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PubMed2004

[Reception of research in the natural sciences in middle Germany at the Padua University betwee 1770 and 1820].

The German literature on natural sciences that was present in the public libraries in Padua between 1770 and 1820 is described. The citations of German authors in the publications of Paduan naturalists of that time and of the textbooks used in Padua University are outlined. German journals on natural sciences available in Venice and Padua and Italian translations of German monographs of that time are also documented. With the foundation of the Italian Empire by Napoleon, the organization of lectures and research in the University of Padua changed drastically. In consequence, the reception of chemistry and physics was exclusively directed to France. In the descriptive natural sciences the earlier German traditions prevailed. Therein, however, Paduan sciences adopted the earlier descriptive traditions that already existed at the end of the 18th century and did not respond to the new developments in German functional morphology and physiology. Jenensian naturalists, botanists and physicists who received attention in Padua around 1800 are described as part of the empiric tradition of Central Germany and not as followers of the speculative "Naturphilosophie". There is no explicit reference to romantic sciences.

Education, Medical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving resource efficiency through management science.

Optimal management of resources is a very complex and difficult task for healthcare systems. Nevertheless, healthcare providers can employ data-driven methodologies and management science tools, coupled with managerial insights, to significantly improve both their resource effectiveness and efficiency. Understanding the full technical complexities of management science models is a daunting task for healthcare managers, but they can be aided by the increased availability of management science software. Readily available software does not require extensive technical competencies and is easily adaptable to resource changes. This article reports how a large healthcare system improved the cost effectiveness and service efficiency of its laboratory courier service through the use of management science techniques and readily available software. The laboratory courier system existed to serve a large multihospital healthcare system located in a major Texas metropolis. The routing and scheduling solution reported in this article yielded a very substantial 16.4 percent reduction in annual laboratory courier costs and a significant improvement in service levels. This study indicates that management science techniques and software are readily adaptable to the healthcare environment and are amenable to use by healthcare administrators.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2004

[Biostatistics contribution to the development of biomedical sciences].

Biostatistics can be defined as the science of data reduction methods, variability and populations, in the field of medicine and biomedical science. Its origins trace back to the work of Quetelet (1796-1874) and more recently of Fisher (1890-1962). Following the technological advances in biomedical sciences during the 20th century, modern biostatistics is facing the formidable challenge of translating information into knowledge. Biostatistics has significantly contributed to the development of biomedical sciences in many areas: laboratory medicine (reference values and quality control), randomized clinical trials (RCT), clinical decision-making, new drugs development. The explosion of scientific research over the past decades, however, has led to misuse and abuse of statistical methods. Common sense should therefore always prevail. In sum, biostatistics, an amalgalm of mathematics, logic and judgment, has given the quantitative and factual dimension that the evolution of biomedical sciences required.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2005

A causal model for the effectiveness of internal quality assurance for the health science area.

The purposes of this research were 1) to study the effectiveness of Internal Quality Assurance (IQA) of the Health science area, and 2) to study the factors affecting the effectiveness of the IQA of the Health science area. A causal model has been developed by the researcher comprised of the 6 exogenous latent variables: Attitude towards quality assurance, Teamwork, Staff training, Resource sufficiency, Organizational culture, and Leadership, and the 4 endogenous latent variables, which are the effectiveness of the IQA, Student-centered approach, Decentralized administration, PDCA cycle of work (Plan-Do-Check-Act), and Staff job satisfaction. The research sample consisted of 108 health science faculties derived by stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected by 10 questionnaires having reliability ranging from 0.79 to 0.96. Data analyses were descriptive statistics, and Linear Structure Relationship (LISREL) analysis. The major findings were as follows: 1. The 4 dimensions of effectiveness for the IQA of the Health science areas were significantly higher at the .05 level, after the Health science faculty applied the IQA programme according to the National Education Act of 1999. 2. The causal model of the effectiveness of the IQA was valid and fitted the empirical data. The 6 predictors accounted for 83% of the variance in the effectiveness of IQA. Culture and Leadership were the predictors that significantly accounted for the effectiveness of the IQA.

Health Facility Administration↗
PubMed2006

[The community health diagnosis of life-way disease in Peking University Health Science Center].

OBJECTIVE: To study the basic information of life way disease and the corresponding risk factors of behavior in the community of Peking University Health Science Center, understand the background issue and social support system, and analyze the requirement for community health service so that the critical issue for health can be dealt with and the comprehensive program of prevention and treatment of the disease can be accordingly supplied. METHODS: The random face to face questionnaire about life way disease and risk factors in 1051 residents over 6 years of age in the community of Peking University Health Science Center was conducted according to the typical sampling principle in 1 primary school, 1 middle school, 1 university and its community, and the investigations of health data from the hospital and the police office in the community were also conducted through discussing about life ways risk factors. Accordingly , the data obtained by way of EXCEL were analyzed and processed using SPSS 11.5. RESULTS: Diagnostic data of demography, epidemiology, behavior environment, education and organization were obtained concerning the public health of the Peking University Health Science Center community. CONCLUSION: The key health issue in the Peking University Health Science Center community is significantly influenced by the bad way of life. And some behavior risk factors, such as fatness, lack of outdoor exercise in the community members. Thus, the major necessary health service of Peking University Health Science Center residents is to carry out a comprehensive management program of life way disease for the whole people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Retention of basic sciences knowledge at clinical years of medical curriculum.

AIM: To explore the association between the knowledge of basic (physiology and biochemistry) and clinical sciences (internal medicine) among medical students, and determine the level of retained basic science knowledge at the fifth year of medical studies. METHODS: Medical students attending the second (n=145, response rate 60%) or the fifth year (n=176, response rate 73%) of medical studies at the Zagreb University School of Medicine in Croatia were given an anonymous knowledge test with 15 pairs of questions developed specifically for this purpose. Each pair consisted of a basic and clinical question, with the correct answer to the basic question explaining the physiological or biochemical background of the clinical question. Three pairs of questions were excludes from the analysis due to poor psychometric characteristics. RESULTS: We found statistically significant correlation between basic and clinical tests scores for both groups of students (r=0.47, P<0.001 for the second year and r=0.45, P<0.001 for the fifth year). 2x2 within-between measures ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect for knowledge test and study year (Wilks lambda=0.55, F(1, 319)=262.7, P<0.001; effect size=0.45), showing that fifth year students scored lower on the basic test than second year students but obtained higher scores on the clinical test. CONCLUSION: The core basic science knowledge is lost during the clinical years of medical studies. Although remembering and understanding basic science concepts as a background of clinical statements at the clinical years does not directly affect clinical knowledge, there is a positive correlation between retained basic science concepts and clinical knowledge.

Croatia↗
PubMed1991

The impact of economic issues on Nigerian health sciences libraries.

Economic issues are among the most important factors affecting health sciences libraries in Nigeria. These issues are influenced by the political, cultural, geographic, and demographic characteristics of the country. Significant economic issues are the dependence of the national economy on a single commodity, large foreign debt and spiraling inflation, stringent foreign exchange control measures, and inadequate realization by authorities of the role and importance of health sciences libraries. With shrinking budgets, resources, and staff, health sciences libraries can neither grow nor afford library automation. Health sciences librarians must take initiatives for cooperative activities to increase and make the most of resources, pursue nontraditional methods of fund-raising, educate authorities about the role and importance of libraries, and develop and implement a plan for the development and growth of health sciences libraries in the country.

Financing, Government↗
PubMed1991

The establishment of an academic health sciences library in a developing country: a case study.

The development of a Faculty of Medical Sciences (FMS) and an academic health sciences library for the University of the West Indies (UWI) has proven to be a polemical and political issue due to the depressed economy of the country. Although FMS is still shrouded in politics and controversy after its inaugural year, the Medical Sciences Library (MSL) has expanded its dimensions and is actively developing a biomedical information network within the country. This will result in better dissemination and control of biomedical information. The library now participates in joint projects with other health sciences libraries in the country with the goal of joint automated listings of holdings and shared cataloging projects. This paper examines the development of the library and explains the difficulties experienced in its developmental stages due to politics, the delay in appointment of a medical sciences librarian, and the financial decline in the local economy.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1991

Videodisc technology trends in academic health sciences libraries.

This paper describes a national survey designed to determine trends in videodisc use, development, and production in academic health sciences libraries throughout North America. In the winter of 1989, 131 four-page survey instruments went to library directors in academic health sciences institutions. Of these, 63 (48%) survey forms were completed and returned. Survey results indicated a wide range of videodisc technology use and development and a growing production of both Level I and Level III videodiscs within academic health sciences libraries. Videodisc technology delivery for student use was centralized within many medical libraries, although videodisc development was not centralized within academic health sciences centers. Most libraries (67%) have purchased videodisc technology and over one fourth (28%) are repurposing a videodisc within their institution. Over one fourth (25%) of respondents have already begun to develop their own videodisc software, and almost one fourth (24%) of respondents have a Level III videodisc in production. Clearly the use and development of videodisc technology for biomedical instruction is expanding within academic health sciences libraries.

Libraries, Medical↗
PubMed1988

[The future of pathological anatomy and the paradigms in science].

The view is taken that the future of pathology can be perceived only in relation to the development of science in general and medical science in particular. Development of science should be seen in the dialectics of continuity and discontinuity. The power of this process depends on dialectic antagonisms, such as those between being and appearance, development of medical science and even more of biological science, and techno-scientific progress. Taking this in consideration, no principal change of trend in issues and methodology may be expected in pathological anatomy. However, differences will grow between the theoretico-experimental and clinical aspects of pathological anatomy.

Humans↗
PubMed1970

National services provided by the Health Sciences Resource Centre of Canada.

The Health Sciences Resource Centre forms part of the National Science Library of Canada, whose collections and services are described. The new Centre coordinates activities of the various provincial medical libraries. Its creation began with increased collections of medical journals, and plans are underway to print out a union list of medical journals from the Union List of Scientific Serials tapes. The first product of the Centre is a medical "proceedings index" to proceedings held by the National Science Library; this is computer-produced, and will appear annually. An analysis was made of the medical items requested for borrowing from the National Science Library according to type of material, service provided, type of user, and geographical location. The results are given.A description is given of the SDI service currently provided by the National Science Library, based on Chemical Titles, Chemical Abstracts Condensates, INSPEC, and the ISI tapes. It is hoped to expand this data base with MEDLARS tapes.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evolution of clinical science. An overview.

An overview is presented of immortals, institutions, and discoveries of past ages which have contributed to the furtherance of clinical science. The presentation is divided into two parts: I. Noteworthy contributions to the development of clinical science--1500 to 1700 A.D. II. Noteworthy contributions to the development of clinical science--1700 to 1949 A.D. The time has come for a transformation and rejuvenation of clinical laboratories in hospitals and medical institutions in our country. In recent years, the clinical investigative mission of hospital laboratories has been grossly neglected owing, in large measure, to the increased work loads for analytical service that are required for patient care. However, commercial corporations have now gradually invaded the field of clinical laboratory services, so that in the foreseeable future clinical laboratories will be afforded more time and opportunities for fulfillment of the investigative mission. The objectives of clinical science are to conserve health and to cure disease. By promoting the investigative point of view, clinical science will be destined to contribute to the furtherance of its objectives.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMed1993

What does the American Board of Surgery In-Training/Surgical Basic Science Examination tell us about graduate surgical education?

BACKGROUND: This research sought to identify the strengths and weakness in residents' basic science knowledge and, second, to determine whether they progressively improve in their abilities to recall basic science information and clinical management facts, to analyze cause-effect relationships, and to solve clinical problems. METHODS AND RESULTS: Basic science knowledge was assessed by means of the results of the January 1990 American Board of Surgery's In-Training/Surgical Basic Science Exam (IT/SBSE). Postgraduate year (PGY) 1 residents' scores were compared with those of PGY5 residents. Content related to a question was considered "known" if 67% or more of the residents in each of the two groups answered it correctly. Findings showed 44% of the content tested by the basic science questions were unknown by new and graduating residents. The second research question required the 250 IT/SBSE questions to be classified into one of three levels of thinking abilities: recall, analysis, and inferential thinking. Profile analysis (split-plot analysis of variance) for each pair of resident levels indicated significant (P < 0.001) differences in performance on questions requiring factual recall, analysis, and inference between all levels except for PGY3s and PGY4s. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this research enable program directors to evaluate strengths and weaknesses in residency training curricula and the cognitive development of residents.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Postgraduate forensic science education in Turkey.

Legal medicine in Turkey, has an educational background that goes back to 1839 and the first autopsy in modern terms was performed in 1841. In the early days, it was common practice for those involved in this work to extend their investigative knowledge into areas not directly concerned with medical matters. However forensic medical investigations cannot be entrusted in the hands of single investigators, but should rather be dealt with by cooperative groups of experts nowadays. This need was the major force for the establishment of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences by a special article of the law (section 2547) as a training and research center in 1982. The Institute being the first and only institution giving master's and doctorate degrees in Forensic Sciences, has 3 major departments: 1) Medical Sciences Department, 2) Basic Sciences Department and 3) Social Sciences Department. Graduates of various fields ranging from medical doctors specialized in any field, biologists, chemists to lawyers, district attorneys, psychologists and other related fields are composing the multidisciplinary structure of the institute. The main research fields of the Institute are: population genetics, paternity investigation, child abuse, and identification of human remains.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1997

Integrating behavioral and social sciences research at the National Institutes of Health, U.S.A.

Readers of Social Science & Medicine may find it interesting to know that in 1993 the United States Congress established the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the belief that scientific research on behavioral and social factors in order to facilitate a growth in this important area of research. As is discussed in this paper, the philosophy of the OBSSR is that, although discoveries in the behavioral and social sciences are as critical for health as those from the biomedical sciences, knowledge from both areas must ultimately be integrated. Such integration will accelerate our understanding and treatment of physical and mental illnesses in both the developed and the developing world. This paper briefly presents the scientific evidence supporting this philosophy, outlines the mandated responsibilities of the OBSSR, and discusses some of its current and planned activities.

Behavioral Sciences↗
PubMed1999

The role of science in medicine.

A suitable demarcation between pure science and applied research can be drawn in terms of their goals. This distinction of goals has methodological and cultural consequences. If the demarcation is accepted, what does the connection between the two enterprises look like? What is the role of science in medical practice? The Baconian answer to this question is discussed and criticised as too linear. A second answer may be that pure science has no part at all in medicine. This too can be criticised as too simplistic. A third answer is suggested in which pure science plays the role of being an instrument for interpreting observations and problems, and of being a source of inspiration for technological research programs.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Behavioral and social sciences at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Critical disciplines for public health.

The mission of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Fifty years ago, CDC's efforts were focused on epidemiologic and laboratory studies of malaria, typhus, and plague. Today, CDC's activities cover a broad range of diseases and conditions, and a broader range of disciplines are required to address these diverse public health problems. The behavioral and social sciences have a critical role to play in helping the public understand risk group characteristics and the frequency, context, and determinants of risky behaviors and in developing, implementing, and assessing prevention programs. CDC is taking steps to foster an environment in which behavioral and social sciences can flourish and to integrate these sciences into all of CDC's prevention activities. Other articles in this section describe the breath and nature of the contributions of behavioral and social sciences at CDC.

Behavioral Sciences↗
PubMed1993

Producing physician-scientists: a survey of graduates from the Harvard--MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology.

BACKGROUND: The Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology (HST) is a flexible, preclinical curriculum, taught by members of the faculties of both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, that stresses a rigorous, scientific, quantitative approach, small classes (usually fewer than 50 students), and student-faculty interaction. The program is aimed at students with strong backgrounds in quantitative and biological sciences who are interested in careers as physician-scientists. METHOD: The first 234 students of the program, who graduated between 1975 and 1985, were asked to participate in a 1990 follow-up study by completing a four-page questionnaire and submitting curricula vitae and lists of publications, if available. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. RESULTS: Of the 234 graduates, 211 (90%) responded. Sixty-three (30%) had received both MD and PhD degrees. The graduates were twice as likely to describe their primary professional roles as academic than as clinical practice; 94 held full-time faculty positions at 50 medical schools. The 154 (73%) in research spent an average of 51% of their time on this activity. According to the 179 graduates (85%) who stated that they would choose HST again, the most frequently mentioned reasons were the quantitative approach that emphasized integration of basic science and clinical practice (49%) and the small class size (37%). CONCLUSION: The HST MD curriculum, with its emphasis on basic science and research experience, has been successful in preparing carefully selected students for careers as physician-scientists, without necessarily requiring the completion of a PhD degree.

Career Choice↗