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PubMedDate not supplied

Incorporation of epidemiological findings into radiation protection standards.

In standard setting there is a tendency to use data from experimental studies in preference to findings from epidemiological studies. Yet the epidemiological studies are usually the first and at times the only source of data on such critical effects as cancer, reproductive failure, and chronic cardiac and cardiovascular disease in exposed humans. A critique of the protection offered by current and proposed standards for ionizing and non-ionizing radiation illustrates some of the problems. Similar problems occur with water and air pollutants and with occupational exposures of many types. The following sorts of problems were noted: (a) Consideration of both thermal and non-thermal effects especially of non-ionizing radiation. (b) Interpretation of non-significant results as equivalent to no effect. (c) Accepting author's interpretation of a study, rather than examining its data independently for evidence of hazard. (d) Discounting data on unanticipated effects because of poor fit to preconceptions. (e) Dependence on threshold assumptions and demonstrations of dose-response relationships. (f) Choice of insensitive epidemiological indicators and procedures. (g) Consideration of each study separately, rather than giving weight to the conjunction of evidence from all available studies. These problems may be minimized by greater involvement of epidemiologists and their professional organizations in decisions about health protection.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed1994

An EGS4 based mathematical phantom for radiation protection calculations using standard man.

This note describes an Electron Gamma Shower code (EGS4) Monte Carlo program for calculating radiation transport in adult males and females from internal or external electron and gamma sources which requires minimal knowledge of organ geometry. Calculations of the dose from planar gamma fields and from computerized tomography illustrate two applications of the package.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Radiation exposure of personnel during intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT): radiation protection aspects.

Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is a multidisciplinary procedure which combines two conventional methods of cancer treatment surgery and radiation therapy. The purpose is to deliver a large single dose to the surgically exposed tumor bed while minimizing doses to normal tissues. Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is a technique which allows irradiating the patient directly after the surgical operation using a linear accelerator that can be situated in the operating room. For medical accelerators with energy over 10MeV the need to characterize the neutron spectra for this particular situation arises from the fact that, when neutron spectra is not fully known, it becomes necessary to be more cautious introducing a weight factor wR of 20 (maximum value). This leads to overesteem the equivalent dose due to neutrons and it indicates to introduce additional (mobile) shields for photon and neutrons radiation not easily achievable in an operating room.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1994

Changes in international radiation protection standards.

The International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP, is the only organization that has ever effectively set standards at the international level for protection from exposure to ionizing radiation. Thus, this paper deals primarily with the ICRP, its shortcomings, and changes that should be made in ICRP and its operation.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Basic radiation protection considerations in dental practice.

This article provides basic guidance to radiation safety professionals unfamiliar with dental radiography on how to optimize the use of x-ray equipment and maintain occupational and non-occupational doses ALARA. Topics discussed in this article include basic protective measures commonly used to minimize the patient and operator's exposure to radiation, recommendations for the development of operating procedures, and the performance of compliance audits in dental practice.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Low-dose chest CT: optimizing radiation protection for patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate CT scanning protocols to determine how best to minimize patient exposure to ionizing radiation while maintaining sufficient image quality to detect pulmonary diseases. SUBJECT AND METHODS: The CT dose index (CTDI) was determined by scanning an acrylic phantom at various tube current-time products (7.5-115 mAs). Image quality was evaluated by comparing the homogeneity and noise level of CT scans obtained in the acrylic phantom with those obtained in a water-equivalent phantom. The CT scans obtained at various milliampere-second settings in patients with nodules or diffuse opacifications were assessed. The relationships between the CTDI and the image quality of the CT scans (noise level and artifacts) were established. RESULTS: The reduction of a conventional tube current-time product (115 mAs) by 65%, 78%, or 93.5% can decrease the CTDI by 60%, 70%, or 85%, respectively. In correlating the image quality of each CT scan to the milliampere-second settings used to obtain it, we found that homogeneity decreased as milliampere-second settings decreased, whereas the noise level increased as milliampere-second settings decreased. For both 8- and 3-mm slice thicknesses, the homogeneity of CT scans acquired at 7.5 mAs or greater was within the acceptable range (< 4 H). However, the noise level of CT scans remained within the acceptable range (< 0.35%) when 25 mAs or greater was used. The evaluation of the image quality of the patients' CT scans indicated no statistical significance in image quality rating between the scans obtained at 25 mAs and those obtained at 115 mAs (p > 0.01). CONCLUSION: Low-dose (i.e., 40 or 25 mAs) helical chest CT produced satisfactory image quality and reduced the CTDI, thereby maximally protecting patients from radiation exposure.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

An evaluation and comparison of compliance inspection outcomes data for radiation protection programs in Maine and Texas.

The coding system used by the State of Texas Department of Health Bureau of Radiation Control to categorize regulatory violations resulting from compliance inspections was applied to the results of similar activities performed by the State of Maine Radiation Control Program for licensees of radioactive materials in calendar year 1999. The coded results from the Maine inspections (n = 37) were then summarized and compared to the data from Texas inspection activities for similar radiation licenses (n = 1,350). Despite significant differences in program size, age, and geographic proximity, the list of most commonly issued violations was almost identical. Other program outcome analogies were also noted, such as similar violation frequency distributions and similar identified root causes of non-compliance. These comparisons mark the first step towards the possible creation of a generalizable list of common items of non-compliance, which could serve to greatly enhance radiation safety preventive education and training programs. The utility of the Texas coding system as the basis for interstate program comparisons is also demonstrated, since the system is based upon categories of non-compliance rather than locally-unique regulatory codes or citations.

Humans↗