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PubMed2003

The formation of in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice in young children: are they distinct attitudes?

Although standardized measures of prejudice reveal high levels of ethnocentric bias in the preschool years, it may reflect in-group favoritism or out-group prejudice. A measure that partially decouples the two attitudes was given to White children between 4 and 7 years of age to examine the reciprocal relation between and the acquisition and correlates of in-group and out-group attitudes. The two attitudes were reciprocally correlated in 1 sample from a racially homogeneous school but not in a 2nd sample from a mixed-race school. In-group favoritism did not appear until 5 years of age but then reached significant levels; it was strongly related to developing social cognitions. Out-group prejudice was weaker, but its targets suffer from comparison with the high favoritism accorded in-group members.

Attitude↗

PubMed1995

Predicting serious delinquency and substance use among aggressive boys.

Early aggressive behavior puts boys at increased risk for involvement in a variety of later problem behaviors, including delinquency and drug abuse. However, not all boys who evidence aggressive behavior in childhood continue to engage in problem behaviors in adolescence. This 3.5-year prospective study examined the role of factors hypothesized by the social development model to inhibit or increase the likelihood of subsequent involvement in serious delinquency and substance use within a sample of boys identified as aggressive by teacher report at ages 10 and 11. At ages 12 and 13, a combination of the constructs of skills for prosocial involvement, school bonding and achievement, family bonding and management practices, norms against substance use, and interaction with peers and adults involved in antisocial behavior significantly discriminated between boys who were and were not involved in serious delinquent behavior and substance use at ages 13 and 14, although family bonding and management practices appeared to contribute little to the discriminant function. Implications of the results for preventive interventions with aggressive boys are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

A bimodal preventive intervention for disruptive kindergarten boys: its impact through mid-adolescence.

Disruptive kindergarten boys from inner-city low socioeconomic neighborhood schools were randomly allocated to a preventive intervention and control condition. The 2-year prevention program included a home-based parent training component and a school-based social skills training component. Participants were followed up to mid-adolescence. Results indicated that a significantly greater percentage of treated boys remained in an age-appropriate regular classroom up to the end of elementary school and that the treated boys reported significantly less delinquent behaviors at yearly assessments from 10 to 15 years old, compared with controls. The preventive intervention appeared to have a significant long-term impact on the social development of the disruptive kindergarten boys. Earlier and more intensive intervention may be necessary for some cases, whereas for all disruptive boys, booster sessions between 12 and 15 years of age are recommended.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2007

Emotional exhaustion and job performance: the mediating role of motivation.

The literature concerning the relationship between emotional exhaustion and performance led researchers to raise questions about the extent to which the variables are related. In 2 time-lagged samples, the authors found that motivation mediates the emotional exhaustion-job performance relationship. Moreover, the authors found that participants appear to target their investment of resources in response to emotional exhaustion to develop social support through social exchange; specifically, emotional exhaustion was associated with communion striving resources that were manifest in the form of organizational citizenship behaviors targeted at individuals. Implications of this relationship for theories of burnout and for management practice are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Enduring effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on selective attention and reactivity to errors: evidence from an animal model.

Adult Long-Evans rats, exposed prenatally to 1 of 4 doses of cocaine (0.0,0.5,1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg iv), were tested on a 3-choice visual attention task with an olfactory distractor presented unpredictably on one third of the trials. The performance of all 3 cocaine-exposed groups was significantly more disrupted than that of controls by the presentation of distractors. Results demonstrate that prenatal cocaine exposure increases susceptibility to distractors, using a task specifically designed to measure this function. In addition, the present study revealed that individuals exposed to cocaine in utero exhibit greater performance disruption after an error than controls, in certain types of tasks. Both areas of dysfunction, impaired selective attention and impaired arousal regulation, have important functional consequences in humans, possibly affecting the school performance and social development of cocaine-exposed children.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Role of microecology in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic conditions of unknown etiology. Current therapy mitigates the severity of acute bouts of mucosal inflammation but an eradication therapy is lacking. Growing incidence of IBD is associated with social development. Epidemiology suggests a relationship between the establishment of the individual gut flora and the risk of developing IBD. Patients show an impaired tolerance towards commensal bacteria of the resident flora. Unrestrained activation of the intestinal immune system against some commensal bacteria appears to be responsible for the characteristic relapsing course of these diseases. Wide-spectrum antibiotic therapy reduces bacterial load and mitigates intestinal inflammation in human IBD and in animal models. Current research aims at the identification of probiotics for bacterial antagonism therapies. Probiotics are living microorganisms which upon ingestion in certain numbers exert health benefits beyond inherent basic nutrition. Colonization with a Lactobacillus reuteri strain can prevent the development of colitis in genetically susceptible mice. Other studies have used a bacterium genetically engineered to secrete the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 and demonstrated a therapeutic effect in animal models of colitis. Moreover, some probiotics may naturally exhibit antiinflammatory properties when interacting with the human gut mucosa. Prebiotics such as inulin have also been shown to prevent colonic inflammation in animal models. Preliminary clinical trials with probiotics in IBD are encouraging. Probiotics offer a valuable tool for the prevention and control of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Is befriending by trained volunteers of value to people suffering from long-term mental illness?

People who suffer from long term mental illness may be vulnerable to loneliness and isolation when living in community settings. Befriending by volunteers may be an effective way of combating such problems and helping clients to develop social networks. The findings of a small scale project to evaluate the views of people suffering from long term mental illness of an organized befriending scheme are reported. Nine subjects who suffer from severe mental illness were interviewed, all subjects felt befriending was helpful to them, and 67% of subjects thought it had improved their confidence when in social situations. Subjects who lived alone indicated a preference to see volunteers at home, whilst those who lived with carers preferred support in going out socially. The value of befriending schemes as part of community care services for this needy client group are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Effects of infant and caregiving conditions on an infant's focused exploration of toys.

An infant's exploration of toys, in the context of the mother's regulating actions, is a setting for cognitive and social development. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of infant and caregiving conditions to the quantity of focused exploration of toys for 8-month-old infants. Infant biological conditions were gender and birth weight, including a range of both prematurely and term-born infants. The infant behavioural condition was responsiveness to care. Caregiving conditions included mother's education, the supportive, stimulating and sustaining quality of the home environment, and the attention-directing and -supporting behaviour of the mother during play. The direct and indirect effects of these conditions on focused toy exploration were modelled using multiple regression. The sample of 79 mother-infant dyads included 43 full-term infants and 36 premature infants. The mother's attention-directing behaviour was a significant negative predictor of focused toy exploration. Infant birth weight did not have a significant direct effect on focused toy exploration. Birth weight did not interact significantly with responsiveness to care or with any of the caregiving environment conditions to affect focused toy exploration. Further study of infant responses to the mother's attention-regulating and emotion-regulating behaviour during play is recommended to better understand how the caregiving environment supports or thwarts focused toy exploration.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Considerations on the vicissitudes of unconscious guilt feelings from pre-adolescence to early adolescence.

The author describes re-edition of the rapprochement subphase (the early period of the second individuation process) occurring from pre-adolescence to early adolescence by means of case presentation. Factors that motivate youngsters to become aware of unconscious guilt in their inner world are discussed in the course of this study. In the pre-adolescent period youngsters begin to develop a conscious guilt more like that of an adult. Under the service of ego, a child modulates from a primitive externalized unconscious guilt conditioned by emotional exchanges with their parents to a more evolved state of self-awareness. Furthermore, it is possible that changes from externalization of unconscious guilt to guilt with which the ego is directly concerned, (that is, internalized guilt), will resolve the infantile relationship that young adolescents have had with their parents and play an important role in developing social independence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Neonatal cerebral infarction.

Neonatal cerebral infarction in term infants has many possible causes, including bacterial meningitis, inherited or acquired coagulopathies, trauma, and hypoxia-ischemia. However, a specific cause often cannot be identified. Neurologic symptoms in the neonatal period are often subtle and nonspecific, even in infants with large infarctions involving an entire cerebral artery distribution. The most common presenting symptom is focal motor seizures of the contralateral limbs. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging, especially with diffusion-weighting, is the most sensitive imaging modality, although ultrasonography with Doppler imaging of cerebral blood flow is useful in the neonate who is too ill to transport. Neurodevelopmental outcome is often surprisingly good, with many infants making a complete recovery of motor function. The effect of neonatal stroke on cognitive function, especially language acquisition and emotional and social development, has not been fully established.

Cerebral Infarction↗

PubMed2002

Mental disorders as possible intrapsychic routes to remission. Part II: psychopathic personality disorder.

In this article an attempt is made, on the basis of a case report of a psychopathic swindler, to explain psychopathy as an intrapsychic mechanism which may lead to remission. In some cases psychopathic personality disorder can have the function of a route that should be completed within the possibilities and capacities of the patient in question. When this route is completed successfully the patient might be able to, and motivated for healthy emotional, moral and social development.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗

PubMed2000

[Methodological problems of longitudinal studies on schizophrenia].

Longitudinal studies are a key to understanding schizophrenia. They are the more informative, the longer the periods covered. Hence, good studies into the course of schizophrenia almost exclusively involve a lot of effort and cost. In practice, however, time-consuming methods and design variables must be avoided. The pitfalls this constraint produces are instructive of the difficulties longitudinal studies are faced with in striving for valid results. For reasons of research economy, requirements must be adjusted to study objectives. Studies into the short term course are less time-consuming, but because of the rapid changes in the illness course study intervals should be defined clearly and observed strictly. In long-term studies, too, one source of error lies in the highly varying lengths of illness of the patients studied. Even some of the classic long-term studies are marred by this error. The beginning of the follow-up period should be comparable across the study cohort and as close to illness onset as possible. To obtain generally valid results the probands must be representative of all the illness cases in the general population not only at the outset, but also all the later stages of the study. Besides the efforts to avoid attrition in the study cohort, ways must be found for correcting and estimating data for an acceptable proportion of drop-outs. In the analysis of course and outcome the indicators chosen must be apt to the traditional subtypes as well as to a theoretical symptom patterns and empirical symptom structures. In the context of typical design variables of longitudinal studies the assets and weaknesses of two retrospective and one prospective design will be discussed. Concerning the social course, importance of disease-independent factors, such as age, sex and level of social development at illness onset, as well as of control groups will be demonstrated. Predictor models will be discussed with reference to the direct and indirect influences involved. Examples of such analyses will be given.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

[Situation and outlook of German child and adolescent health care (KJGD)].

The strength of the youth health care system lies in its position as a central interface with connections to local youth and school authorities and medical paediatric institutions. Its most important task is translating and mediating between different disciplines and institutions which, in some way, concern child and adolescent health. The school and education system faces a problematic social development; it is in need of paediatric support by Community youth health care. Community youth health care must be developed according to changing conditions and tasks. There is a need for child and youth health reporting to find out the local needs and offers. Paediatricians dealing with Community child and youth health care must have an additional training on the job.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Strategies for addressing bullying with the school-age child who stutters.

This article outlines basic principles for helping school-age children who stutter to deal with bullying. Bullying may affect children's school performance and feelings of self-worth and lead to depression and feelings of helplessness and loneliness. Bullying can also exacerbate stuttering behavior, increase negative emotions and negative thoughts, and reduce therapy progress. A variety of techniques can be implemented as part of the overall treatment process to help children deal with bullying. These techniques can improve children's overall success in treatment by helping them develop socially appropriate responses to bullying, reduce or prevent negative emotion that may result from stuttering, and feel more comfortable in applying speech management skills learned in treatment.

Child↗

PubMed2004

[Questionnaire on parental attitudes and rearing practices (FEPS)].

A positive parent-child relationship is one of the most important determinants of a healthy cognitive, emotional and social development. The relationship from parent to child is determined by parenting styles. Parenting styles are characterised by the two dimensions parental attitudes and rearing practices. The development and the psychometric properties of a questionnaire on parental attitudes and rearing practices (FEPS), which contains an extended version of the Parental Bonding Instrument by Parker et al. (PBI, 1979) and two scales on parental reinforcement and punishment behaviour, is presented. In a sample of 457 women and 159 men factorial and item analysis revealed four scales (care, autonomy, low punishment and low material reinforcement). The care dimension contained items of immaterial reinforcement on the positive pole and items of coldness and ignorance as means of punishment on the negative pole. Based on findings from its first application in a clinical study it can be assumed that the FEPS differentiates between clinical and non-clinical populations. Additionally, varying patterns of the four scales may emerge as risk factors for the development of certain psychiatric/psychological problems.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Risks of risk communication - lessons we may learn from media communication].

The German media system produces an enormous diversity of media contents both in the audiovisual and the press areas. The increasing number of media products promotes keen competition between new and existing media companies. German citizens consume mass media products for about eight hours a day, which makes the media one of the key factors in social life. This has consequences for the type and process of risk communication. Increasing competition results in a biased coverage of events and issues in the world. Key words are sensation, negativity, emotion and personalization. This kind of coverage leads to a sometimes irrational risk dialogue between media, society, economy and administration. A possible misconception of risks and risk management may have undesirable consequences for the social development and benefits of new technologies.

Communication↗

PubMed2006

[Differential diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of juvenile mania -- a review].

Manic disorders and bipolar psychoses have long been underdiagnosed in child and adolescent psychiatry. Scientific research has been rare as well. In particular in adolescence and young adulthood bipolar disorders are not easy to diagnose. Therefore these disorders should be included in differential diagnosis as research from the U. S. shows that there is a significant number of these treatable patients. Being untreated sufficiently major setback in social development and quality of life occur, as severe as in schizophrenia. Adequate medication and psychotherapy in the early phases of these chronic disorders ameliorate the overall prognosis. Special attention should be drawn to hypomanic phases and phenomena as rapid cycling.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

[True XX/XY hermaphrotide, HY antigen positive, without detectable testicular tissue. Observation from birth to the age of ten years (author's transl)].

A rare modification of true Hermaphroditism is demonstrated in a ten-year-old child we have observed since birth. The cytogenetic analysis revealed a XX/XY-mosaicism. Two kinds of origin are discussed: 1. an ovum with two nuclei was fertilized by two different sperm cells, 2. two heterosexual zygotes fused. -- We could not find tissue of the testes but confirmed the diagnosis of a hermaphroditism by the detection of the HY-antigen and by typical endocrinological findings. Two different cell populations found in erythrocytes and by GPT-isoenzymes indicated a chimerism. By knowledge of these findings, we could help the child to undergo a positive psychological and social development.

Biopsy↗