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PubMed1985

Characterization of the coliform and enteric bacilli in the environment of calves with colibacillosis.

In the first part of the present study the coliform and enteric bacilli in the environment of calves with colibacillosis were examined. The occurrence, number, and pathogenic properties of Escherichia coli in barnyard soils were obtained from six cattle ranches. The O and K serogroups of E. coli isolates obtained from the feces of calves with colibacillosis born at these cattle ranches were determined, and their serotypes were compared with the E. coli O and K serotypes found in soils. The results showed a reservoir of potentially pathogenic E. coli in barnyard soils contaminated with bovine feces. For the second part of this study, 6 healthy calves and 51 calves with colibacillosis were studied. The numbers of total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, total streptococci, fecal streptococci, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms in the feces of calves were determined. In addition, coliform and enteric bacilli from the feces of both healthy and diseased calves were identified, and their indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate (IMViC) types were described. In parallel, the IMViC types of coliform and enteric bacilli isolated from barnyard soils previously contaminated with bovine feces were compared with those isolated from uncontaminated soils. All fecal specimens were also examined for the presence of rotavirus. No significant effect on the numbers of the bacterial types was found. The results suggest that the predominant IMViC types found in the feces of calves with colibacillosis originate from the soil. From this study it is apparent that the occurrence, number, and survival of E. coli in barnyard soils is related to ranch husbandry and sanitary practices.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Moraxella catarrhalis: from emerging to established pathogen.

Moraxella catarrhalis (formerly known as Branhamella catarrhalis) has emerged as a significant bacterial pathogen of humans over the past two decades. During this period, microbiological and molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed and improved for M. catarrhalis, allowing the adequate determination and taxonomic positioning of this pathogen. Over the same period, studies have revealed its involvement in respiratory (e.g., sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia) and ocular infections in children and in laryngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia in adults. The development of (molecular) epidemiological tools has enabled the national and international distribution of M. catarrhalis strains to be established, and has allowed the monitoring of nosocomial infections and the dynamics of carriage. Indeed, such monitoring has revealed an increasing number of B-lactamase-positive M. catarrhalis isolates (now well above 90%), underscoring the pathogenic potential of this organism. Although a number of putative M. catarrhalis virulence factors have been identified and described in detail, their relationship to actual bacterial adhesion, invasion, complement resistance, etc. (and ultimately their role in infection and immunity), has been established in a only few cases. In the past 10 years, various animal models for the study of M. catarrhalis pathogenicity have been described, although not all of these models are equally suitable for the study of human infection. Techniques involving the molecular manipulation of M. catarrhalis genes and antigens are also advancing our knowledge of the host response to and pathogenesis of this bacterial species in humans, as well as providing insights into possible vaccine candidates. This review aims to outline our current knowledge of M. catarrhalis, an organism that has evolved from an emerging to a well-established human pathogen.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Pituitary tumours: findings from whole genome analyses.

Pituitary tumours are common intracranial neoplasms that cause significant morbidity through mass effects and/or the inappropriate secretion of pituitary hormones. Despite a considerable literature detailing potential pathogenic changes in these tumours, their aetiology remains largely unresolved. Recent studies have employed genome-wide profiling towards the identification of novel genes and pathways that are inappropriately expressed or regulated in this tumour type. The techniques employed vary in their complexity and interpretation; however, many of the findings from these types of studies have identified novel genes with potential and, in some cases, proven roles in pituitary tumorigenesis. These studies include comparative genomic hybridization, whole genome-wide allelotyping and methodologies for identification of novel genes associated with epigenetic silencing. In addition, differential display methodologies have been instrumental in the identification of transcripts inappropriately expressed including, pituitary tumour transforming gene, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD)45gamma and a maternal expressed gene 3 isoform, which in some cases have proven roles in pituitary tumorigenesis. Although few studies of whole genome transcript analysis, as determined by microarray or gene-chip technologies, are reported, these studies of human pituitary, in some cases combined with proteomics, are yielding useful data. In addition, these types of investigation have been applied to several animal models of pituitary tumorigenesis, and in these cases novel genes are highlighted as showing significant change. The identification of the initiating events responsible for the transformation of a normal pituitary cell into one with unrestrained proliferative capacity has so far eluded us. No doubt, these new technologies allowing an essentially unbiased genome-wide analysis, perhaps in combination with animal models that display a preceding hyperplasia, will allow us to identify genes critical to tumour evolution and progression.

DNA Damage↗

PubMed2003

Waterborne pathogens and dental waterlines.

Humans, like every other living thing on Earth, have evolved in a world dominated by many billions of microscopic life forms. Most of the time, we live in a state of harmony (or even mutualism) with our invisible coinhabitants. When this balance becomes disturbed however, the consequences can be devastating. Infectious diseases including malaria, tuberculosis, and AIDS remain the world's greatest mass murderers. Dental workers strive to reduce infection risks for their patients through infection control measures that reduce or eliminate potentially pathogenic agents in the clinical environment. As increasing numbers of patients with varying degrees of immune suppression present for dental treatment, the need to ensure an aseptic treatment environment will become a higher priority for the dental profession. The possibility that exposure to aerosols contaminated with endotoxin might exacerbate asthma or cause chronic respiratory problems in dental health care workers should be investigated. Although direct evidence of widespread complications among patients or occupationally acquired illness among dental workers is presently lacking, reducing the numbers of microorganisms present in dental treatment water is consistent with other empiric measures that form the basis of infection-control practice.

Biofilms↗

PubMed2004

Virulence characteristics and epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersiniae other than Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis isolated from water and sewage.

AIMS: To determine the species, bio-sero-phagetypes, antimicrobial drug resistance and also the pathogenic potential of 144 strains of Yersinia spp. isolated from water sources and sewage in Brazil. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 144 Yersinia strains were characterized biochemically, serologically and had their antibiotic resistance and phenotypic virulence markers determined by microbiological and serological standard techniques. The Y. enterocolitica strains related to human diseases were also tested for the presence of virulence genes, by the PCR technique. The isolates were classified as Y. enterocolitica, Y. intermedia, Y. frederiksenii, Y. kristensenii and Yersinia biochemically atypical. The 144 isolates belonged to various bio-serogroups. Half of the strains showed resistance to three or more drugs. The Y. enterocolitica strains related to human diseases exhibited phenotypic virulence characteristics and virulence genes. CONCLUSIONS: Water from various sources and sewage are contaminated with Yersinia spp. in Brasil. Among these bacteria, virulent strains of Y. enterocolitica were found, with biotypes and serogroups related to human diseases. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first documented description of the occurrence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in water sources and sewage in Brazil. The occurrence of virulence strains of Y. enterocolitica shows that the environment is a potential source of human infection by this species in this country.

Brazil↗

PubMed1999

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in inflammatory and malignant pleural effusions.

BACKGROUND: Investigation and management of pleural effusions is an important clinical problem yet the pathogenesis of pleural fluid accumulation is poorly understood. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent inducer of capillary permeability that is produced by both malignant and inflammatory cells. A study was undertaken to determine whether VEGF has a potential pathogenic role in the development of pleural effusions and whether VEGF receptors are present on human pleural mesothelial cells. METHODS: Normal and inflamed pleura were examined immunohistochemically for the presence of FLT-1 (the fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor of VEGF). VEGF levels were measured by ELISA in 78 consecutive patients presenting with undiagnosed unilateral pleural effusions and the levels were correlated with the aetiology of the effusions. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining of normal and diseased pleura demonstrated the presence of the FLT-1 VEGF receptor on human mesothelial cells. Median VEGF levels were 2500 pg/ml in the malignant group and 305 pg/ml in the non-malignant group (median difference 1397.5 pg/ml (95% CI 851 to 2693), p<0.005). Median VEGF levels varied according to tumour histology. VEGF levels were also significantly raised compared with transudates (median 36.5 pg/ml) in empyema (4651 pg/ml (95% CI 833 to 10 000), p<0.001) and parainfectious effusions (360 pg/ml (95% CI 46 to 597), p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: This first report of VEGF receptors on pleural mesothelial cells has indicated a potential mechanism for the biological activity of VEGF on pleural tissue. VEGF levels are raised in the majority of exudative effusions, implying a pathogenic role for this molecule in the development of pleural effusions.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Antibiotic therapy of pleural empyema.

Most empyemas occur as a complication of pneumonia or lung abscess, but 15% to 30% occur after thoracic surgery and 10% occur in association with an intraabdominal infection. The bacteriology of empyemas that occur in association with lung infections is often polymicrobial and mixed, containing multiple species of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, the latter found in up to 75% of cases. In contrast, empyema following thoracic surgery is more likely to be monomicrobial and caused by common nosocomial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Diffusion of antibiotics into both infected and uninfected pleural fluid is good, but certain agents (aminoglycosides and some beta-lactams) may be inactivated in the presence of pus, low pH, and beta-lactamase enzymes. Single antibiotic agents that are likely to be active against the wide spectrum of potential pathogens include imipenem-cilastatin and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid. Combinations of antibiotics should include an effective agent against anaerobic bacteria (clindamycin, metronidazole) coupled with an agent active against aerobic gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1999

Kinetics of lymphocyte apoptosis in macaques infected with different simian immunodeficiency viruses or simian/human immunodeficiency hybrid viruses.

Increased rates of T-cell apoptosis have been detected in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals and in the simian immunodeficiency model (SIV) for AIDS research. We have infected macaques with virulent SIV or SIV/HIV hybrid viruses (SHIV) of different pathogenic potentials to study the early kinetics of apoptosis in this model. Animals infected with SIV showed an increased degree of apoptosis in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells as early as 8 weeks after virus inoculation. Apoptotic cells were detected in the CD4 and CD8 cell populations of infected animals. In contrast, apathogenic SHIV did not lead to increased lymphocyte apoptosis and moderately pathogenic SHIV induced only transient apoptosis. T-cell death was temporally linked to viral replication in vivo. Furthermore, lymphocyte apoptosis in infected macaques was associated with impaired proliferative responses of helper T-cells and with CD4 cell depletion. The monkey model described here provides the opportunity for testing early therapeutic interventions to prevent virus-induced programmed cell death and the subsequent onset of AIDS.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Antibiotics for the acute abdomen.

Antibiotics are only an adjunct to proper surgical therapy for the treatment of the acute abdomen associated with bacterial secondary peritonitis. Upon presentation, all patients require a preoperative dose of antibiotics for prophylaxis against infection of remaining sterile tissues. Patients found intraoperatively to have an established peritoneal infection benefit from an immediate postoperative course of therapeutic antibiotics. A regimen that adequately covers facultative and aerobic gram-negative bacilli and anaerobic organisms is essential. The duration of therapeutic antibiotics is probably best decided on an individual patient basis. The goal of antibiotics is to reduce the concentration of bacteria invading tissues. The pathogens of bacterial peritonitis are influenced by such factors as the patient's pre-existing chronic diseases, state of acute physiologic debilitation, immunocompetence, recent antibiotic use, recent hospitalization, and neutralization of gastric acidity. Intraoperative peritoneal cultures are most useful in patients suspected of having impaired local host defenses. In these patients, all identified organisms, such as Enterococcus or Candida, may be potential pathogens. The common practice of administering empiric and prolonged courses of broad-spectrum antibiotics in patients who manifest persistent signs of inflammation may be more harmful than beneficial. These patients warrant an exhaustive search for extra-abdominal and intraperitoneal sources of new infection. Otherwise, such use of antibiotics may continue to promote the selection of bacteria that are highly resistant to conventional antibiotics and permit the overgrowth of organisms commonly seen with tertiary peritonitis. The best chance of resolving bacterial peritonitis is through early, aggressive surgical management complemented by short courses of potent antibiotics and appropriate physiologic support. Through these efforts, the clinician tries to help the systemic inflammatory response to benefit the host and not become unregulated, result in MOFS, and produce a high mortality.

Abdomen, Acute↗

PubMed2007

Avian blood parasites in an endangered columbid: Leucocytozoon marchouxi in the Mauritian Pink Pigeon Columba mayeri.

There is increasing evidence that pathogens can play a significant role in species decline. This study of a complete free-living species reveals a cost of blood parasitism to an endangered host, the Pink Pigeon Columba mayeri, endemic to Mauritius. We investigated the prevalence and effect of infection of the blood parasite, Leucocytozoon marchouxi, in the free-living Pink Pigeon population. Overall, L. marchouxi infection prevalence detected was 18.3%. Juveniles were more likely to be infected than older birds and there was geographical variation in infection prevalence. Survival of birds infected with L. marchouxi was lower than that of uninfected birds to 90 days post-sampling. This study suggests that while common haematozoa are well tolerated in healthy adults, these parasites may have greater pathogenic potential in susceptible juveniles. The study is unusual given its completeness of species sampling (96%) within a short time-period, the accurate host age data, and its focus on blood parasites in a threatened bird species. Species for which long-term life-history data are available for every individual serve as valuable models for dissecting the contribution of particular pathogens to species decline.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity.

The long-term persistence of pathogens in a host that is also able to maintain strong resistance to reinfection, referred to as concomitant immunity, is a hallmark of certain infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and leishmaniasis. The ability of pathogens to establish latency in immune individuals often has severe consequences for disease reactivation. Here we show that the persistence of Leishmania major in the skin after healing in resistant C57BL/6 mice is controlled by an endogenous population of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. These cells constitute 5-10% of peripheral CD4+ T cells in naive mice and humans, and suppress several potentially pathogenic responses in vivo, particularly T-cell responses directed against self-antigens. During infection by L. major, CD4+CD25+ T cells accumulate in the dermis, where they suppress-by both interleukin-10-dependent and interleukin-10-independent mechanisms-the ability of CD4+CD25- effector T cells to eliminate the parasite from the site. The sterilizing immunity achieved in mice with impaired IL-10 activity is followed by the loss of immunity to reinfection, indicating that the equilibrium established between effector and regulatory T cells in sites of chronic infection might reflect both parasite and host survival strategies.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Changing flora in burn and trauma units: experience in the United Kingdom.

Bacterial colonization of burned and devitalized tissue is inevitable. The types of organisms that are isolated from burn wounds depend on such factors as preexisting illness, types of topical antiseptics and antimicrobials used, microbial sampling techniques, and indigenous flora that inhibit the burn unit. Among organisms that are capable of producing disease, Staphylococcus aureus remains the most common isolate in the patient with burns. The decrease in the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was initiated by the advent of effective topical antiseptics, appears to have continued to the present. Acinetobacter is now a common organism in the burn unit; although the organism has developed resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents, it infrequently causes serious problems. Comparisons between burn units with intensive-care capability that practice an aggressive approach to surgical management and burn units that continue to use a more traditional approach have revealed little difference with regard to incidence of or time to acquisition of potentially pathogenic bacteria. In a recent comparison that involved a unit of each type, marked reductions in the incidence of isolation of P. aeruginosa and Streptococcus group A organisms were observed over the course of 2 years in both of the units. Significant problems with viruses, yeasts, and fungi have not yet been encountered (or identified) in burn units; further study of the potential role of such organisms in infection in the patient with burns is required.

Acinetobacter Infections↗

PubMed1988

Clinical evaluation of diagnostic hemoperfusion for in vivo enrichment of bacteria and fungi in comparison with a conventional blood culture technique.

The hemoperfusion module, a newly developed technique for recovering pathogenic microorganisms from patients suffering from septicemia, was compared with conventional blood cultures. The module was interconnected with the extracorporeal circulation of 92 predominantly hemodialyzed patients. Nearly 12 liters of flowing blood (up to 200 ml min-1; mean running time, 60 min) came in contact with the coated charcoal. Of 99 modules examined, 44 (44.7%) yielded positive cultures and contained 54 potentially pathogenic bacteria or fungi (22 species). Only 32 of 190 (16.8%) conventional blood cultures were positive and contained 37 microorganisms (10 species). Even when patients were receiving antibiotic treatment, the frequency of isolation was significantly higher in hemoperfusion (21 of 44 modules positive, 47.7%) than in conventional blood cultures (10 of 88 cultures positive, 11.4%). In contrast, 23 of 55 modules (41.8%) and 22 of 102 conventional blood cultures (21.6%) were positive when patients were not treated with antibiotics prior to blood sampling. Altogether, hemoperfusion modules appeared to be superior to and more sensitive than the conventional blood cultures used and seemed to be a valuable tool for detecting septicemia.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Emerging Staphylococcus species as new pathogens in implant infections.

The vast use of prosthetic materials in medicine over the last decades has been accompanied by the appearance of new opportunistic pathogens previously considered incapable of causing infections with significant morbidity and/or mortality. In this regard, the genus Staphylococcus enlisting numerous species usually characterized by a saprophytic habit covers a special role. Apart from Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, well known for their large prevalence in implant-related infections, a number of further staphylococcal species are progressively being indicated for their pathogenic potential. The increasing attention on these opportunistic bacteria is due to an ever growing number of clinical reports, which is also deriving from a more accurate identification of these species with currently available techniques. This synopsis intends to offer an overview on recently emerging coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) as well as coagulase-positive/-variable staphylococci exhibiting distinct traits of virulence, pathogenicity, and epidemiologic impact depending among others on the medical field, the type of prosthetic device and its anatomic location.

Communicable Diseases, Emerging↗

PubMed2024

A novel splice-altering TNC variant (c.5247A > T, p.Gly1749Gly) in an Chinese family with autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to analyze the pathogenic gene in a Chinese family with non-syndromic hearing loss and identify a novel mutation site in the TNC gene. METHODS: A five-generation Chinese family from Anhui Province, presenting with autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss, was recruited for this study. By analyzing the family history, conducting clinical examinations, and performing genetic analysis, we have thoroughly investigated potential pathogenic factors in this family. The peripheral blood samples were obtained from 20 family members, and the pathogenic genes were identified through whole exome sequencing. Subsequently, the mutation of gene locus was confirmed using Sanger sequencing. The conservation of TNC mutation sites was assessed using Clustal Omega software. We utilized functional prediction software including dbscSNV_AdaBoost, dbscSNV_RandomForest, NNSplice, NetGene2, and Mutation Taster to accurately predict the pathogenicity of these mutations. Furthermore, exon deletions were validated through RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS: The family exhibited autosomal dominant, progressive, post-lingual, non-syndromic hearing loss. A novel synonymous variant (c.5247A > T, p.Gly1749Gly) in TNC was identified in affected members. This variant is situated at the exon-intron junction boundary towards the end of exon 18. Notably, glycine residue at position 1749 is highly conserved across various species. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that this synonymous mutation leads to the disruption of the 5' end donor splicing site in the 18th intron of the TNC gene. Meanwhile, verification experiments have demonstrated that this synonymous mutation disrupts the splicing process of exon 18, leading to complete exon 18 skipping and direct splicing between exons 17 and 19. CONCLUSION: This novel splice-altering variant (c.5247A > T, p.Gly1749Gly) in exon 18 of the TNC gene disrupts normal gene splicing and causes hearing loss among HBD families.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psittacine pox virus: virus isolation and identification, transmission, and cross-challenge studies in parrots and chickens.

An avian pox virus was isolated from Amazon parrots dying with severe diphtheritic oral, esophageal, and crop lesions. The virus was propagated on chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) of 10-day-old chicken embryos, and a homogenate of the infected CAM was rubbed vigorously onto the conjunctiva, oral mucosa, and defeathered follicles of two healthy Amazon parrots and three conures. All experimental birds developed cutaneous and ocular pox lesions, and one parrot developed oral pox lesions. Specific-pathogen-free chicks inoculated with the virus isolate developed skin lesions identical to those of the parrots. Chickens vaccinated with fowl and pigeon pox vaccines and inoculated with the psittacine isolate developed lesions typical of avian pox. Chickens vaccinated with the psittacine virus were susceptible to fowl and pigeon pox virus infection. This pox virus isolate may thus be regarded as a potential pathogen for chickens.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative study of experimental pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba strains (author's transl)].

We have tested pathogenicity on mice after the intranasal instillation of 8 Acanthamoeba strains isolated from swimming-pools. The A1 strain of A. culbertsoni has also been tested as pathogenic reference strain. Virulence is measured by determination of D.L. 50 for each strain from the study of the variation of mortality in relation to the inoculated dose. We have established that the most of Acanthamoeba strains (6 on 8) isolated from an external environment (swimming-pools) are able to kill a certain percentage of mice after intranasal instillation. But the potential pathogenicity revealed in this way varies greatly (D.L. 50 included between 4.10(2) and 4.10(5)) from one strain to another. Elsewhere there seems to be no correlation among Acanthamoeba between the observed pathogenicity and the fact that it belongs to a particular species.

Amebiasis↗

PubMed2025

Bacterial skin colonization with a specific Cutibacterium avidum clade as a risk factor for periprosthetic joint infections-a multicenter study.

Cutibacterium avidum is increasingly recognized as a causative agent of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs), yet data on its pathogenic potential and distinguishing features from commensal strains remain limited. In this multicenter study, we compared 11 C. avidum isolates from PJIs with 32 isolates from healthy skin collected across four European hospitals. We investigated phylogenetic relationships, antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, and bacterial fitness. Phylogenomic analysis revealed two main clades within the C. avidum population. All PJI isolates belonged exclusively to Clade 1, which also included skin isolates. Within Clade 1, gene content analysis showed no consistent genetic differences between PJI and skin isolates. All isolates exhibited moderate to strong biofilm formation, with no significant differences in either data set. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) values were low and largely concordant, while minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values were elevated for all antibiotics except rifampin. One isolate was resistant to clindamycin due to the erm(X) gene. Rifampin consistently showed the lowest MIC, minimal bactericidal concentration, MBIC, and MBEC values. Bacterial fitness, assessed via bacterial quantitative fitness analysis, was significantly lower in PJI isolates compared to skin isolates when all strains were analyzed (P = 0.039), but this difference was not statistically significant when restricted to Clade 1. In conclusion, C. avidum isolates are strong biofilm producers irrespective of clinical origin. PJI isolates are restricted to a single phylogenetic clade, yet lack distinct biofilm or fitness traits within that clade, suggesting that multiple Clade 1 strains may have the potential to cause PJIs. IMPORTANCE Cutibacterium avidum has long been considered a skin commensal, but it is increasingly associated with prosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Despite its clinical emergence, little is known about its virulence potential or how invasive strains differ from commensal ones. This multicenter study provides the most comprehensive comparative analysis to date, integrating phenotypic and genomic data from both PJI-associated and skin-derived isolates. We show that all isolates are strong biofilm formers and that invasive isolates exhibit reduced growth fitness-a phenotype linked to persistence and treatment failure in other pathogens. Notably, all PJI isolates belonged to a single phylogenetic clade, suggesting that specific lineages of C. avidum may be more likely to cause infection. These findings help clarify the biology of this emerging pathogen and provide a foundation for improved diagnostics, susceptibility testing, and future infection prevention and treatment strategies.

Biofilms↗