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PubMed2004

Localization of the gene causing the osteopetrotic phenotype in the incisors absent (ia) rat on chromosome 10q32.1.

UNLABELLED: The incisors absent rat is an osteopetrotic animal model. Segregation analysis in 37 affected animals from an outcross enabled us to assign the disease causing gene to a 4.7-cM interval on rat chromosome 10q32.1. Further analysis of the genes mapped in this region will provide more insight into the underlying pathogenesis. INTRODUCTION: Many of the insights into the factors that regulate the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts are gained from different spontaneous and genetically induced osteopetrotic animal models. The osteopetrotic incisors absent (ia) rat exhibits a generalized skeletal sclerosis and a delay of tooth eruption. Although the ia rat has well been studied phenotypically, the genetic defect still remains unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To map the ia locus, we outcrossed the inbred ia strain with the inbred strain Brown Norway. Intercrossing F1 animals produced the F2 generation. Thirty-one mutant F2 animals and six mutant F4 animals were available for segregation analysis. RESULTS: Segregation analysis enabled us to assign the disease causing gene to rat chromosome 10q32.1. Homozygosity for the ia allele was obtained for two of the markers analyzed (D10Rat18 and D10Rat84). Key recombinations delineate a candidate region of 4.7 cM flanked by the markers D10Rat99 and D10Rat17. CONCLUSION: We have delineated a 4.7-cM region on rat chromosome 10q32.1 in which the gene responsible for the osteopetrotic phenotype of the ia rat is located. Although the sequence of this chromosomal region is not complete, over 140 known or putative genes have already been assigned to this region. Among these, several candidate genes with a putative role in osteoclast functioning can be identified. However, at this point, it cannot be excluded that one of the genes with a currently unknown function is involved in the pathogenesis of the ia rat. Further analysis of the genes mapped in this region will provide us more insight into the pathogenesis of this osteopetrotic animal model.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

The dental age.

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Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Natal and neonatal teeth.

Incidence, causes, complications, and treatment of natal and neonatal teeth are presented. It has been suggested that the terms mature and immature be added to the designation of this anomaly as those would imply the development and prognosis of the tooth and give clinical significance to the terms natal and neonatal. A case in a 2-week-old premature infant is described. As natal or neonatal teeth seldom develop properly and subsequent loss of space is not a long-term sequela, extraction is the preferred treatment.

Female↗
PubMed1984

Orthodontics and orthognathic surgery: adjuncts to restorative and periodontal therapy.

Orthodontic and orthognathic surgical procedures are important adjuncts to the provision of optimum restorative and periodontal care. Dentoalveolar and skeletal abnormalities of either developmental or acquired origin can be corrected primarily, thus eliminating the necessity for compromise in prosthetic design. Dental relationships that are contributory to irreversible periodontal deterioration can be normalized to facilitate stabilization of the periodontal condition and to increase the longevity of the natural dentition. Maxillofacial surgical treatment is technically complex but is more conservative than many traditionally accepted treatment procedures. It is based on the rationale of conservation of natural structures rather than their radical ablation or their sacrifice to uncontrollable progressive disease processes. Patient participation to establishment of treatment objectives and extensive patient education are essential ingredients in such treatment. Interdisciplinary communication and coordination contribute to a mutual appreciation of treatment possibilities and limitations. Thus, orthodontic and orthognathic surgical options should be considered in planning the solution to a wide variety of periodontal and restorative treatment problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Oral effects of steroid therapy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: report of case.

Steroids are used extensively in modern medicine and dentistry for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, this class of drugs can lead to adverse effects on other organs. In this case, developmental and functional disturbances of the primary and permanent dentition are seen. The patient's dental development and pharmacological history suggest prednisone as the offending agent.

Child↗
PubMed1990

An esthetic approach to vertical root extrusion in a patient with an anterior open bite: report of case.

A previous attempt to locate the root canal system in the maxillary left central incisor with a bur created a perforating root defect at the level of the alveolar crest. The patient received root canal therapy. Next, vertical root extrusion was chosen to expose sound tooth structure apical to the defect so that a crown could be constructed. With an anterior open bite, the natural crown was left intact and it was possible to position the anchor bar in an incisal and lingual position, maintaining esthetics for the patient during both the extrusive and stabilization phases of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Raising the root. A look at orthodontic extrusion.

A simple technique using bonded wires to establish anchorage and an attachment to a tooth requires a minimum of special materials or advanced skills in orthodontics. The bonded wire stabilizes the anchor unit and avoids any adverse tooth movement.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Third molars.

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Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Recent developments in the understanding of the pathophysiology of osteopetrosis.

Osteopetrosis is a rare metabolic bone disease characterized by a generalized increase in skeletal mass. It is inherited in a number of mammalian species, including man, and results from a congenital defect in the development or function of the osteoclasts. The consequent impairment of bone resorption prevents formation of bone marrow cavities, causes delayed or absent tooth eruption and results often in abnormally shaped bone. The pathogenetic defect may be intrinsic either to the osteoclast lineage or to the mesenchymal cells that constitute the microenvironment supporting the development and activation of the osteoclasts. In the first example, the disease can be cured by transplantation of hemopoietic cells. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation has also been successful in curing human osteopetrosis. This, together with the variability in the age of onset and severity of clinical aspects, suggests that a multiplicity of genetic mutations may cause the human disease. In recent years the genetic effects of some osteopetrotic mutations have been identified. This new information has been essential for the understanding of osteoclast biology. Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), the growth factor for cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, is also essential for the development of osteoclasts. In the osteopetrotic (op) mouse, no biologically active CSF-1 is synthesized due to a point mutation in the coding region of its gene. This leads to an almost complete lack of osteoclast development and to impaired bone resorption. Altered CSF-1 production seems also to be involved in the toothless (tl) rat osteopetrosis. Recently, the mutation responsible for the microphthalmic (mi) mouse osteopetrosis has been identified in the gene encoding a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-ZIP) protein family of transcription factors. The mi gene product seems to play a role in the fusion process of osteoclast precursor cells. Finally, osteopetrosis has been the result of experimental gene disruption in mice. Targeted disruption of the c-src proto-oncogene encoding a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase leads to a form of osteopetrosis where osteoclasts are present but inactive. This indicates that pp60c-src, localized primarily on ruffled border membranes and vacuoles of the osteoclasts, is important for osteoclastic function. Disruption of the c-fos proto-oncogene, a major component of the AP-1 transcription factor complex, leads to an osteopetrotic phenotype characterized by a complete absence of osteoclasts. The defect is intrinsic to hemopoietic precursors that are unable to progress beyond an early stage of osteoclast differentiation. In humans, deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II has been identified as the primary defect in the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification. A lack of expression of the vacuolar proton pump has been observed in osteoclasts of a patient with craniometaphyseal dysplasia. In conclusion, the disease, although rare, is of great pathophysiological relevance for our understanding of the processes that govern the development and function of osteoclasts.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of the cariogenicity of cola, honey, cow milk, human milk, and sucrose.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the cariogenicity of various fluids that are frequently fed to infants and toddlers. We chose to examine sucrose, cola drink, honey, human milk, cow milk, and water because some of these have been associated with development of early childhood caries, although direct experimental evidence is lacking. METHODS: We used our desalivated rat model because the approach mimics the situation found in infants, whereby the flow of saliva is interrupted through mechanical effects of a nipple. The animals received basic nutrition by gavage, and the fluids being tested were available ad libitum. Thus, the only substances that came in contact with teeth were the test fluids. The investigation continued for 14 days. RESULTS: Cola, sucrose, and honey were by far the most cariogenic. In addition, cola and honey induced considerable erosion. Human milk was significantly more cariogenic than cow milk probably because of its lower mineral content and higher level of lactose. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the use of honey, cola, and sucrose water in nursing bottles should be discouraged. Although human milk is more cariogenic than cow milk, it is no more cariogenic than are common infant formulas. Protracted exposure to human milk or formula through allowing an infant to sleep on the nipple should be discouraged, and the need for oral hygiene after tooth eruption should be emphasized.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of natal/neonatal teeth in cleft lip and palate infants.

In the daily routine of the Hospital for Research and Rehabilitation of Cleft Lip and Palate, a high frequency of natal/neonatal teeth was observed. Therefore, this retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence of this anomaly in 692 patients with complete unilateral and 327 bilateral cleft lip and palate, who were less than 3 months old, without prior surgery, and registered at the Hospital from 1989 to 1994. A higher prevalence of such teeth was found in the complete bilateral cleft group (10.6%), than in the complete unilateral cleft group (2.02%). Both, however, were higher than that reported for noncleft groups. There were also different characteristics in the appearance of these teeth in cleft patients from those previously related in the literature for normal patients. The conclusion was that these differences constitute another particularity of the cleft lip and palate patient.

Brazil↗
PubMed2001

Mandibular bone graft material for reconstruction of alveolar cleft defects: long-term results.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the long-term effect of mandibular bone as donor material in bone grafting of the alveolar process defect in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), compared with iliac crest cancellous bone. METHOD: During a 7-year period, 101 UCLP patients were bone grafted, 57 cases with iliac crest cancellous bone and 44 with mandibular symphyseal bone. The long-term results with an observation time of more than 4 years were analyzed with respect to marginal bone level and dental and gingival condition in the grafted area. Complications were recorded. RESULTS: The bone level in the grafted area was satisfactory in both groups. Impaction of cleft-side canines was found in 35% of the patients in both groups. Patients with agenesis of the cleft side lateral incisor had significantly more impacted canines, compared with patients with a cleft-side lateral situated in the lesser maxillary segment, probably due to the fact that the lateral incisors help in guiding the canine down through the grafted area. The number of complications was scarce, although both groups demonstrated some gingival retraction with a longer crown length at the cleft side central incisor. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study have changed our strategy in bone grafting. Timing of orthodontic treatment and bone grafting has been more varied depending on the position and presence of teeth in the cleft area. Bone grafting of the alveolar process is not just a local treatment of a bony defect, but in respect to the burden of treatment, bone grafting of the alveolar process has to be planned in accordance with orthodontic treatment and maxillofacial growth.

Alveolar Process↗