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PubMed2000

Report generation using digital speech recognition in radiology.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the use of a digital continuous speech recognition (CSR) in the field of radiology could lead to relevant time savings in generating a report. A CSR system (SP6000, Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) for German was used to transform fluently spoken sentences into text. Two radiologists dictated a total of 450 reports on five radiological topics. Two typists edited those reports by means of conventional typing using a text editor (WinWord 6.0, Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.) installed on an IBM-compatible personal computer (PC). The same reports were generated using the CSR system and the performance of both systems was then evaluated by comparing the time needed to generate the reports and the error rates of both systems. In addition, the error rate of the CSR system and the time needed to create the reports was evaluated. The mean error rate for the CSR system was 5.5%, and the mean error rate for conventional typing was 0.4%. Reports edited with the CSR, on average, were generated 19% faster compared with the conventional text-editing method. However, the amount of error rates and time savings were different and depended on topics, speakers, and typists. Using CSR the maximum time saving achieved was 28% for the topic sonography. The CSR system was never slower, under any circumstances, than conventional typing on a PC. When compared with a conventional manual typing method, the CSR system proved to be useful in a clinical setting and saved time in generating radiological reports. The amount of time saved, however, greatly depended on the performance of the typist, the speaker, and on stored vocabulary provided by the CSR system.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Muscle activity during computer-based office work in relation to self-reported job demands and gender.

The aim was to investigate whether quantitative job demands influence muscle activity among women, and whether there are gender differences in duration of computer, mouse, and keyboard use and muscle activity of shoulder and forearm muscles during work. The study was carried out in an occupational setting, and 24 women and 11 men from a municipal administration participated. The duration of computer, mouse, and keyboard use was measured by a commercial software package. Quantitative job demands were registered by questionnaire. Electromyography (EMG) was measured bilaterally from the upper trapezius and the extensor digitorum communis muscles. No association was found between self-reported quantitative job demands and muscle activity among the women ( n=24). The women used the keyboard more frequently ( p=0.020) and tended to perform fewer mouse clicks compared to men ( p=0.057), but no difference was seen in EMG activity between men ( n=11) and women ( n=11) from the same department. However, office assistants (six women) showed significantly higher static EMG activity levels ( p=0.042) and almost significantly shorter EMG gap times ( p=0.060) than the rest of the subjects (5 women and 11 men). This indicated that shorter muscular resting periods among female office assistants as compared to the other subjects were due to differences in job content rather than gender differences.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

The effect of physical and psychosocial loads on the trapezius muscle activity during computer keying tasks and rest periods.

UNLABELLED: The overall aim was to investigate the effect of psychosocial loads on trapezius muscle activity during computer keying work and during short and long breaks. In 12 female subjects, surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded bilaterally from the upper trapezius muscle during a standardized one hand keying task-interspaced with short (30 s) and long (4 min) breaks-in sessions with and without a combination of cognitive and emotional stressors. Adding psychosocial loads to the same physical work did not increase the activity of the trapezius muscle on either the keying or the control side, both of which remained at median and static EMG activity levels of around 5% and 2.5% of the maximal voluntary electrical activity (EMG(max)), respectively. The difference between the keying and the control side was significant; and further the control side activity was significantly increased above resting level. During both short and long breaks, exposure to psychosocial loads also did not increase the activity of the trapezius muscle either on the side of the keying or the control hand. Of note is that during long breaks the muscle activity of the keying side as well as that of the control side remained at the same level as during the short breaks, which was increased above resting level. This was to be seen from the static and the median EMG activity levels as well as gap times, the overall mean values being: 0.4%EMG(max), 1.1%EMG(max), and 50% in gap time, respectively. IN CONCLUSION: psychosocial loads are not solely responsible for increased non-postural muscle activity; and increasing the duration of breaks does not per se cause muscle relaxation.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Infrared thermography for examination of skin temperature in the dorsal hand of office workers.

Reduced blood flow may contribute to the pathophysiology of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (UEMSD), such as tendinitis and carpal tunnel syndrome. The study objective was to characterize potential differences in cutaneous temperature, among three groups of office workers assessed by dynamic thermography following a 9-min typing challenge: those with UEMSD, with ( n=6) or without ( n=10) cold hands exacerbated by keyboard use, and control subjects ( n=12). Temperature images of the metacarpal region of the dorsal hand were obtained 1 min before typing, and during three 2-min sample periods [0-2 min (early), 3-5 min (middle), and 8-10 min (late)] after typing. Mean temperature increased from baseline levels immediately after typing by a similar magnitude, 0.7 (0.3) degrees C in controls and 0.6 (0.2) degrees C in UEMSD cases without cold hands, but only by 0.1 (0.3) degrees C in those with cold hands. Using paired t-tests for within group comparisons of mean dorsal temperature between successive imaging periods, three patterns of temperature change were apparent during 10 min following typing. Controls further increased mean temperature by 0.1 degrees C ( t-test, P=0.001) at 3-5 min post-typing before a late temperature decline of -0.3 degrees C ( t-test, P=0.04), while cases without cold hands showed no change from initial post-typing mean temperature rise during middle or late periods. In contrast, subjects with keyboard-induced cold hands had no change from initial post-typing temperature until a decrease at the late period of -0.3 degrees C ( t-test, P=0.06). Infrared thermography appears to distinguish between the three groups of subjects, with keyboard-induced cold hand symptoms presumably due, at least partially, to reduced blood flow.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effects of blackcurrant anthocyanin intake on peripheral muscle circulation during typing work in humans.

This double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study investigated the effect of blackcurrant anthocyanin (BCA) intake on peripheral circulation during rest and during typing work by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and it also assessed improvement in shoulder stiffness caused by poor local circulation. In a resting circulation study, nine healthy male subjects took capsules of BCA at a dosage of 17 mg kg(-1) or placebo (isoenergetic sugar). NIRS was used to measure left forearm blood flow (FBF) following venous occlusion and muscle oxygen consumption following arterial occlusion prior to and hourly for 4 h after ingestion of BCA. Plasma anthocyanin concentration was measured prior to ingestion and 1, 2, and 4 h later. FBF increased significantly 2 h after BCA ingestion [BCA 1.22 (0.13)-fold increase relative to pre-values vs placebo 0.83 (0.06) of pre-values; P < 0.05] and then tended to increase for a further 3 h after ingestion [BCA 1.26 (0.15)-fold increase relative to pre-values vs placebo 0.82 (0.07) of pre-values; P = 0.078]. There was, however, no significant difference in muscle oxygen consumption between BCA and placebo intake at any time point. In a typing work study, 11 healthy subjects took capsules of BCA (7.7 mg kg(-1)) or placebo (isoenergetic sugar) daily for 2 weeks. The subjects then performed intermittent typing workload for 30 min in order to induce acute shoulder stiffness. During the workload, total hemoglobin and oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) were determined using NIRS and myoelectric signals measured in the right trapezius muscle using electromyography (EMG). The viscoelasticity of the trapezius muscle was also evaluated using a muscle stiffness meter before and after the typing workload. BCA intake prevented the decrease in oxy-Hb significantly (P < 0.05), and also tended to alleviate the increase in root mean square (RMS) of the EMG during the typing workload, and also muscle stiffness after the workload. There was no improvement in typing performance with BCA intake. The results of this study suggest that intake of BCA may improve shoulder stiffness caused by typing work by increasing peripheral blood flow and reducing muscle fatigue.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Oxygenation, EMG and position sense during computer mouse work. Impact of active versus passive pauses.

We investigated the effects of active versus passive pauses implemented during computer mouse work on muscle oxygenation and EMG of the forearm extensor carpi radialis muscle, and on wrist position sense. Fifteen healthy female subjects (age: 19-24 years) performed a 60-min mouse-operated computer task, divided into three 20 min periods, on two occasions separated by 3-6 days. On one occasion a passive pause (subjects resting) was implemented at the end of each 20-min period, and on another occasion an active pause (subjects performed a number of high intensity extensions of the forearm) was implemented. Also at the end of each 20-min period, test contractions were conducted and subjective ratings of fatigue and stress were obtained. Another parameter of interest was total haemoglobin calculated as the summation of oxy-and deoxy-haemoglobin, since it reflects blood volume changes. The most interesting findings were an overall increasing trend in total haemoglobin throughout the mouse work (P<0.001), and that this trend was greater for the active pause as compared to the passive pause (P<0.01). These data were accompanied by an overall increase in oxygen saturation (P<0.001), with a tendency, albeit not significant, toward a higher increase for the active pause (P=0.13). EMG amplitude and median frequency tended to decrease (P=0.08 and 0.05, respectively) during the mouse work but was not different between pause types. Borg ratings of forearm fatigue showed an overall increase during the activity (P<0.001), but the perceptions of stress did not change. Position sense did not change due to the mouse work for either pause type. While increasing trends were found for both pause types, the present study lends support to the hypothesis of an enhancement in oxygenation and blood volume for computer mouse work implemented with active pauses. However, a presumption of an association between this enhancement and attenuated fatigue during the mouse work was not supported.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Red rats eater exposes recursion in children's word formation.

The present study examines noun-noun compounds where the internal noun is pluralized (e.g., new books shelf), contrary to normal constraints that prohibit such constructions. It is proposed that these apparent violations are licensed by a recursive mechanism where world formation passes into Syntax and back into Morphology. Thirty-six 3- to 5-year-olds were tested on their interpretations of compounds fronted by an adjective. When asked to point to a picture of a red rats eater, children preferred a picture where the rats were red over one in which the eater was red. The opposite preference was found when children were asked to point to a red rat eater. These response patterns reflect a recursive-syntactic interpretation when the noun is plural, but a non-recursive interpretation when the noun is singular. The results suggest that children's word formation processes allow complex interactions between grammatical systems from early in acquisition.

Child Language↗
PubMed1984

[Hemispheric dominance for speech and calculation: electrophysiologic correlates of left dominance in left handedness].

Slow brain potentials were recorded in left-handers and right-handers during: (i) processing of language and mental arithmetic tasks, without vocalization, and (ii) subsequent writing down of the answers with either the right or left hand. Left-sided laterality of negative potentials was taken as evidence of hemispheric dominance. It appeared during the processing of words and numbers in 26 of the 30 left-handers and was localized mainly in the left frontal and temporal parietal regions. Similar results were found with the right-handers. This electrophysiological evidence indicates that the left hemisphere is dominant for language and calculation in the vast majority of left-handers. Only when writing with either their left or right hand do left-handers show less left-sided laterality than right-handers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gompertz mortality analysis: aging, longevity hormesis and toxicity.

The hazard function, denoted h(x), is the probability of death during an interval of time [Formula: see text], assuming survival to the beginning of the interval. Brues and Sacher provided both theoretical and experimental support for the assumption that h(x) is an exponential function of the mean intensity of physiologic injury for a homogeneous mammalian population provided an adequate diet, kept free of preventable disease and maintained under favorable, uniform conditions. Consequently, the Napierian logarithm of the hazard function, the 'Gompertzian', is proportional to the mean intensity of physiologic injury under the aforementioned conditions. Investigation of Gompertzian values therefore affords a simple and convenient measure of the mean population time course of aging, toxicity and beneficial life-enhancing effects (e.g., longevity hormesis and slowing of the aging process). (The word 'hormesis' has been applied to various forms of 'stimulation' elicited by low doses of otherwise toxic agents.) Using this method of analysis, reversible toxicity, reversible reduction in physiologic injury (longevity 'hormesis'), irreversible toxicity and irreversible reduction in aging (via caloric restriction) are all reviewed. It is demonstrated that these effects may superimpose upon one another, the most common combination following administration of mild to moderate doses of a toxic agent being irreversible toxicity combining with longevity hormesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

KINI: a one compartment intravenous pharmacokinetic analysis program.

KINI is a microcomputer PC based software package which determines the one-compartment pharmacokinetic parameters for any drug using the Sawchuk-Zaske method. Through use of these programs, individualized pharmacokinetic analyses can be performed. The package allows for analysis of adult and pediatric patients, as well as offering a long and abbreviated data entry format. Additionally, KINI can generate a data file to be used with WordPerfect 5.0 or 5.1 to produce a consult for chart use.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Lateral eyes or lateralized? Hemiretinal and ocular dominance effects on visual field asymmetries for the lexical decision task.

The effects of hemiretinal stimulation and ocular dominance on a visual half-field lexical decision task were investigated. Twelve right-eyed and 12 left-eyed subjects made word/nonword decisions about stimuli presented in the left and right visual field under binocular, left-eye alone, and right-eye alone viewing conditions. Both accuracy (d') and response time measures were recorded. The nasal hemiretina advantage for response time and temporal hemiretina advantage for accuracy found for face recognition (Proudfoot, 1983, Brain and Cognition, 2, 25-31) were not present when lexical decisions were made. An overall right visual field advantage was present for both eye-dominance groups. The results support a hemispheric interpretation of visual field differences for the processing of words during lexical decision.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Transcription services in the ED.

This study's objectives were to determine the cost-effectiveness of introducing a transcription service into an emergency department (ED) and to determine the capacity of such a service to improve physician satisfaction. A prospective study of full-time emergency physicians was conducted in the ED of a community hospital in which a transcription service was introduced during peak periods of demand. Measurement was defined from a time-and-motion study consisting of direct observation by an industrial engineer who measured documentation time required for written and dictated charts. Surveys examined satisfaction with each record type among the emergency and non-emergency medical staff. It was found that dictation of the medical record was notably faster than writing (155 seconds compared with 220 seconds per record, P = .0002) for all physicians examined. Total productivity of the department improved by 3.8% (from 2.20 patients per physician-hour to 2.28 patients per physician-hour), calculated from patient volumes of 7,355 and 7,075 with the same staff (P < .05). When the records were transcribed, the mean subjective scores for satisfaction with the medical record improved from 2.1 to 3.6 (P = .0025) on a scale of 1 to 4. Surveys of nonemergency staff physicians documented that legibility score improved from 2.6 to 3.1 (P = .0056) and completeness improved from 2.6 to 3.0 (P = .0157), both on a scale of 1 to 4. It was concluded that dictating and transcribing ED medical records decreases the time required for documentation, improves record legibility and quality, allows more patients to be seen per physician-hour, and improves the satisfaction of emergency and nonemergency physicians.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1992

Practice and communications systems: a word processor based communications system.

The majority of computerized systems currently available for the orthodontic office have been designed for and aimed at those offices that have a volume practice and frequently have multiple practitioners. The stand-alone practitioner and the small office have been grossly ignored. Systems designed for large practices are frequently too complex, too involved in business administration, and too costly for the small office to use effectively. This article describes how an office communications system can be assembled by using commercially available programs. For background information and definition of terms used in this article, I suggest referring to "An Introduction to the Computerization of the Orthodontic Practice," in the Oct. issue of this Journal.

Communication↗
PubMed1989

Review of Papyrus bibliographic database software.

Papyrus is an inexpensive bibliographic database which provides some features not found in other similar packages. Its flexibility in handling references of many types and formats, its capacity for integration with manuscripts prepared with word processors, its capacity for importing references from national databases and its ability to perform microcosmic literature searches are attractive features. Because Papyrus has tackled a complex task, mastery of the intricacies of the program may present a substantial challenge to novice computer users. Although the manipulation of an existing customized bibliographic database would seem to be attractive for any researcher or author who prepares manuscripts for publication, the optimal use of the program also requires an extensive commitment of time and labor for the initial entry of all pertinent references into the database. While this could be accomplished gradually in conjunction with the preparation of individual manuscripts, the creation of a complete file of references could require hundreds of hours of labor. Individual authors, as well as larger research groups, should be prepared for this type of commitment before acquiring the Papyrus system.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed1992

How should Fitts' Law be applied to human-computer interaction?

The paper challenges the notion that any Fitts' Law model can be applied generally to human-computer interaction, and proposes instead that applying Fitts' Law requires knowledge of the users' sequence of movements, direction of movement, and typical movement amplitudes as well as target sizes. Two experiments examined a text selection task with sequences of controlled movements (point-click and point-drag). For the point-click sequence, a Fitts' Law model that used the diagonal across the text object in the direction of pointing (rather than the horizontal extent of the text object) as the target size provided the best fit for the pointing time data, whereas for the point-drag sequence, a Fitts' Law model that used the vertical size of the text object as the target size gave the best fit. Dragging times were fitted well by Fitts' Law models that used either the vertical or horizontal size of the terminal character in the text object. Additional results of note were that pointing in the point-click sequence was consistently faster than in the point-drag sequence, and that pointing in either sequence was consistently faster than dragging. The discussion centres around the need to define task characteristics before applying Fitts' Law to an interface design or analysis, analyses of pointing and of dragging, and implications for interface design.

Data Display↗