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PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative trial of octyl-cyanoacrylate and silver sulfadiazine for the treatment of full-thickness skin wounds.

A prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled experimental trial was performed in pigs to compare the rates of reepithelialization of 126 full-thickness cutaneous 4-mm punches treated with an octyl-cyanoacrylate spray, silver sulfadiazine, or a dry gauze (controls). Full thickness biopsies were taken 7, 14, or 30 days later for histopathological evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections by a dermatopathologist. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of wounds completely re-epithelialized at days 7 and 14. Secondary outcomes were the rates of infection, foreign body reactions, and the depth of any resulting cutaneous dells measured with a micrometer. Between-group comparisons were performed with ANOVA or Chi-square tests. Octyl-cyanoacrylate treated wounds re-epithelialized more slowly, as fewer wounds treated with octyl-cyanoacrylate were re-epithelialized at day 7 in comparison with silver sulfadiazine or control wounds (50% vs. 90% vs. 100%, p < 0.001). There were no infections or foreign body type reactions. Amounts of granulation tissue were similar among groups. Octyl-cyanoacrylate wounds were more depressed than silver sulfadiazine wounds at days 7 and 14 yet had similar histopathological characteristics at day 30. We conclude that treatment of small, full thickness cutaneous wounds with octyl-cyanoacrylate results in delayed re-epithelialization and dermal repair in comparison with silver sulfadiazine, yet it does not result in any foreign body-type reaction. However, by 30 days, histopathological wound characteristics were similar in all groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 5. Effects on the endocrine system and on adipose tissue metabolism.

1. Three experiments were conducted using Lotus pedunculatus containing high concentrations of condensed tannins (CT), and utilizing the principle that polyethylene glycol (PEG) application (molecular weight 3350) will irreversibly bind a portion of the CT and thus reduce the dietary reactive (i.e. non-PEG bound) CT concentration. Lotus diets containing 95, 45 and 14 g total reactive CT/kg dry matter (DM), induced by spraying with three PEG rates, were given to sheep at hourly intervals (600 g DM/d) for 21 d (Expt 1). In Expts 2 and 3, lambs grazed areas oversown with either lotus (89 g CT/kg DM) or clovers (Trifolium repens and Trifolium pratense; less than 1 g CT/kg DM) for 42 and 92 d respectively. In Expt 2 half the animals grazing each forage received oral PEG (75 g/d), whilst in Expt 3 half the lambs were sired by rams selected respectively for low or high levels of subcutaneous fat deposition. 2. Hormone concentrations in plasma (Expt 1 only) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Rates of [U-14C]-acetate and D-[U-14C]glucose incorporation and oxidation by subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue removed at slaughter, together with rate of glycerol release, were determined during in vitro incubation in all three experiments. 3. Plasma concentration of growth hormone was positively and linearly related to dietary reactive CT concentration, whilst 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentration tended to be negatively and linearly related to dietary reactive CT concentration. Diet CT concentration had no effect on plasma concentrations of the other hormones measured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Combining thermal and visible imagery for estimating canopy temperature and identifying plant stress.

Thermal imaging is a potential tool for estimating plant temperature, which can be used as an indicator of stomatal closure and water deficit stress. In this study, a new method for processing and analysing thermal images was developed. By using remote sensing software, the information from thermal and visible images was combined, the images were classified to identify leaf area and sunlit and shaded parts of the canopy, and the temperature statistics for specific canopy components were calculated. The method was applied to data from a greenhouse water-stress experiment of Vicia faba L. and to field data for Vitis vinifera L. Vaseline-covered and water-sprayed plants were used as dry and wet references, respectively, and two thermal indices, based on temperature differences between the canopy and reference surfaces, were calculated for single Vicia faba plants. The thermal indices were compared with measured stomatal conductance. The temperature distributions of sunlit and shaded leaf area of Vitis vinifera canopies from natural rainfall and irrigation treatments were compared. The present method provides two major improvements compared with earlier methods for calculating thermal indices. First, it allows more accurate estimation of the indices, which are consequently more closely related to stomatal conductance. Second, it gives more accurate estimates of the temperature distribution of the shaded and sunlit parts of canopy, and, unlike the earlier methods, makes it possible to quantify the relationship between temperature variation and stomatal conductance.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Acidified litter benefits the intestinal flora balance of broiler chickens.

The alterations in the balance of the normal intestinal bacterial flora of chickens exposed to acidified wood-derived litter were analyzed and compared to those of a control group exposed to nonacidified litter. A total of 1,728 broilers were divided into two groups, with six replicates in each. One group was exposed to dry wood-derived litter, and the other was exposed to dry wood-derived litter sprayed with a mixture of sodium lignosulfonate, formic acid, and propionic acid. At five different times, five chickens from each pen were killed and the intestinal contents from ileum and caeca were collected. The samples were diluted and plated onto selective media to identify coliforms, Lactobacillus spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Enterococcus spp. Covariance analysis of bacterial counts showed significantly lower counts for C. perfringens in the caeca and the ileum and for Enterococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. in the ileum in chickens exposed to the acidified litter. Lactobacillus spp. showed significantly higher counts in the caeca in chickens exposed to acidified litter. There was no difference between the two litters with regard to coliforms in the ileum and the caeca or to Enterococcus spp. in the caeca. The study shows that exposing the chickens to acidified litter lowers the intestinal bacterial number, especially in the ileum, without negative consequences for the chicken's health or performance. Of special interest are the lower counts of C. perfringens and Enterococcus spp. that might reduce the risk of developing clinical or subclinical necrotic enteritis and growth depression.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1974

Inorganic particles of agricultural origin.

Substantial quantities of mineral silicates are used as carriers for agricultural pest control agents. Most of this material is applied by air dissemination, either dry or as a droplet spray. Therefore, pulmonary and gastric deposition of the mineral carriers (and active agents) will occur among pesticide application personnel and some proportion of the general population in the vicinity of pest control operations-to the extent that particle size of the disseminated material is below the critical 5mum respirable diameter. Furthermore, ingestion of particulates deposited on food crops may be expected as well as mineral finding its way into drinking water supplies. It has been found that the silicates widely used in America can contain three forms of asbestos, anthophyllite, tremolite, and chrysolite. Of these, anthophyllite and chrysotile have been found associated with a neoplastic outcome after many years of exposure. It is therefore proposed that comprehensive mineralogical investigation of pesticide carriers is warranted, including epidemiological and clinical study of formulation and application personnel as well as exposed nonoccupational populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The use of permethrin (NRDC 143) in pre-seasonal treatment of mosquito breeding sites.

Under laboratory conditions the ovicidal effect of synthetic pyrethroid permethrin on eggs of the Culex pipiens molestus Forskal mosquito was not demonstrated. Under field conditions the permethrin doses 0.02--0.75 g/m2 sprayed on the bottom of dried up breeding sites in the inundated forest in the autumn prevented or substantially reduced the occurrence of Aedes cantans (Meigen) larvae in the spring months. Organophosphates fenitrothion and pirimiphos-methyl used in doses 0.04 and 0.16 or 0.15 and 0.5 g/m2 did not prevent the occurrence of A. cantans larvae.

Aedes↗
PubMed2006

Facial cold-induced vasodilation and skin temperature during exposure to cold wind.

One purpose of this study was to characterize the facial skin temperature and cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) response of 12 subjects (six males and six females) during exposure to cold wind (i.e., -10 to 10 degrees C; 2, 5, and 8 m/s wind speed). This study found that at each wind speed, facial skin temperature decreased as ambient temperature decreased. The percentage of subjects showing facial CIVD decreased significantly at an ambient temperature above -10 degrees C. A similar CIVD percentage was observed between 0 degrees C dry and 10 degrees C wet (face sprayed with fine water mist) at each wind speed. No CIVDs were observed during the 10 degrees C dry condition at any wind speed. The incidence of CIVD response was more uniform across facial sites when there was a greater cold stress (i.e., -10 degrees C and 8 m/s wind). Another objective of the study was to examine the effect of the thermal state of the body (as reflected by core temperature) on the facial skin temperature response during rest and exercise. This study found that nose skin temperature was significantly higher in exercising subjects with an elevated core temperature even though there was no significant difference in face skin temperature between the two conditions. Therefore, this finding suggests that acral regions of the face, such as the nose, are more sensitive to changes in the thermal state of the body, and hence will stay warmer relative to other parts of the face during exercise in the cold.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Pit and fissure sealant application using a drying agent.

This clinical investigation assessed the retention of pit and fissure sealants with and without the use of a post-etching drying agent in pediatric dental patients. Twenty eight healthy patients with four fully erupted, non-carious first permanent molars participated. Sixteen males and 12 females, 5-12 years of age, each received four sealants, two with and two without a drying agent. Sealants were placed by three dental operators. Assignment for sealant application (with and without drying agent) was based on a computer-generated randomization table. Sealant application involved cleansing of the teeth with a non-fluoridated prophylaxis paste followed by rinsing 60 seconds with air/water spray, enamel conditioning with 40% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds, rinsing with air/water spray for 60 seconds, application of drying agent for 5 seconds, application of sealant material, and light curing for 60 seconds. Modified USPHS (Ryge) criteria were used to evaluate interfacial staining, secondary caries, marginal integrity, and surface texture. Sealant retention was evaluated as fully retained or lost (failed). All 28 participants returned for the 12-month recall visit. Four evaluators reported a 91% overall retention rate. Of the 56 teeth sealed without a drying agent, there was a 13% (n = 7) failure rate compared to 5% (n = 3) failure rate for the 56 teeth sealed with a drying agent. These results were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) based on the log-rank test.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Application of dry elixir system to oriental traditional medicine: taste masking of peonjahwan by coated dry elixir.

Peonjahwan, an oriental traditional medicine composed of crude herbal drugs and animal tissues is bitter and poorly water-soluble. To mask the bitterness of peonjahwan and enhance the release of bilirubin, one of the crude active ingredients of peonjahwan, peonja dry elixir (PDE), was prepared using a spray-dryer after extracting the crude materials in ethanol-water solution. Coated peonja dry elixir (CPDE) was then prepared by coating the PDE with Eudragit acrylic resin. Panel assessed bitterness and release test of bilirubin from PDE and CPDE were carried out and compared with peonjahwan alone. PDE was found to have little effect upon the reduction of the bitterness of peonjahwan. However, the bitterness of CPDE was found to reduce to 1/4 of that of peonjahwan due to the encapsulation of crude active ingredients by the dextrin and Eudragit shell (P<0.05). The release rate of bilirubin from PDE and CPDE for 60 min increased about 3.5- and 2.5- fold, respectively, compared to peonjahwan at pH 1.2. It is concluded that CPDE, which masked the bitterness of peonjahwan and enhanced the release of bilirubin, is a preferable delivery system for peonjahwan.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between systemic corticosteroid exposure and growth velocity: development and validation of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model.

BACKGROUND: Use of high-dose oral corticosteroids (CSs) can reduce growth velocity (GV) in children, whereas use of low-dose topical CSs has either no effect or transient effects on short-term growth and no effect on final adult height Despite the large body of literature on this topic, some fundamental questions remain concerning the relationship between CS exposure and growth effects. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine the relationship between CS exposure and GV in children receiving CS therapy for asthma or rhinitis, and to examine whether there is likely to be a link between GV and cortisol suppression. METHODS: Data from 32 published studies of the effect on growth of inhaled, intranasal, and oral CSs, including delivery by dry powder inhaler, metered-dose inhaler, and aqueous nasal spray, were consolidated by expressing CS exposure in cortisol equivalents using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic approach. The relationship between change in GV and CS exposure in cortisol equivalents was described using a nonlinear sigmoid maximum-effect (E(max)) model with the following parameters: E(max) = -5.9 cm/y; steady-state unbound AUC for 50% reduction in GV, in cortisol equivalents = 20,000 ng.h/L; Hill constant = 1.2; and change in GV at zero systemic exposure = 0.06 cm/y. Validation was achieved by comparing the model's predictions with data from 5 studies that were not included in the model development The model was also used to predict the potential of various CS regimens to reduce GV. RESULTS: Exploratory data analysis established that change in GV was highly correlated with exposure in cortisol equivalents (P < 0.001). CSs with high systemic bioavailability by the intranasal route were predicted to have short-term growth effects exceeding the clinical equivalence limit for change in GV (+/-0.8 cm/y), whereas those with lower bioavailability were predicted to produce systemic exposures below the threshold for significant effects on GV The findings were similar for inhaled CSs and for regimens combining delivery by the intranasal and inhaled routes. In descending order, the model predicted the following ranking of the potential of the various intranasal, inhaled, and oral regimens to reduce GV, expressed as fractions or multiples of the pediatric dose (in microg/d): oral prednisolone 5000 microg/d, 0.14; inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate metered-dose inhaler 400 microg/d, 0.54; inhaled budesonide dry powder inhaler 400 microg/d, 0.66; intranasal triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray 220 microg/d, 0.74; inhaled triamcinolone acetonide metered-dose inhaler 400 microg/d, 0.75; intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray 336 pg/d, 0.89; inhaled mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler 200 microg/d, 2.4; intranasal budesonide aqueous nasal spray 128 microg/d, 2.5; inhaled fluticasone propionate dry powder inhaler 200 microg/d, 2.6; intranasal mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray 100 microg/d, 120; and intranasal fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray 100 pg/d, 150. Values >1 are predictive of no significant effect on GV. The model predicted that a 10% to 15% reduction in plasma cortisol concentration should be detectable at the lower equivalence limit for growth reduction (-0.8 cm/y). The validation procedure showed that the model was capable of predicting the results of the 5 comparative growth studies not included in model development with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. CONCLUSIONS: Growth effects appear to be nonlinearly related to CS exposure; therefore, no-effect exposure should be possible for CSs with low systemic exposure. Growth inhibition appears unlikely to occur in the absence of detectable reductions in cortisol concentrations.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2005

Membrane-based wet electrostatic precipitation.

Emissions of fine particulate matter, PM2.5, in both primary and secondary form, are difficult to capture in typical dry electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). Wet (or water-based) ESPs are well suited for collection of acid aerosols and fine particulates because of greater corona power and virtually no re-entrainment. However, field disruptions because of spraying (misting) of water, formation of dry spots (channeling), and collector surface corrosion limit the applicability of current wet ESPs in the control of secondary PM2.5. Researchers at Ohio University have patented novel membrane collection surfaces to address these problems. Water-based cleaning in membrane collectors made of corrosion-resistant fibers is facilitated by capillary action between the fibers, maintaining an even distribution of water. This paper presents collection efficiency results of lab-scale and pilot-scale testing at FirstEnergy's Bruce Mansfield Plant for the membrane-based wet ESP. The data indicate that a membrane wet ESP was more effective at collecting fine particulates, acid aerosols, and oxidized mercury than the metal-plate wet ESP, even with approximately 15% less collecting area.

Air Movements↗
PubMed2000

Herbicide formulations.

BACKGROUND: Herbicides comprise nearly half of the 5 billion pounds of pesticide active ingredients used worldwide annually. The active ingredient must be formulated with other ingredients to allow mixing, dilution, application, and stability. Liquid commercial formulations for spray foliar application include water-soluble liquids, emulsifiable concentrates, suspension concentrates or "flowables," and gels. Dry formulations that are mixed with water for spray application include wettable powders and water-dispersible granules. Granules are broadcast directly out of the bag. The carrier in liquid formulations is either water or an organic solvent or oil. The general chemical class of the carrier may be deduced based on the solubility characteristics of the active ingredient. Cosolvents may be necessary to optimize solubility and stability. Surfactants are nearly universally present in herbicide formulations or added prior to application. They aid uniform spreading of the spray droplet on the leaf and penetration of its waxy cuticle by the active ingredient. In solvent-based formulations, surfactants permit a stable oil-in-water emulsion to form when diluted with water for actual use. New surfactant systems are currently of intense competitive importance. Other formulation ingredients include pH adjusters, buffers, milling aids, antifoaming agents, acid scavengers, dyes, suspending agents, preservatives, dispersants, emulsifiers, densifiers, antifreeze, and crystal promoters. In highly regulated environments, the other formulation components in pesticides are receiving scrutiny. In the US, the EPA's strategy has been to categorize currently used formulation ingredients into 4 lists based on their toxicology profiles. The ultimate outcome is to have all inert ingredients on List 4, Minimal Risk. List 4 ingredients are generally regarded as safe or have current use patterns that do not pose an unreasonable risk of adverse effect to public health or the environment.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1985

Utilization by sheep of whole shelled corn impregnated with urea, calcium, potassium and sulfur.

Twenty-eight growing wether lambs (33.9 kg), adapted to urea for 40 d, were used in a metabolism study to determine if urea impregnation of corn could improve urea utilization. The following diets were compared: 1) whole shelled corn alone, 2) whole shelled corn impregnated with urea, calcium (Ca) as CaCl2, potassium (K) as KC2H3O2, and sulfur (S) as Na2S2O3 X 5H2O, 3) whole shelled corn fed with a dry supplement containing urea, Ca, K and S and 4) whole shelled corn fed with a dry supplement containing soybean meal, Ca and K. Additions were made to provide diets containing 12% crude protein, .37% Ca and .50% K. A 10:1 N (from urea) to S ratio, dry basis was used in urea-containing diets. Corn (90% dry matter) in diet 2 was impregnated by spraying 1.1 liters of an aqueous solution containing the above salts per 10 kg of corn dry matter. After mixing for 10 min in a horizontal mixer, the corn was dried in a laboratory grain drying bin with ambient laboratory air for 48 h. Lambs were fed 350 g of the respective diets plus 35 g orchardgrass hay twice daily during a 20-d metabolism trial. On the last day of the trial, ruminal fluid samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h postfeeding and jugular blood was obtained at 0 and 6 h postfeeding. Nitrogen-supplemented diets resulted in increased (P less than .01) absorption and retention of N. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and NFE tended to be greater in lambs fed impregnated corn than in lambs fed the other diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetates↗
PubMed1993

Improved visualization of folded collagen alpha-chains by ultra-rapid freezing.

Transmission electron microscopy techniques are commonly employed to examine the folded polymer structure of collagen polypeptides. These techniques include deposition of a sample by spraying, slow freeze-fixation, air drying and vacuum drying the specimen at room temperature, and using additives such as glycerol in the collagen preparation. Here we report preliminary observations of type I collagen alpha-chains, folded in water, at a concentration of 35 micrograms ml-1 and 10 micrograms ml-1, visualized by an ultra-rapid, freeze-fixation technique designed to minimize structural deformation caused by spraying, additives and poor freeze-fixation. The technique also allows the use of submicrolitre sample volumes of known concentrations with negligible loss and shearing, while at the same time providing excellent contrast to the collagen polymer for electron microscopy. This technique can be employed to study the structure of a wide range of macromolecules (proteins and carbohydrates).

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Effects of changing stomatal width in a red pine forest on soil water content, leaf water potential, bole diameter, and growth.

Spraying a 16 meter tall stand of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) with 10(-3)m phenylmercuric acetate in early June and again in mid-July resulted in the water use between June 1 and October 25 being reduced by almost 10%. It was demonstrated that this was caused by an increase in the leaf resistance with partial stomatal closure, which reduced absolute water potential in the needles by 1 to 3 bars in the middle of the day. Smaller demands were made upon the reserves of water in the bole of the tree as shown by the smaller bole contraction in the treated trees. Although needle length and dry weight were unaffected by the spray, radial growth was reduced by approximately 32%. The dependence of leaf resistance on light intensity is shown, and its independence from leaf water potential discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Reinfestation sources for Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans, Argentina.

Reinfestation by Triatoma infestans after insecticide spraying has caused elimination efforts in the dry Chaco region to fail repeatedly. The sources and spatial extent that need to be considered to understand the reinfestation pattern and to plan a comprehensive control program were studied in 2 adjacent rural communities in northwestern Argentina from 1993 to 1997. The effects of external, residual, and primary sources on the reinfestation pattern were evaluated by using geographic information systems, satellite imagery, spatial statistics, and 5-year retrospective data for 1,881 sites. The reinfestation process depended on primary internal sources and on surrounding infested communities. In the dry Chaco, successfully reducing the risk for reinfestation in a community depends on treating all communities and isolated sites within 1,500 m of the target community. In addition, during the surveillance phase, spraying all sites within 500 m of new foci will delay reinfestation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Acute respiratory failure caused by inhalation of waterproofing spray fumes].

A 25-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of dry cough, slight fever, and severe dyspnea 5 hrs after inhalation of waterproofing spray. She had used the spray indoors near an oil heater, and then had smoked with spray-contaminated fingers. Chest roentgenograms revealed diffuse interstitial shadows mixed with patchy alveolar infiltration, and computed tomographic (CT) scans confirmed diffuse infiltration in both lungs. Marked leukocytosis and severe hypoxemia were noted. A transbronchial lung biopsy performed 4 days later demonstrated extensive alveolitis characterized by edema in alveolar septa and marked neutrophil migration into alveoli as well as alveolar septa. Oxygen therapy and the administration of methylprednisolone (1 g/day) achieved a complete recovery in about 1 week. We speculated that acute lung injury in this patient may have been induced by direct inhalation not only of the waterproofing spray itself, but also of spray by-products resulting from heat-decomposition. When using waterproofing spray, precautions should be taken to avoid inhaling the spray fumes or the more toxic by-products of thermal degradation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

[A microbiological investigation of the effectiveness of Micro Megas E-spray].

The disinfecting effect of Micro Megas E-spray was tested using a microbiological technique which also included a practical test. Contra-angels and straight handpieces which were sprayed after being used for treatment on patients, and then dried and incubated in a liquid medium, showed a marked growth of microorganisms. The spray had a weak and barely significant growth inhibiting effect on contaminated, simulated instrument surfaces. using Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as test bacteria. It is concluded that the spray is not suitable for distinfection of contra-angels and straight handpieces.

1-Propanol↗