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At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

[Tuberculosis trends in Palencia].

OBJECTIVES: To describe the most important epidemiological characteristics and the tendency of the incidence of tuberculosis in Palencia from 1986 to 1999. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Palencia province. PATIENTS: 1158 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and 177 cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We reviewed the Obligatory Diseases Declaration and their epidemiological characteristics. We used descriptive statistics, 2 and Student tests, sensibility and positive predictive tests. There were 1158 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and 177 of other tuberculosis. Tuberculosis was more frequent in men (69.2%). The most affected groups of age were 20-29 years old (20.6%) and 20-49 years old (48.2%). The group of age between 60 and 79 years old reported an incidence of 21.8%. 33 of 100 notified cases of AIDS had extrapulmonary tuberculosis and 18% had pulmonary tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis is an important problem of public health. It's more common in young men and its epidemiological characteristics are similar to AIDS sickness in our environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Psychological opportunities and hazards in predictive genetic testing for cancer risk.

Although the availability of genetic tests seems like an unequivocally favorable turn of events, they are, in fact, not without controversy. At the center of the controversy is a question regarding the risks and benefits of genetic testing. Many geneticists, ethicists, psychologists, and persons at risk for cancer are concerned about the potentially adverse psychological effects of genetic testing on tested persons and their families. In addition, the screening and interventions that are useful in the general population remain to be shown effective in those with high genetic cancer risk. Consequently, there have been calls for caution in moving genetic testing out of research laboratories and into commercial laboratories until their impact and the effectiveness of cancer prevention strategies can be studied. This article examines the arguments and data for and against this caution, citing examples related to hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and drawing upon literature on testing for other genetic diseases.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1983

Recognition of historic influenza epidemics from parish burial records: a test of prediction from a new hypothesis of influenzal epidemiology.

On the current conception of the epidemiology of epidemic influenza, as caused by a mechanism of direct spread of the virus from the sick, epidemics must have travelled much more slowly in former times than at present. In contrast, a new hypothesis involving virus latency with seasonal reactivation predicts that in previous centuries influenza epidemics would have spread across the country at much the same speed as in the twentieth century. The study of burial registers in Gloucestershire parishes reported in this paper shows that lethal influenza epidemics at least as early as the sixteenth century can be recognized and dated as at present by the characteristic brief but large excess mortality that they cause. Examples are given showing that the character of the excess mortality caused by lethal influenza has not changed significantly over the centuries, a finding that supports the prediction of the new hypothesis but would not be expected on the current conception of influenzal epidemiology. In each century, influenzal excess mortalities in Gloucestershire parishes coincided with the date of the relevant influenza epidemic as recorded from widely different parts of Britain, thus further supporting the prediction of the new hypothesis as against current conceptions.

Burial↗
PubMed2001

Biorelevant dissolution testing to predict the plasma profile of lipophilic drugs after oral administration.

PURPOSE: To quantitatively compare in vitro dissolution data in biorelevant and compendial media, to investigate whether in vitro differences are reflected in the simulated plasma profile and to specify under which circumstances prediction of the plasma profile of orally administered lipophilic drugs can be achieved. METHODS: Previously published dissolution data from seven products of four lipophilic drugs were compared using the first order model, the RRSBW distribution, and a model based on the Noyes-Whitney theory. Simulated plasma profiles were then obtained using a model-dependent approach. Simulated and observed plasma profiles were compared with the difference factor, f1. RESULTS: No model consistently provided the best fit to the in vitro data, which varied significantly with medium composition. Prediction of the plasma profile was possible (9.6 < or = f1 < or = 34.2) in seven out of eleven cases. CONCLUSIONS: Although prediction of the plasma profile of lipophilic drugs solely on the basis of in vitro data remains an ambitious target, this study shows that the plasma profile of a lipophilic drug can be predicted with appropriate in vitro dissolution data, provided that the absolute bioavailability of the drug is known and the drug has dissolution limited absorption.

Adamantane↗
PubMed2005

Testing the predictions of the central capacity sharing model.

The divergent predictions of 2 models of dual-task performance are investigated. The central bottleneck and central capacity sharing models argue that a central stage of information processing is capacity limited, whereas stages before and after are capacity free. The models disagree about the nature of this central capacity limitation. The central bottleneck model claims that central processing acts on only 1 task at a time and, therefore, constitutes a bottleneck that processes tasks serially. The central capacity sharing model postulates that the central stage is a limited-capacity parallel processor that divides resources among to-be-performed tasks. As a result of this difference, in the psychological refractory period paradigm, the central capacity sharing model predicts that lengthening Task 2 precentral processing will improve Task 1 performance at short stimulus onset asynchronies, whereas the central bottleneck model does not. Results of 2 experiments confirm the prediction of the central capacity sharing model.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed2001

Genetic counseling issues in predictive genetic testing for familial adult-onset neurologic diseases.

Genetic counseling is important in any genetic testing situation in order to address the various issues related to obtaining a genetic diagnosis. Presymptomatic testing for adult-onset neurodegenerative disease, in particular, presents a complex counseling scenario. It is imperative to discuss the potential impact of test results on patients' family dynamics, insurability and employability, family planning, and future health in addition to ascertaining a complete understanding of recurrence, inheritance, and testing parameters. The Huntington disease presymptomatic testing protocol is well-defined and has been used for more than 10 years. These guidelines, which protect both patient and provider, can now be applied to other diseases as further presymptomatic testing capabilities are realized.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Exploration of NVE classical trajectories as a tool for molecular crystal structure prediction, with tests on ice polymorphs.

Following an initial Communication [Buch et al., J. Chem. Phys. 123, 051108 (2005)], a new molecular-dynamics-based approach is explored to search for candidate crystal structures of molecular solids corresponding to minima of the enthalpy. The approach is based on the observation of phase transitions in an artificial periodic system with a small unit cell and relies on the existence of an optimal energy range for observing freezing to low-lying minima in the course of classical trajectories. Tests are carried out for O structures of nine H2O-ice polymorphs. NVE trajectories for a range of preimposed box shapes display freezing to the different crystal polymorphs whenever the box dimensions approximate roughly the appropriate unit cell; the exception is ice II for which freezing requires unit cell dimensions close to the correct ones. In an alternate version of the algorithm, an initial box shape is picked at random and subsequently readjusted at short trajectory intervals by enthalpy minimization. Tests reveal the existence of ice forms which are "difficult" and "easy" to locate in this way. The former include ice IV, which is also difficult to crystallize experimentally from the liquid, and ice II, which does not interface with the liquid in the phase diagram. On the other hand, the latter crystal search procedure located successfully the remaining seven ice polymorphs, including ice V, which corresponds to the most complicated structure of all ice phases, with a monoclinic cell of 28 molecules.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Origin of the Eumetazoa: testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record.

Molecular clocks have the potential to shed light on the timing of early metazoan divergences, but differing algorithms and calibration points yield conspicuously discordant results. We argue here that competing molecular clock hypotheses should be testable in the fossil record, on the principle that fundamentally new grades of animal organization will have ecosystem-wide impacts. Using a set of seven nuclear-encoded protein sequences, we demonstrate the paraphyly of Porifera and calculate sponge/eumetazoan and cnidarian/bilaterian divergence times by using both distance [minimum evolution (ME)] and maximum likelihood (ML) molecular clocks; ME brackets the appearance of Eumetazoa between 634 and 604 Ma, whereas ML suggests it was between 867 and 748 Ma. Significantly, the ME, but not the ML, estimate is coincident with a major regime change in the Proterozoic acritarch record, including: (i) disappearance of low-diversity, evolutionarily static, pre-Ediacaran acanthomorphs; (ii) radiation of the high-diversity, short-lived Doushantuo-Pertatataka microbiota; and (iii) an order-of-magnitude increase in evolutionary turnover rate. We interpret this turnover as a consequence of the novel ecological challenges accompanying the evolution of the eumetazoan nervous system and gut. Thus, the more readily preserved microfossil record provides positive evidence for the absence of pre-Ediacaran eumetazoans and strongly supports the veracity, and therefore more general application, of the ME molecular clock.

Animals↗