more prone to hypertension and stroke but now is developing clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease more frequently.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Blood pressure in young blacks and whites: relevance of obesity and lifestyle factors in determining differences. The CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults.

BACKGROUND: Middle-aged black men and women have higher blood pressure, on average, than whites. However, this pattern is inconsistent in children and adolescents. This study explores how differences in lifestyle factors in young adulthood may influence blood pressure patterns in the two races. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study is an ongoing collaborative investigation of lifestyle and the evolution of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a random sample of young adults ages 18 to 30 years at baseline (1985 to 1986). Data from four examinations over 7 years were analyzed with the use of a method that simultaneously examined cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships of lifestyle factors and blood pressure. This study included 1154 black women, 853 black men, 1126 white women, and 1013 white men. Blacks had higher systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure than whites at every examination. Racial differences were much greater in women than in men and increased over time. Within each sex-race group, average diastolic blood pressure over four examinations was positively associated with baseline age, body mass index, and alcohol intake and negatively associated with physical activity, cigarette use, and intake of potassium and protein. Longitudinal change in diastolic blood pressure was positively associated with changes in body mass index and alcohol intake. After adjustment for obesity and other lifestyle factors, black-white diastolic blood pressure differences were reduced substantially: 21% to 75% for men and 49% to 129% for women. Results for systolic blood pressure were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in obesity and other lifestyle factors in young adults largely explain the higher baseline blood pressure and greater increase over time of blacks relative to whites.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Biological and social correlates of blood pressure among Japanese men in Hawaii.

A cohort of more than 8,000 Japanese men living in Hawaii was studied for factors associated with blood pressure levels, with an emphasis on biological and sociocultural variables. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of more than 50 variables indicated that obesity, age, hematocrit, heart rate, forced vital capacity, serum triglyceride, serum uric acid, cigarette consumption, and family history of hypertension were independently associated with both cross-sectional levels and longitudinal changes in blood pressure. Serum glucose and alcohol consumption were associated with cross-sectional levels only. There was little evidence of association for specific dietary items, type of diet, diet changes, or use of salt. Furthermore, there was no support for the psychosocial hypotheses of elevated blood pressure from the stress of migration, acculturation, or status incongruity.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1987

Cataracts and hypertension in salt-sensitive rats. A possible ion transport defect.

In previous unrelated studies, we observed a 35 to 50% incidence of cataract formation in several groups of Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats (DS) over a 4-year period. In the present study we evaluated longitudinal changes in blood pressure in DS in which cataracts eventually developed and those in which cataracts did not develop when all animals were maintained on a high sodium diet. Lenses were evaluated by slit-lamp microscopy to determine if cataractous lesions were similar among rats, to classify lesion types, and to define the age at which cataracts were detectable in DS. The possible participation of several cataractogenic risk factors as major influences on cataract formation also was evaluated. Finally, aqueous humor concentrations and lenticular content of sodium and potassium were determined to evaluate the possibility that a defect in ion transport at the lens epithelium and ciliary body might play a role in cataractogenesis in DS, since ion transport defects have been shown to lead to lens opacification in other models of genetic and experimental cataracts. Parallel studies were performed in Dahl salt-resistant control rats (DR). A high incidence of cataract formation was found in DS. Although systolic blood pressure was not consistently greater in adult DS with cataracts compared with values in age-matched DS without cataracts, the initial pressor response to a high salt diet was greatest in weanling DS in which cataractous lesions later developed. Slit-lamp analysis revealed that cataracts in this genetic model were cortical, with one mixed cortical, nuclear lesion. Posterior subcapsular lesions were not observed, suggesting that lesions were not steroid-induced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Poststroke "pushing": natural history and relationship to motor and functional recovery.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with hemiparetic stroke have impaired balance control. Some patients ("pushers") are resistant to accepting weight on and actively "push" away from the nonparetic side. This research identified pushers from stroke patients with moderate to severe hemiparesis and examined longitudinal changes in symptoms, level of impairment, and functional independence. METHODS: Prospective sample of hemiparetic stroke patients (n=65) located in Toronto, Canada. Detailed clinical assessments were performed within 10 days postonset, at 6 weeks, and at 3 months. RESULTS: At 1 week after stroke, 63% of patients demonstrated features of pushing. In 62% of pushers, symptoms resolved by 6 weeks, whereas in 21%, pushing symptoms persisted at 3 months. Motor recovery and functional abilities at 3 months were significantly lower among the pushers compared with the nonpushers. Pushers also had a significantly longer hospital length of stay (89 days versus 57 days). It is noteworthy that motor and functional recovery improved significantly over the 3-month study period for both pushers and nonpushers. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of stroke patients with pushing symptoms has prognostic implications for recovery. In light of this potential recovery, rehabilitation specialists need to refine treatment approaches for the pushers to further improve functional outcome.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Determinants of quality of life in stroke survivors and their informal caregivers.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We examined longitudinal changes of quality of life (QOL) covering physical and mental factors in an unselected group of stroke patients and their informal caregivers. Our hypothesis was that informal caregivers would have better QOL than patients at both follow-ups, and that changes, if any, would be related to the patients' status. METHODS: QOL of 304 consecutive stroke patients and their 234 informal caregivers from the population-based Lund Stroke Register was assessed 4 months after stroke onset with the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire. SF-36 was repeated for both groups after 16 months together with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-20) for patients. RESULTS: The patients' mean QOL scores improved between 4 and 16 months after stroke in the socio-emotional and mental SF-36 domains and decreased in the domain physical function. Multivariate analyses showed that the patients' most important determinants of QOL after 16 months were GDS-20 score, functional status, age, and gender. Informal caregivers had better QOL than patients except for the domain role emotional and the mental component summary. The caregivers' most important determinants of QOL were their own age and the patients' functional status. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights depressive symptoms in determining QOL of stroke patients. Despite self-perceived deterioration in physical function over time, several other components of QOL improved, suggesting internal adaptation to changes in their life situations. Informal caregivers of stroke patients may be under considerable strain as suggested by their lower emotional-mental scores.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

Anatomical substrates of visual and auditory miniature second-language learning.

Longitudinal changes in brain activity during second language (L2) acquisition of a miniature finite-state grammar, named Wernickese, were identified with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants learned either a visual sign language form or an auditory-verbal form to equivalent proficiency levels. Brain activity during sentence comprehension while hearing/viewing stimuli was assessed at low, medium, and high levels of proficiency in three separate fMRI sessions. Activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) correlated positively with improving L2 proficiency, whereas activity in the right-hemisphere (RH) homologue was negatively correlated for both auditory and visual forms of the language. Activity in sequence learning areas including the premotor cortex and putamen also correlated with L2 proficiency. Modality-specific differences in the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal accompanying L2 acquisition were localized to the planum temporale (PT). Participants learning the auditory form exhibited decreasing reliance on bilateral PT sites across sessions. In the visual form, bilateral PT sites increased in activity between Session 1 and Session 2, then decreased in left PT activity from Session 2 to Session 3. Comparison of L2 laterality (as compared to L1 laterality) in auditory and visual groups failed to demonstrate greater RH lateralization for the visual versus auditory L2. These data establish a common role for Broca's area in language acquisition irrespective of the perceptual form of the language and suggest that L2s are processed similar to first languages even when learned after the "critical period." The right frontal cortex was not preferentially recruited by visual language after accounting for phonetic/structural complexity and performance.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2005

Selective reductions in plasma Abeta 1-42 in healthy elderly subjects during longitudinal follow-up: a preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: Longitudinal changes in plasma beta amyloid protein 1-42 and 1-40 (Abeta42 and Abeta40) levels and possible relationships with cognitive decline and apolipoprotein (APOE) genotype were studied in healthy elderly individuals. METHODS: Authors determined cognitive level and plasma Abeta40 and Abeta42 levels twice, approximately 4 years apart, in 34 elderly subjects. RESULTS: Analyses revealed a selective reduction in Abeta42 levels at follow-up, which were not modulated by the epsilon4 allele. Greater reductions and higher baseline plasma Abeta42 levels were associated with reductions in cognitive scores. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in plasma Abeta42 levels may be associated with subtle cognitive decline in elderly subjects without dementia.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Prospective studies of cerebral perfusion and cognitive testing among elderly normal volunteers and patients with ischemic vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

To compare longitudinal changes of cerebral perfusion (CBF) and cognitive status in two common forms of dementia in the elderly, 42 patients with ischemic vascular dementia (IVD), 44 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), and 120 elderly normal volunteers were evaluated prospectively over a mean interval of 3.35 years. Subjects were at least age sixty, (mean age 71.1). Mean bihemispheric cerebral blood flow and cognitive test scores of control subjects were significantly higher than those of both demented groups at entry and remained so. After adjustment for initial CBF, course over time was similar for all groups. Group variability was similar for CBF but not for cognition. Both IVD and DAT patients were more variable than controls but similar to each other. Throughout, DAT patients showed greater cognitive impairments than IVD patients. Cognitive impairments stabilized among IVD patients treated by control of risk factors, antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy but declined progressively among DAT patients.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1983

Enhancement of Streptococcus mutans colonization by direct bonded orthodontic appliances.

Patients undergoing orthodontic therapy were evaluated for longitudinal changes in relative S. mutans numbers in plaque at discrete sites on the tooth surface associated with direct bond appliances. There was a significant linear increase in the percentage of S. mutans in the total streptococci isolated from the last pre-bracket sample through the last bracket sample.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Social communication in children with autism: the relationship between theory of mind and discourse development.

This longitudinal study investigated the developmental trajectory of discourse skills and theory of mind in 57 children with autism. Children were tested at two time points spaced 1 year apart. Each year they provided a natural language sample while interacting with one parent, and were given standardized vocabulary measures and a developmentally sequenced battery of theory of mind tasks. The language samples were coded for conversational skills, specifically the child's use of topic-related contingent utterances. Children with autism made significant gains over 1 year in the ability to maintain a topic of discourse. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that theory of mind skills contributed unique variance to individual differences in contingent discourse ability and vice versa, when measured concurrently; however, they did not predict longitudinal changes. The findings offer some empirical support for the hypothesis that theory of mind is linked to communicative competence in children with autism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Association between oxidative balance score and cardiovascular risk factors, aging, and incidence of dementia risk score: A prospective cohort study.

BackgroundOxidative stress is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. The oxidative balance score (OBS), which reflects combined dietary and lifestyle exposure to pro-oxidant and antioxidant factors, serves as an integrated measure of oxidative stress burden.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between OBS and predicted late-life dementia risk using the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) score.MethodsWe analyzed data from 5088 participants aged 40-69 years without dementia at baseline from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Participants were categorized by OBS tertiles. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for developing a high risk of late-life dementia, defined by a CAIDE score ≥8. Longitudinal changes in CAIDE scores were assessed using linear mixed-effects models.ResultsDuring a mean follow-up of 12.8 years, 1468 participants (28.9%) progressed to CAIDE-predicted high risk for late-life dementia. Compared with the lowest OBS tertile (T1), participants in the highest tertile (T3) had a significantly lower risk for developing high-risk late-life dementia (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.65-0.84) and exhibited the lowest CAIDE scores (p < 0.001). Each one-point increase in the OBS was associated with a 3% reduction in CAIDE-predicted dementia risk.ConclusionsA higher OBS was significantly associated with a lower predicted risk of late-life dementia. These findings suggest that maintaining an antioxidant-rich diet and a healthy lifestyle during midlife may be effective strategies for dementia prevention.

Alzheimer's disease↗

PubMed2005

A 20-year follow-up study on chronic respiratory effects of exposure to cotton dust.

In order to evaluate chronic effects of long-term exposure to cotton dust on respiratory health, and the role of dust and endotoxin, longitudinal changes in lung function and respiratory symptoms were observed prospectively from 1981 to 2001 in 447 cotton textile workers, along with 472 silk textile controls. The results from five surveys conducted over the 20-yr period are reported, including standardised questionnaires, pre- and post-shift spirometric measurements, work-area inhalable dust sample collections and airborne Gram-bacterial endotoxin analysis. Cotton workers had more persistent respiratory symptoms and greater annual declines in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity as compared with silk workers. After exposure cessation, in the final 5-yr period, the rate of FEV1 decline tended to slow in nonsmoking males, but not in nonsmoking females. Workers who reported byssinotic symptoms more persistently suffered greater declines in FEV1. Chronic loss in lung function was more strongly associated with exposure to endotoxin than to dust. In conclusion, the current study suggests that long-term exposure to cotton dust, in which airborne endotoxin appears to play an important role, results in substantial adverse chronic respiratory effects.

Byssinosis↗

PubMed1990

The impact of gestational length on human milk selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity.

Longitudinal changes in selenium (Se) and protein concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of milk collected from healthy mothers of term (n = 12), preterm (n = 10), and very preterm (n = 12) infants were assessed. All infants were size appropriate for gestational age. Milk samples representative of colostrum (d 3), transitional (d 7), and mature milk (d 21 and 42) were assayed. The content of Se in the colostrum secreted by mothers of preterm infants was significantly greater than the Se content of milk secreted by the same mothers at d 21 and 42 of lactation. Mothers of term and very preterm infants, however, produced colostrum with significantly higher levels of Se than milk produced at d 7 (p less than 0.05), d 21 (p less than 0.01), or d 42 (p less than 0.001). Significant differences between the protein concentrations measured in early lactation and in late lactation were evident in all maternal groups. Protein content did not differ significantly among groups at anytime during lactation. An age-related difference was detected in milk GSH-Px activities of mature milk (d 21). Mature milk produced by mothers of very preterm infants on d 21 of lactation contained significantly greater enzyme activity (p less than 0.05) than milk produced by mothers of term infants at the same stage of lactation. Activity of GSH-Px in milk from mothers of very preterm and preterm infants paralleled previously noted changes in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content in human milk with the progression of lactation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Female↗

PubMed2002

Acylcarnitine profiles of preterm infants over the first four weeks of life.

Measurement of free carnitine and acylcarnitines allows the detection of several inborn errors of metabolism in neonatal screening. Because available data for premature infants is limited, we studied longitudinal changes in acylcarnitine profiles of full-term and preterm neonates over the first 4 weeks of life. One hundred twenty infants were divided into four groups of 30: A, gestational age 22 to 27 wk; B, 28 to 31 wk; C, 32 to 36 wk; and D, 37 to 41 wk. Blood samples spotted on a Guthrie card were taken on days 5 and 28. Additional specimens (groups A and B only) were collected on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Carnitine and its acyl esters were detected by looking for the precursor ions of m/z = 85 using a PE Sciex API 365 electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer. Concentrations of free carnitine and most acylcarnitines were significantly higher in group A compared with group D postnatally. Groups B and C displayed intermediate values. Carnitine levels in infants from group A and B decreased steadily from day 1 to day 7, and recovered up to day 14 in group B only. On day 28 carnitine concentrations had further decreased in group A, while reaching postnatal levels again in group B. Postnatal carnitine levels are higher in very immature preterm infants compared with full-term infants, but become lower on day 28. However, the commonly used metabolite ratios should still allow the detection of inborn errors of metabolism.

Carnitine↗