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PubMed2006

Immune response of mice infested by Hyalomma dromedarii ticks infected with entomopathogenic nematodes.

In the present work, the total leucocytes count of infested mice with ticks Hyalomma dromedarii infected with nematodes showed significant increase than infested group with ticks only. The infested group of mice with ticks and infested mice with ticks and nematodes showed a markedly significant drop in the erythrocytes count. The results showed a highly significant decrease in Hb concentration, and HCT percentage for mice infested with ticks and a marked increase with ticks infected with nematodes. The results showed a significant decrease in level of IgG of mice infested with ticks, while in infested mice with ticks and nematodes, the IgG level increased to control level which might indicated that nematodes penetrate ticks that were feeding on mice through the thinner cuticle of engorging females. Differences in cytokines responses were observed between tick-infested and non-infested mice. Proinflammatory Thl T lymphocyte cytokines were suppressed and Th2 cytokines were enhanced for infestation with H. dromedarii. The data indicated a polarization of immune response towards Th2 lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Relationships between the defensive systems of Iberian-breed swine and the European vector of African swine fever, Ornithodoros erraticus.

To discover whether the immune system of Iberian-breed pigs exerts any adverse action on Ornithodoros erraticus, 3 pairs of pigs were subjected to a weekly infestation over 12 wk with 1,000 larvae, 500 nymphs-1, or 200 adults. Each pair was bitten by only 1 developmental stage. Batches of parasites identical to the foregoing ones were fed weekly on control swine. In none of the 10 parameters studied for each of the batches fed weekly was any significant difference found that could be attributed to the state of sensitization of the animals in which, in a previous study, the presence of high titers of anti-O. erraticus antibodies was found. It was observed that the possible pruritus due to immediate hypersensitivity reactions, which in the test animals appeared after the third week, had no protective value in the natural milieu. In view of the inability of the swine to exert any control over the soft ticks, it is concluded that the size of their populations in the pig pens and their composition according to the developmental stage are factors that depend exclusively on the opportunities that swine breeders offer such populations to feed on the animals.

African Swine Fever↗
PubMed1990

Fenvalerate/N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet) toxicosis in two cats.

Toxicosis attributable to fenvalerate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet) exposure was suspected in 2 cats. Clinical signs of toxicosis developed within 4 to 6 hours of dermal application of the pesticide. Clinical signs of toxicosis seen in both cats included hypersalivation, ataxia, and depression. In addition, seizures were seen in 1 cat. Both cats died. Analysis of skin, kidney/urine, liver, and brain tissues confirmed the presence of fenvalerate and Deet. The pyrethroid fenvalerate and the insect repellent Deet are used for the control of fleas and ticks on cats. Suspected fenvalerate/Deet toxicosis in cats is associated with tremors, hypersalivation, ataxia, vomiting, depression, and seizures.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Role of grey squirrels and pheasants in the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the Lyme disease spirochaete, in the U.K.

In Britain, grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin) and pheasants (Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus) are important hosts of larvae and nymphs of Ixodes ricinus L., the principal European vector of the Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. To test whether squirrels are competent hosts of B. burgdorferi s.l., three females were trapped in the wild and then held in captivity. Following treatment, each animal was exposed to uninfected xenodiagnostic I. ricinus ticks. Squirrel A (an adult) which was inoculated experimentally with B. burgdorferi s.l., transmitted the infection to xenodiagnostic ticks. In contrast, squirrel B (a juvenile that was not inoculated)-showed no evidence of infection. Xenodiagnostic ticks that fed on control squirrel C (an adult) became infected and subsequently transmitted the infection experimentally to an uninfected hamster. The results indicated that squirrel C had a disseminated infection acquired in the wild and which persisted for at least 11 weeks. These data clearly demonstrate that grey squirrels are amplifying and reservoir hosts of B. burgdorferi s.l. The strain associated with squirrels was related to the B. afzelii genotype. Two observations implicated pheasants in a similar role: (i) a high prevalence of infection in engorged larvae collected from trapped pheasants, and (ii) the detection of B. burgdorferi s.l. (B. garinii genotype) in the wattle of 1/10 pheasants using PCR. Xenodiagnostic experiments similar to those undertaken with the squirrels are needed to confirm the role of pheasants in the transmission cycle of Lyme disease spirochaetes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Seasonality in diurnal locomotory patterns of adult blacklegged ticks (Acari: Ixodidae).

We continuously recorded the activity of adult and nymphal blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, exposed to diurnal light and temperature cycles in a laboratory test chamber by using a digital camera controlled by an intervalometer. Adult ticks collected and tested in the fall exhibited a bimodal pattern of activity, with peaks shortly after lights on and shortly after lights off, and substantial daytime activity. However, adult ticks collected in the winter and early spring exhibited a unimodal pattern of activity, peaking shortly after lights off, and minimal daytime activity. Nymphs, collected and tested in the summer, exhibited only a unimodal pattern of activity, peaking after lights off. Limited data also are presented for adult ticks exposed to only a temperature cycle or to only a light cycle in the spring. Ticks exposed to a temperature cycle exhibited a unimodal pattern of activity, similar to that exhibited by ticks exposed to both light and temperature cycles at the same time of year, whereas those exposed to a light cycle exhibited a bimodal pattern of activity. Although the difference did not quite reach statistical significance, there is a possibility that temperature is a stronger entraining agent for tick diurnal activity than is light, an unusual situation. The change in diurnal activity pattern from fall to spring suggests that ticks are adjusting their strategy for host finding, possibly in relation to remaining stored food supplies or host activity, and may have practical implications for sampling carried out to track tick populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Development of resistance to nymphs of Amblyomma cajennense ticks (Acari:Ixodidae) in dogs.

Ticks have long been regarded as constraints to humans and domestic animals, but hosts often develop resistance to ticks after repeated infestations. The purpose of this investigation was to study the possible acquisition of immunity in domestic dogs to nymphs of A. cajennense by determining the tick alimentary performance after successive controlled infestations. Mean engorged weight of nymphs was not significantly different among the three infestations; molting rate from nymph to adult ticks, and the percentage of nymph recovery were also very close in all infestations. These results are similar to those obtained in studies of the dog-adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus interface. It is concluded that domestic dogs do not develop resistance against nymphs of A. cajennense ticks.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania. IV. A field trial on immunization against East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection of cattle).

Seven cattle, immunized by an infection and treatment method with 3 strains of Theileria parva (Muguga, Kiambu 5 and Serengeti transformed), and five controls were exposed to natural tick infestation in Tanzania, at a site where 2 precontrols had previously contracted fatal East Coast fever within 3 weeks. All controls became infected with fatal ECF within a month of exposure. One immunized animal survived, two died from a Theileria mutans infection and one from a Babesia bigemina infection. The cause of death of the other three animals could not be ascertained, but East Coast fever could not be incriminated. Immunized cattle took longer to succumb than the controls, and serological results showed that all immunized animals became infected with T. parva during exposure, without showing symptoms of ECF.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Maternal Lyme disease and congenital heart disease: A case-control study in an endemic area.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether maternal Lyme disease increases the risk of congenital heart defect. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective case-control study was carried out at a medical center in a suburban area where Lyme disease is endemic. Case patients comprised 796 children with a diagnosis of congenital cardiac anomaly. Control subjects comprised 704 children without cardiac defects selected from the records of the same pediatric cardiology service. Maternal histories were obtained through a mailed questionnaire survey. Unconditional logistic regression analyses examined the relationship between a history of preconception and prenatal clinical Lyme disease or tick bite and case or control status. RESULTS: There was no association between congenital heart defect and maternal tick bite (adjusted odds ratio 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.5-2.5) or maternal Lyme disease within 3 months of conception or during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio 0.9; 95% confidence interval 0.2-3.6). CONCLUSION: A woman who has been bitten by a tick or is treated for Lyme disease during or before pregnancy is not at increased risk for giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Serological description of Estonian patients with Lyme disease, a comparison with control sera from endemic and non-endemic areas.

Serological tests for Lyme disease are mostly not well standardized and cases of misinterpretation of test results by clinicians are rather common. The diagnostic value of serologic tests may also depend on the seroepidemiological situation of the population. The aim of the study was to compare the immunoblot pattern of Lyme borreliosis patients and control sera from endemic and non-endemic regions and to identify the most suitable interpretation criteria for our immunoblot test. Serum samples of 24 Estonian patients with Lyme disease, 12 sera from patients with tick-borne encephalitis, 40 Estonian control sera, and sera from 50 Laplanders from North Sweden where people usually never come into contact with ticks were tested for IgG antibodies to Borrelia. Sonicated lysate of Borrelia afzelii (strain ACA1) was used in immunoblot as source of antigens. In our test system the following interpretation criteria gave the specificity of 96% for Estonian population: > or = 1 band from p58, p21, p17 and p14 plus > or = 2 bands from p83/100, p39, p34, p30 and p25; or > or = 4 bands from p83/100, p39, p34, p30 and p25. The comparison of Estonian controls with Laplanders showed that subclinical infections with Borrelia are rather common in Estonia. Also the rate of other infections, giving rise to cross-reactive antibodies, may be more frequent in Estonians. The frequent reactions with Borrelia antigens in a healthy population complicate the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the Sinai, Egypt with a note on the acaricidal efficacy of ivermectin.

In this study, tick burdens on camels (Camelus dromedarius) were determined in the vicinity of the St. Catherine monastery, Sinai, Egypt. In total 2,545 ticks (1,491 adults and 1,054 nymphs) were collected and identified. Mean tick burdens were relatively heavy and the range in number of ticks per camel was very broad (6-173). Hyalomma dromedarii was the predominant tick species and accounted for 95.6% of the adult ticks. Other ticks found were H. marginatum subspp. and H. anatolicum excavatum. All nymphs collected were Hyalomma spp. In addition, the effect of ivermectin (Ivomec MSD AGVET) on tick burdens, when given subcutaneously at 0.2 mg/kg-1, was evaluated in nine camels in the date-palm plantation of Kibbutz Yahel in the Arava valley, Israel. Initial tick burdens on these camels (half-body tick counts) ranged from 20-105 ticks per camel. Seven camels from the same herd with half-body tick counts ranging from 40-107 ticks per camel were not treated and served as a control group. Ivermectin was not effective against Hyalomma tick infestation in camels under these conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of immersion in distilled water on the engorged larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann, 1899 (Acari: Ixodidae)].

To evaluate the effect of the immersion of engorged larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma dubitatum experimentally fed on rabbits, the ticks were collected and formed control groups, without immersion, and groups witch were immersed by 24, 48, 72, 96 hours and, for engorged larvaes, by eight weeks, in test tubes containing distilled water. During all experiment ticks were kept at 27 +/- 1 degrees C, 80 +/- 10% RU and scotophase The parameters evaluated were: pre-ecdysis, ecdysis and moulting periods; and ecdysis and mortality percentages. When compared with the control group, the effect (p<0,05) of immersion varied intra and inter stages. Apparently, immersion was less deleterious to A. dubitatum in comparison with A. cajennense and R. sanguineus from neotropical region, thus reflecting a long host relations with the capybara, its primary host.

Animals↗