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PubMed1991

The effect of paper industry effluent on growth, pigments, carbohydrates and proteins of rice seedlings.

The effect of paper industry effluent on the growth and content of certain macromolecules of seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Kesari-82K) has been examined. The effects were investigated in relation to both concentration of effluent and time of exposure to the effluent. Percentage of germination, water imbibing capacity, growth, pigment, carbohydrate and protein content showed a decreasing trend with increase in effluent concentration and time. Protein content was the most sensitive macromolecule affected by effluent. Measurement of protein and protein enzymes might therefore provide a useful criterion for the evaluation of the phytotoxicity of effluent released from the pulp and paper industries.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

The transformation of Zimbabwe's health care system: a review of the White Paper on health.

In a recently released White Paper on health, the Government of Zimbabwe details its plans to transform the colonial health care system it inherited at the time of independence to one consonant with its commitment to socialist development. The essence of the transformation can be described in terms of several key ideas. First, there is a commitment to develop an integrated non-racial health care system. Second, there is a concerted attempt to develop a primary health care system throughout Zimbabwe. Third, there is a deliberate attempt to 'redistribute' health care resources by making sure that additional or new resources are largely devoted to the rural populations. Fourth, the government is committed, and has acted on the commitment, to ensure equitable access to health services. Fifth, the government is taking a variety of measures to limit the size and influence of the private medical sector. Sixth, there is a serious intent to involve local populations in the health planning and programming. Seventh, human resource development must be consistent with the primary health care system the government wishes to establish throughout the country. It is suggested that while the White Paper is unclear and uncertain about some important aspects of the transformation, for example, with regard to the private sector and the financing of the National Health Service, most of its proposed changes are well within the realm of feasibility.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1995

Determination of proguanil and metabolites in small sample volumes of whole blood stored on filter paper by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A method is reported for the determination of proguanil and its two metabolites cycloguanil and 4-chlorophenylbiguanide in whole blood and plasma samples obtained by thumbprick and stored dry on filter paper. The sample preparation involves liquid extraction from the filter paper and subsequent solid-phase extraction using C8 Bond-Elut cartridges. Separation and quantification is by a previously reported ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatographic system with ODS Hypersil as stationary phase and an 50:50 acetonitrile-pH 2 phosphate buffer mobile phase containing 200 mM sodium dodecylsulphate as ion-pairing agent. The analytical characteristics of the method are reported. Representative concentrations are shown as a function of time from a human subject after ingestion of a single 200-mg dose of proguanil hydrochloride. Typical ranges of concentration detected by the proposed method in human subjects were proguanil 12-900 ng/ml, cycloguanil 16-44 ng/ml and 4-chlorophenylbiguanide 1.5-10 ng/ml in whole blood.

Antimalarials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new method for locating saliva stains-spotty paper for spotting spit.

A convenient method of locating saliva stains has been devised. Filter paper covered with blue coloured starch fragments is laid on the material to be tested. Salivary amylase hydrolyses the starch on the areas of paper corresponding to saliva stains, which are then delineated as clear zones whereas negative areas remain speckled with blue particles.

Amylases↗
PubMed1988

Analysis by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy on silver hydrosols and silver coated filter papers.

Surface enhanced Raman spectrometry (SERS) is an analytical technique with a sensitivity comparable to that of conventional molecular absorption or fluorescence spectroscopy, with the additional major advantage of selectivity inherent in vibrational spectroscopies. The analytical application of flowing silver hydrosols is described. Under the controlled experimental conditions of flow injection analysis, it was possible to detect as low as 30 ng of p-aminobenzoic acid. The linear range was two orders of magnitude (1-100 microg ml(-1)) with a signal reproducibility of 3.2%. Silver coated filter paper is another SERS active substrate that is simple to prepare and handle. The SERS spectra of several nitrogen-containing molecules were obtained on these substrates. The effects of laser power and paper hydration are described. The relative advantages of both substrates are compared.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

A pen-and-paper human analogue of a monkey prefrontal cortex activation task: spatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia.

In order to pursue the hypothesis that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is a source of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia, we developed an easily administered pen-and-paper human analogue of a visuospatial working memory task that in non-human primates activates the neurons of Walker area 46 (Goldman-Rakic, 1987). Compared to normal controls, schizophrenic patients made significantly greater errors in identifying where a visuospatial stimulus had been presented to them 30 and 60 seconds earlier, and these differences were significantly greater than in an immediate recall condition. These data suggest that schizophrenic patients have visuospatial working memory deficits that are sensitive to pen-and-paper versions of the tasks that activate the Walker area 46 in non-human primates. The availability of an easily administered test that may be associated with the functioning of the prefrontal cortex may enable more specific assessment of this brain region in humans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Mode effects for collecting alcohol and tobacco data among 3rd and 4th grade students: a randomized pilot study of Web-form versus paper-form surveys.

OBJECTIVES: The present study examined the feasibility and possible mode effects of using a Web-form versus a paper-form survey to collect alcohol and tobacco data from 3rd and 4th grade students. METHODS: A survey regarding alcohol and tobacco use and attitudes was administered to 280 3rd and 4th grade students attending a racially and economically diverse Midwestern urban school district in the spring of 2003. The sample was randomly assigned to complete a Web-form survey (n=137) or a hardcopy paper-form survey (n=143). RESULTS: The overall response rate was 87% and did not differ by survey mode. There were minimal differences between survey modes in data quality including substantive responses to alcohol and tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study offer preliminary evidence that Web-form surveys can be considered for collecting alcohol and tobacco use data among young children. Although there were few survey mode differences, our findings suggest more research is needed to examine possible measurement errors induced by computer-based approaches of data collection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Symptom recording in a randomised clinical trial: paper diaries vs. electronic or telephone data capture.

BACKGROUND: Patients may be asked to register a symptom daily in clinical trials. A problem associated with this kind of registration is that patients do not always fill in the diary at the appropriate time. As there is evidence showing that memory is unreliable, this undermines the entire purpose of collecting daily data on paper diaries. We aimed to compare accuracy, autocorrelations of consecutive entries, and responsiveness in paper diaries (P-Diaries) with electronic diaries (E-Diaries) and telephone diaries (T-Diaries). METHODS: In a multi-centre, open, and parallel trial, 177 patients were allocated at random to P-Diaries, E-Diaries, or T-Diaries for the registration of symptoms through 4 weeks of treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). The primary outcome measure was the diaries. FINDINGS: The proportion of patients completing all morning and all evening entries on time was low for both E-Diary and T-Diary groups. By accepting entries that were done half a day late, the proportion was increased to 19/57 (33%) for the E-Diary group, and to 9/61 (15%) for the T-Diary group. For P-Diary, where no control for time registration and entries was adapted, 37/59 (63%) of the patients completed all morning and all evening entries. A significant higher autocorrelation in P-Diaries was also found. Responsiveness was similar regardless of method of data capture. INTERPRETATION: The results are consistent with the suggestion that data in the P-Diaries are not filled in at the appropriate time. Use of E-Diaries or T-Diaries improves quality and is recommended in future clinical trials.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

On-line process monitoring of water-soluble ions in pulp and paper machine waters by capillary electrophoresis.

In this study, capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used for separation of inorganic and organic ions from waters of paper and paperboard machines at mills. The instrument was constructed for on-line measurements by building a batch-type sample feeding unit. Chloride, thiosulphate, sulphate, oxalate, sulphite, hydrogen sulphide, formate, carbonate, phosphate and acetate in the process water samples were separated using an ion-specific separation system in CE with dicarboxylic acid buffer (pH 8.2), with pyridinium-2,3-dicarboxylic acid modified with commercial NICE-Pak OFM-OH solution (pH 12.0) or with a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solution modified with chromate (pH 10.6). In addition, Analis CEofix Anions 8 electrolyte solution was tested in on-line studies at mills. It allowed 5 min separation time for the anions. Aluminium was determined at pH 3.6 in 10 min by using a laboratory-made imidazole buffer modified with 18-crown 6-ether. The developed CE systems were used to monitor the concentrations of sulphur species in dithionite degradation, to estimate corrosion degree in the water tanks, to monitor formaldehyde as the biocide chemical in wire washing and, in general, to observe process disturbances resulting from chemical feedings and their sites. The CE combination was on-line coupled to eight different process machines for continuous monitoring of concentrations for periods between two weeks and one month at paper and pulp mills in Finland.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed2005

Cuts and tears on a paper towel: a case report on an unusual examination of damage.

The examination of damage to a paper towel, an item of evidence in a murder case, is described. Simulations performed with selected tools and the observation of the lacerations present on the towel permitted to infer that they were originated by cleaning of a pointed and sharp implement. Some marks, considered characteristic of scissors, were detected on the exhibit. This experimental outcome resulted critical in challenging the declarations of the suspect. A rather significant analogy between damage examination on paper towels and on textiles was established.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Knowing and doing phenomenology: the implications of the critique of 'nursing phenomenology' for a phenomenological inquiry: a discussion paper.

Phenomenological research in nursing has come under sustained attack in recent years with some nurse researchers accused of betraying the fundamental tenets of phenomenology and of misconstruing its key concepts. This paper aims to show how a study informed by the critique of 'nursing phenomenology' was designed and conducted. In particular, the implications of the key phenomenological concepts of intentionality and bracketing for data collection, data analysis and the presentation of findings are explored in relation to an investigation of the concept of the Clinical Placement Coordinator (CPC), an innovative student support role in Irish nursing education. The paper shows how an understanding of the key phenomenological notions of bracketing and intentionality, and careful consideration of their implications for research design and conduct, can enrich nursing research by retaining the objectivity and critique central to the phenomenological method. The illumination and clarification of contested and complex concepts can be achieved by encouraging both researcher and co-researchers to get 'back to the things themselves' by taking a fresh unprejudiced look at the necessary and sufficient elements of phenomena of interest to nursing as they appear to those who experience them.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Practices of responsibility and nurses during the euthanasia programs of Nazi Germany: a discussion paper.

In this paper, we focus on the contexts of moral decision-making by nurses in the euthanasia programs of Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1945 using Urban Walker's philosophical model. We use the second hypothesis of this model, that morality consists of practices of responsibility, to give an analysis of the understandings nurses had of their responsibilities in the euthanasia programs. The article starts with a brief introduction to the euthanasia programs of Nazi Germany from 1939 to 1945 and nurse participation, to illustrate how the responsibilities of nurses were manipulated. Secondly, nursing as moral practices are analysed in the context of the euthanasia programs that implement commonly shared understandings and practices of responsibility. Thirdly, the reasons that nurses gave for avoiding any responsibilities are examined. Fourthly, it is examined if nurses took any responsibility in the euthanasia programs. In conclusion, this paper discusses three points of relevance such a reflection on moral responsibility in the context of Nazi Germany has for nurses today who may be confronted with euthanasia.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Calling for international collaborative research in nursing, genetics and genomics: a discussion paper.

UNLABELLED: There is an explosion in the numbers of nurse authors exploring new and exciting opportunities to understand genomic medicine because of international success on The Human Genome Project. OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this paper is to spotlight and to promote collaborative interdisciplinary and international nursing research within genetics and genomics. DESIGN: Review of the literature. DATA SOURCES: Research in nursing pertaining to genetics and genomics, policy statements, and opinion papers. REVIEW METHODS: Synthesis of the literature in four areas: genetic nursing research, genomic medicine, barriers to international collaboration, and elements that foster international collaboration. RESULTS: Genetics and genomic medicine have implications for virtually all diseases in all health care settings in developed and still developing nations. Research in nursing, genetics and genomics is scarce. There is a gap in nursing literature about how to address barriers to foster international collaboration. CONCLUSIONS: The authors who have engaged in international collaboration offer a tentative road map for establishing and assessing the progress of research collaboration. New funding mechanisms to support international nursing research in this area are needed.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2005

Internet-administered adolescent health questionnaires compared with a paper version in a randomized study.

PURPOSE: To assess whether the scores of an Internet-administered adolescent health questionnaire (using two different interfaces) are equivalent to those obtained via paper and pencil (P&P). Furthermore, it compares adolescents' evaluations of modes of administration. METHODS: We randomly assigned 591 adolescents (aged 13-17 years) from five secondary schools within their classes to one of the two Internet interfaces (multiple items vs. one item per screen) or P&P. Adolescents completed questionnaires on psychosocial well-being (KIVPA), self-reported problems, health care utilization, and health-related behavior and supplementary evaluation surveys (on the given health questionnaire mode) in the computer classrooms. Differences in questionnaire scores among administration modes were analyzed by the Student's t-test and Wald test. RESULTS: Response rate was 96% (n = 565). Adolescents in the Internet one-item mode more frequently reported satisfaction with appearance compared with the Internet multiple-items mode (p </= .01). The Internet group had more adolescents reporting that they have a sufficient number of friends than those in the paper mode (p </= .01). The Internet mode received more favorable evaluations than P&P. The multiple items per screen format was favored over the one item per screen format on perceived speed of the administration mode. CONCLUSIONS: Health questionnaires via Internet were positively evaluated and generally resulted in equal scores of health status/health behavior compared with the P&P mode. We recommend further research with other questionnaires, and in other settings as well with regard to score equivalence between web-based and P&P-administered questionnaires.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Stability of 5-aminolevulinic acid on dried urine filter paper for a diagnostic marker of tyrosinemia type I.

The chemical diagnosis of tyrosinemia type I generally involves the detection of succinylacetone (SA) in patient urine. However, 5-aminolevulinate (5ALA), which accumulates due to succinylacetone's inhibition of porphyrin synthesis, can also be used as diagnostic metabolites. Here we examined the stabilities of these markers on dried urine filter paper. After two weeks at room temperature, the succinylacetone was 10% of its original level, but over 80% of 5-aminolevulinate remained. Thus, although insufficient succinylacetone was recovered from dried urine filter paper to diagnose tyrosinemia type I, 5-aminolevulinate was readily detected, permitting the diagnosis.

Aminolevulinic Acid↗
PubMed2005

Influence of anisotropy on the dynamic wetting and permeation of paper coatings.

A void network model, named Pore-Cor, has been used to study the permeation of an ink solvent into paper coating formulations coated onto a synthetic substrate. The network model generated anisotropic void networks of rectangular cross-sectional pores connected by elliptical cross-sectional throats. These structures had porosities and mercury intrusion properties which closely matched those of the experimental samples. The permeation of hexadecane, used as an analogue for the experimental test oil, was then simulated through these void structures. The simulations were compared to measurements of the permeation of mineral oil into four types of paper coating formulation. The simulations showed that the inertia of the fluid as it enters void features causes a considerable change in wetting over a few milliseconds, a timescale relevant to printing in a modern press. They also showed that in the more anisotropic samples, fast advance wetting occurred through narrow void features. It was found that the match between experimental and simulated wetting could be improved by correcting the simulation for the number of surface throats. The simulations showed a more realistic experimental trend, and much greater preferential flow, than the traditional Lucas-Washburn and effective hydraulic radius approaches.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Despite technical problems personal digital assistants outperform pen and paper when collecting patient diary data.

OBJECTIVES: To assess how personal digital assistants (PDAs) perform as collection tools of patient-reported outcomes in clinical research compared to pen and paper (P&P) diaries in terms of feasibility, protocol compliance, data accuracy, and subject acceptability. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A systematic review of randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing the PDA and P&P methods in a health diary context involving repeated measures in persons with chronic health problems. RESULTS: Nine studies were included. Their methodological quality was variable. Five studies reported on feasibility, and all reported technical difficulties with the PDA technology. Two studies reported that electronic collection leads to a substantial reduction in time used for data handling. Five studies reported that the PDA method results in better compliance, whereas one study reported the opposite. All three articles reporting on data accuracy indicated that there are fewer errors in the PDA records. Four articles scrutinized subject preference, and the PDA method came out favorably in all four. CONCLUSION: The PDA method seems to perform better than P&P in most of the selected outcomes. Technical malfunction is the chief disadvantage with the PDA method. Further research comparing PDA with paper data collection using more stringent methodology is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A response to issues raised in a recent paper concerning the Oxford knee score.

In a recently published paper, authors were critical of the Oxford Knee Score (OKS) patient based measure. We discuss a number of the interesting issues that this paper raised and point out some obvious misunderstandings. The OKS, whilst not perfect, has been shown in independent comparative studies to perform more satisfactorily than other measures. It remains one of a small number of measures with satisfactory measurement properties. It would be a great pity if clinicians were deterred from using the OKS on the basis of comments made in the recent publication.

Aged↗