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PubMedDate not supplied

Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. A new method of excising the two upper portions of the rectum and the lower segment of the sigmoid flexure of the colon -- by H. Widenham Maunsell.

H. W. Maunsell was born in Dublin in 1847 and obtained his degree from the College of Surgeons in 1867. He went to Melbourne the following year and became resident medical officer at the Melbourne Hospital. Following this appointment he took a similar post in Hokitika, New Zealand. After a short period of private practice he returned to Europe, receiving his M.D. degree at his old University in 1876. He returned to New Zealand, settling at Dunedin, and ultimately held the post of honorary surgeon to that hospital. In 1892 he reemigrated to the South Kensington section of London, devoting his efforts to writing, lecturing and illustrating. He was quite well known as a very fine artist and supplemented his surgical lectures with his own beautifully illustrated drawings. He was an innovative surgeon and is credited with original concepts in the technique of intra-abdominal hysterectomy. He was elected to the fellowship of the British Gynecological Society in 1889, and was appointed a Councillor in 1893. The article which is reproduced in this Classics section represents one of the earliest descriptions of the abdomino-anal pull-through procedure for carcinoma of the rectum. It was said that "the Maunsell Method will be at least more frequently employed, if it does not eventually displace the other procedure, i.e., Murphy's operation for intestinal anastomosis." Maunsell died on February 21, 1985, from bronchitis following influenza, at the age of 48.

Colorectal Surgery↗
PubMed1996

Does increased endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the human colon explain the association between red meat and colon cancer?

High red meat diets have been linked with risk of sporadic colorectal cancer; but their effects on mutations which occur in this cancer are unknown. G-->A transitions in K-ras occur in colorectal cancer and are characteristic of the effects of alkylating agents such as N-nitroso compounds (NOC). We studied th effect of red meat consumption on faecal NOC levels in eight male volunteers who consumed diets low or high in meat (60 or 600 g/day), as beef, lamb or pork, whilst living in a metabolic suite. Increased intake of red meat induced a significant (P<0.024) 3-fold increase from 40 + or - 7 to ab average of 113 + or - 25 microgram/day NOC, a range of exposure in faeces similar to that from tobacco-specific NOC in cigarette smoke. THe diets were isoenergetic and contained equal amounts of fat, but concentrations of heterocyclic amines were low. Faecal excretion of the promotor ammonia was significantly increased to 6.5 + or - 1.08 mmol/day. When the high red meat diets were supplemented with 20 g phytate-free wheat bran in six volunteers there was no reduction in NOC levels (mean 138 + or - 41 microgram/day NOC), but faecal weight increased. Higher starch and non-starch polysaccharide intakes reduced intraluminal cross-linking in microcapsules (r=-0.77) and reduced faecal pH (r=-0.64). In two volunteers there was no effect of 600 g white meat and fish o faecal NOC (mean low white meat diet 68 + or - 10 microgram/day, high white meat 56 + or -6 microgram/day nor on faecal nitrate, nitrite and iron. Faecal nitrite levels increased on changing from a white to red meat diet (mean high white meat diet 46 + or - 7 mg/day, high red meat diet mean 80 + or - 7 mg/day.) Increased endogenous production of NOC and precursors from increased red meat, but not white meat and fish, consumption may be relevant to the aetiology of colorectal cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Staphylococcus aureus throat colonization is more frequent than colonization in the anterior nares.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and persistence of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in the throat in relation to anterior naris carriage. By use of a sensitive enrichment broth, S. aureus was cultured from the two sites from 259 patients upon admission to an orthopedic ward and from 87 staff members of the same ward. The throat was the most common carriage site in both groups. Forty percent of the patients and 54% of the staff were positive for S. aureus in the throat, compared to 31% and 36%, respectively, in the anterior nares. To determine the persistence of carriage, 67 individuals were repeatedly sampled from the anterior nares and the throat over 2 years (5 to 10 sampling occasions; mean, 7.8). The majority, 58% (39/67), were defined as persistent carriers of S. aureus, considering culture results from both sites. Of the 39 persistent carriers, 15 individuals were culture positive from only the throat on more than half of the sampling occasions (these are called preferential throat carriers) while only 5% (two individuals) were preferential anterior naris carriers by use of the same definition. Typing of the collected S. aureus isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that the same strain of S. aureus was present, over time, in the throat of an individual at least to the same extent as in the anterior nares. Throat carriage was at least as persistent as carriage in the anterior nares.

Aged↗