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At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Effect of visual cuing on synthetic speech intelligibility: a comparison of native and nonnative speakers of English.

This study compared the effect of visual cuing on the intelligibility of DECtalk for native and nonnative speakers of English in both ideal listening conditions and in the presence of background noise at a signal to noise (S/N) ratio of + 10dB. Visual cuing improved DECtalk's intelligibility for nonnative speakers more than for native speakers, especially in the background noise condition. Implications of these findings and the need for further research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Interobserver agreement of perceived intelligibility of magnitude of r in children.

This study was designed to test whether independent listeners could correctly classify 162 stimuli (words) that started with a multiple trill, magnitude of r, followed by a vowel magnitude of a. The sounds were from 27 Spanish children between the ages of 3.0 and 6.6 years, pronouncing Spanish words current in their vocabulary. Twelve listeners were presented with the recordings of the children's magnitude of r production and were instructed to rate the intelligibility of the pronounced sound as high, medium, or low. Inter-rater agreement ranged from 85 to 96%. Analyses of variance for each of the three production categories showed that there were significant differences, so it seems possible to classify the words starting with a trilled magnitude of r based on auditory-perceptual features into three broad categories according to intelligibility.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Depression following brain trauma is enhanced in patients with mild discrepancies between intelligence and impairment on neuropsychological scores.

Analysis of the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) scores from 135 (20 years to 60 years old) patients who had sustained closed head injuries supported the hypothesis of a nonlinear relationship between the severity of depression and the magnitude of the discrepancy between intelligence and neuropsychological proficiency. Although the MMPI Depression T scores for all groups of patients were elevated (M = 78, SD = 13), patients with the least and greatest discrepancies between intelligence and neuropsychological proficiency scored lower on Depression than patients with discrepancies within the z-score ranges -2.0 and -1.1. The results of symmetrical covariance for either depression or complex partial epileptic-like experiences before comparisons between groups suggested depression and the epileptic-like experiences share the same source of variance.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sophisticated and naïve listeners' magnitude estimation scaling judgments of speech intelligibility and speech annoyance.

15 women with formal training in speech and hearing sciences and 15 women with no formal training provided magnitude estimation scaling responses for the intelligibility and annoyance of audiotaped speech samples. Analysis indicated that both groups scaled intelligibility and annoyance the same. As samples became more unintelligible, they also became more annoying.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Effects of speakers' augmented characteristics and listeners' sex on intelligibility and acceptability of synthesized speech.

16 women and 16 men as listeners provided magnitude estimation scaling responses for the intelligibility and acceptability of synthesized speech transmitted by two different individuals using a voice output communication aid (VOCA). Listeners rated the samples when presented by a physically disabled nonspeaking male and when presented by a nondisabled speaking male. Analysis indicated no significant difference in listeners' judgments of the intelligibility or acceptability of the samples transmitted by the two VOCA users, regardless of sex of the listener or speaking ability of the presenter.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Judgments of speech intelligibility and speech annoyance by mothers of children who are deaf or hard of hearing.

14 mothers of children who were deaf or hard of hearing provided magnitude estimation scaling responses for the speech intelligibility and speech annoyance of narrative speech samples produced by children who were deaf or hard of hearing. Analysis indicated that listeners scaled intelligibility and annoyance the same. As samples became more difficult to understand, they also became more annoying to these listeners. Implications for further research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Social intelligence, a neurological system?

Social intelligence has been researched for almost 70 yr. without definitive findings. During this period almost no attempts have been made to consider the complexity of the brain's anatomy and functions responsible for social competence. An ecological model focusing on social abilities within a biopsychosocial context is discussed along with supporting literature and an hypothesis for research. This argument invokes social intelligence as an independent brain system. It is suggested that neurological structures and chemical activities controlling social skills are directly influenced by the environment, individual beliefs, personal goals, and physiology.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Race, brain size, and intelligence: a reply to Cernovsky.

Cernovsky's 1990 critique of my work on the relation between brain size and IQ inadequately presents my position. I did not address the issue of sex differences in brain size nor did I conclude that "women are less intelligent than men" (p. 337). In the autopsy study cited by Cernovsky, it was concluded that, when body size is controlled, the male-female difference in brain size is removed but the black-white difference in brain size remains. Cernovsky also ignores much additional data, including that Mongoloid populations have larger and heavier brains than Caucasoids. Here, I review evidence on the relation between (a) brain size and race and (b) brain size and intelligence. Data are also tabulated for personality, speed of maturation, and sexuality, on all of which the Caucasoid average consistently falls between those of Mongoloids and Negroids. This ordering may be explained by a gene-based evolutionary theory of r/K reproductive strategies in which Mongoloids are more K-selected than Caucasoids and Caucasoids more than Negroids.

Black People↗
PubMed1990

Retest reliability of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence restandardized in Iran.

Retest reliability of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence test scores was performed in Iran using 30 subjects in a time interval of 5 to 6 wk. The results of this analysis suggest that this restandardization of the WPPSI provides a consistent measure of intelligence for application in Iran. Reliability coefficients of .83, .90, and .88 were found for Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ, respectively.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Report on Shanghai norms for the Chinese translation of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised.

The Chinese translation of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised (WISC-RC) was administered to 660 children (ages 6 through 16 yr.) in the city of Shanghai. The obtained norms represent children's intelligence levels in big cities where the economic and cultural development is advanced. The norms are reported as "Scaled Score Equivalents of Raw Scores" for each age group and as "IQ Equivalents of Sums of Scaled Scores." The reliability and validity of the norms indicate that the WISC-R is suitable for use with school-age children in China. The difference between the results for our Shanghai sample (WISC-RCs) and a USA sample (WISC-R) is also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Roles of hypomania and intelligence in antisocial practices when self-esteem and family problems are considered.

A sample of 71 nonpsychiatric adults, including 57 men and 14 women, completed the MMPI-2 and the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test. Preliminary support was found for the hypothesis that those who score high both on intelligence and hypomania would express the greatest tendency for antisocial behavior, However, this association occurred only when self-esteem and family problems were not controlled. Moreover, preliminary findings suggest that the interaction between intelligence and hypomania influences self-esteem which then determines antisocial behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Menstrual cycle, arousal-induction, and intelligence test performance.

Regularly menstruating students (aged 19 to 25 yr.) were tested in the morning under high and low arousal-induction conditions (with time-pressure instructions vs without time-pressure instructions) during either midcycle (n = 16 or menstruation phase (n = 16) to study the interactive effects of menstrual phases and time-pressure stress-induced arousal on intelligence test scores on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and Hundal's General Mental Ability Test. A crossover interactive effect of menstrual phase and stress-induced arousal was found on performance of the Hundal test, suggesting that performance of subjects who were tested during the midcycle phase (putatively High Basal Arousal) was impaired under the time-pressure instructions condition (High-induced Arousal) as compared to performance under the without time-pressure instructions condition (Low-induced Arousal), with the reverse pattern of effects being true for subjects who were tested during the menstruation phase. Scores on Hundal's test conform to the Yerkes-Dodson (1908) law which relates arousal to task performance and suggests that the menstrual cycle and performance on the intelligence test was arousal-based. No effects, however, were observed for Raven's Matrices, raising the possibility that task characteristics may mediate the relationship between arousal and performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence: predictive validity in a random sample.

The predictive validity of The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence was investigated in a random sample of 100 boys and 96 girls from two Norwegian cities. Infants were assessed on the Fagan test between the ages of 7 to 9 months. A follow-up at 5 years included the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R) and three subtests from the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA). Low internal consistency of the Fagan test was found, with alphas of .10 and .02 for the two study sites. Fagan test-score correlated significantly with WPPSI-Verbal IQ and with scores on ITPA Auditory Reception for both samples, but the mean correlation was as low as .22. The prediction was not significantly higher for infants tested before 8 months of age than for those tested later. The study raises questions about use of the Fagan test as a screening tool in a nonrisk population.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1996

Personal conceptions of intelligence: a developmental study in Portugal.

The aim of this work is to present the results of a 2-yr. longitudinal study with a sample of 577 Portuguese high school students, observed twice, to study the intraindividual development of personal conceptions of intelligence during adolescence and its relation to school marks and to the causal dimension of controllability. Data, tested through LISREL structural equations, indicated school marks have an important role in the development of dynamic conceptions of intelligence during adolescence. These results were compared with those from other cultural contexts and were analysed in the context of Portuguese culture.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Breakfast consumption and intelligence in elderly persons.

The relationship between breakfast cereal consumption and intelligence was examined in a sample of 205 adults aged between 60 and 79 years. Those who consumed breakfast cereal every day had a higher mean score (38.4) on the National Adult Reading Test, known to correlate highly with intelligence, than that (M = 34.7) for the irregular breakfast eaters (WAIS predicted IQs for breakfast cereal everyday 118 and for irregular breakfast eaters 115).

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Performance of black and white South African children on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised and the Kaufman Assessment Battery.

The validity of traditional intelligence tests for cultural groups that differ from those for whom the tests were normed has come under scrutiny. This is particularly the case for the previously disadvantaged black majority in South Africa. The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) is reportedly a relatively nondiscriminatory test of intellectual functioning. This study compared the performance of 21 black and 35 white third-grade South African children on the K-ABC and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale--Revised (WISC-R) at two schools for children with learning problems. While the WISC-R Verbal and Full Scale IQ of black children were significantly lower than that of whites, there was no significant difference between these groups on the K-ABC. Teachers' ratings for white and black pupils were acceptably concordant with students' performance on the K-ABC but not on the WISC-R. Support is provided for the usefulness of the K-ABC as a relatively nondiscriminatory alternative to the WISC-R for South African children.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2003

Relationship between WAIS-R intelligence and the five-factor model of personality in a normal elderly sample.

The present study examined associations between Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) scores and the five-factor model of personality, as measured by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Both tests were administered to a nonclinical sample of 100 Italian subjects 75 years and older. Analysis showed that the NEO-PI-R Openness to Experience domain was a weak but the best predictor of the three WAIS-R intelligence scores (Total, Verbal, and Performance). Were such a relationship confirmed by further investigations, Openness could be interpreted as a factor which might mitigate intellectual impoverishment which accompanies the normal aging process.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Emotional intelligence and perceived employability for internship curriculum.

Emotional Intelligence dimensions of motivation as well as social and communication skills were associated with perceived entry-level employability. Feedback from internship hosts was the measure of association for 77 college juniors or seniors between the ages of 18 and 22 (49 women, 28 men), enrolled in a one-semester communications internship. Chi squared supported the hypothesis that interns scoring high on emotional intelligence are more likely to be considered for employment by the internship host than those scoring low. Given replication of this work applications for an internship curriculum can be identified.

Adolescent↗