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At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

EMG power spectrum analysis of first dorsal interosseous muscle in pianists.

PURPOSE: Long-term piano training may induce potential biochemical and structural adaptations in hand intrinsic muscles or alter the motor strategy in the nervous systems. METHODS: This study investigated, by electromyography (EMG) and strain gauge, whether this pedagogical training is aerobic or anaerobic by nature. Changes in EMG power spectrum during incremental isometric muscle contractions before and after a sustained, fatiguing muscular performance were studied in the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) of 13 female pianists and 15 sedentary controls. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force of the FDI and the time needed to induce fatigue were also measured. RESULTS: During fatigue, the median frequency (MF) shifted toward the low frequencies in both groups. The MF of 50% and 25%MVC subsequent to fatigue were significantly lower than those before fatigue in the control group (104.0 +/- 45.5 Hz vs 116.7 +/- 41.4 Hz at 50%, P < 0.05; 114.7 +/- 43.4 Hz vs 123.3 +/- 46.7 Hz at 25%, P < 0.05). There were no significant MF changes within the pianists before and after fatigue. The root mean squares (RMS) of 50%, 25%, and 10%MVC of control subjects after fatigue were significantly higher than those before fatigue, but not in pianists. There was no difference in MF and RMS between the two groups at any level of %MVC before or after fatigue, but the pianists tended to show higher MF at each level of %MVC. Although the MVC was similar in both groups, the pianists, however, needed a much longer time to induce fatigue than controls (14.3 +/- 5.8 min vs 5.8 +/- 3.3 min, P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: These observations are discussed in terms of the training-induced metabolic adaptations, the changes in the strategy of motor unit recruitment, and the possibility of differences in muscle fiber composition. This study indicates that piano training should not be classified as power training, rather as endurance training. Such findings may also provide information about fine motor training for athletes and other professionals.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eliminating sexism in the classroom.

Sexism exists in many nursing classrooms without the teacher or students being aware of it. Speech patterns, written-communication, and pedagogical styles may contribute to sexism. Nurse educators need to take measures to identify and eliminate sexism from the classroom, because it subordinates and limits students. The classroom should promote gender-free situations that enhance and contribute to learning and advancement of all students.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Creating a caring community in nursing education.

In response to the call to reclaim caring in nursing, an associate of science in nursing degree program recently incorporated a curriculum that emphasizes the teaching and learning of caring. To accomplish this goal, caring groups composed of nursing faculty and students were established. The caring group experience involved the creation of a safe place in which nursing students and faculty could engage each other in a reciprocal dialogue of sharing and support. This article reports the findings of a qualitative study designed to discover and describe the lived experience of being in a caring group from the perspective of nursing students. Participants reported being more aware of the meaning and importance of caring in their personal and professional lives, being more accepting of others, and valuing caring and self-care more. They also expressed an intention to recreate the caring group experience in future practice settings. Conclusions from this study address the pedagogical measures necessary to sustain care and caring as the essence of nursing.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strategies for teaching loss, grief, and bereavement.

Teaching loss, grief, and bereavement to nursing students should be an interactive process to stimulate critical thinking and address the affective domain of learning. Lecture as a teaching methodology may be the easiest to prepare and deliver; however, used alone, it is ineffective in identifying perceptions, fears, and issues related to dying and death. Personal and professional experiences of loss, grief, and bereavement are central to student's learning of effective and compassionate care of the dying patient and their family. Strategies that explore such experiences allow students to move forward and focus on the cognitive retention of content related to loss, grief, and bereavement, as well as the ability to learn related psychomotor skills. The authors discuss pedagogical methods for teaching student nurses about loss, grief, and bereavement utilizing the End of Life Nursing Education Consortium (ELNEC) curriculum training materials.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Active Learning in Nursing Education (ALINE).

ALINE is a pedagogical model developed to aid nursing faculty transition from passive to active learning. Based on the constructionist theory, ALINE serves as a tool for organizing curriculum for online and classroom-based interaction and positioning the student as the active player and the instructor as the facilitator of nursing competency.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Linking nursing theory and practice: a critical-feminist approach.

Situated in a critical-feminist perspective, this article describes a pedagogical approach to linking nursing theory and practice. The inclusion of the critical humanities is emphasized in creating an environment in which this linkage can be reified for learners. Implications for the future of nursing theory and its links to practice in the context of current political realities in academia are considered.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interdisciplinary collaboration: an effective approach for developing web-based courses.

Nursing faculty often perceive that developing Web-based distance education courses is very time consuming, while others believe they lack the necessary pedagogical skills. This article describes an interdisciplinary collaborative approach to developing a Web-based distance education course in an academic health science center. This strategy effectively supported faculty in learning new skills and resulted in a highly satisfying experience for faculty and students.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Medical education for a changing world: moving beyond cultural competence into transnational competence.

Given rapidly changing global demographic dynamics and the unimpressive evidence regarding health outcomes attributable to cultural competence (CC) education, it is time to consider a fresh and unencumbered approach to preparing physicians to reduce health disparities and care for ethnoculturally and socially diverse patients, including migrants. Transnational competence (TC) education offers a comprehensive set of core skills derived from international relations, cross-cultural psychology, and intercultural communication that are also applicable for medical education. The authors discuss five limitations (conceptual, vision, action, alliance, and pedagogical) of current CC approaches and explain how an educational model based on TC would address each problem area.The authors then identify and discuss the skill domains, core principles, and reinforcing pedagogy of TC education. The five skill domains of TC are analytic, emotional, creative, communicative, and functional; core principles include a comprehensive and consistent framework, patient-centered learning, and competency assessment. A central component of TC pedagogy is having students prepare a "miniethnography" for each patient that addresses not only issues related to physical and mental health, but also experiences related to dislocation and adaptation to unfamiliar settings. The TC approach promotes advances in preparing medical students to reduce health disparities among patients with multiple and diverse backgrounds, health conditions, and health care beliefs and practices. Perhaps most important, TC consistently directs attention to the policy and social factors, as well as the individual considerations, that can alleviate suffering and enhance health and well-being in a globalizing world.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2006

Resident physicians' competencies and attitudes in delivering a postnatal diagnosis of Down syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: This study responded to the need expressed by physicians and parents alike for improved medical information and support to families upon the initial diagnosis of Down syndrome at birth. The purpose was to assess obstetrics and gynecology and pediatrics residents' cognitive knowledge about Down syndrome and comfort in counseling parents with a newborn child with Down syndrome before and after intervention (resident viewing and interaction with the educational material). METHODS: A team of physicians, parents, and educational specialists developed an interactive CD-ROM that asked resident physicians to read and view virtual patient-doctor sessions, and provide their own responses to critical situations related to Down syndrome diagnoses. The research tested both knowledge and attitude change, as well as the effectiveness of an interactive CD-ROM as a pedagogical tool. RESULTS: Our effectiveness study yielded positive and significant improvement in knowledge and level of comfort changes with both obstetrics and gynecology and pediatric physicians in residence at the University of Kentucky. Residents also found the technologically based interactive type of instruction to be usable and valuable. CONCLUSION: Teaching physicians to impart accurate and balanced information about Down syndrome at the initial point of diagnosis can be achieved, in part, through training with the CD-ROM. From a broader perspective, this effectiveness study suggests the potential applications of these communication strategies not only to families who have a child with Down syndrome, but also to those with other life-altering disabilities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-3.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Ecological validity of neurofeedback: modulation of slow wave EEG enhances musical performance.

Biofeedback-assisted modulation of electrocortical activity has been established to have intrinsic clinical benefits and has been shown to improve cognitive performance in healthy humans. In order to further investigate the pedagogic relevance of electroencephalograph (EEG) biofeedback (neurofeedback) for enhancing normal function, a series of investigations assessed the training's impact on an ecologically valid real-life behavioural performance measure: music performance under stressful conditions in conservatoire students. In a pilot study, single-blind expert ratings documented improvements in musical performance in a student group that received training on attention and relaxation related neurofeedback protocols, and improvements were highly correlated with learning to progressively raise theta (5-8 Hz) over alpha (8-11 Hz) band amplitudes. These findings were replicated in a second experiment where an alpha/theta training group displayed significant performance enhancement not found with other neurofeedback training protocols or in alternative interventions, including the widely applied Alexander technique.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Entropic lattice Boltzmann model for Burgers's equation.

Entropic lattice Boltzmann models are discrete-velocity models of hydrodynamics that possess a Lyapunov function. This feature makes them useful as nonlinearly stable numerical methods for integrating hydrodynamic equations. Over the last few years, such models have been successfully developed for the Navier-Stokes equations in two and three dimensions, and have been proposed as a new category of subgrid model of turbulence. In the present work we develop an entropic lattice Boltzmann model for Burgers's equation in one spatial dimension. In addition to its pedagogical value as a simple example of such a model, our result is actually a very effective way to simulate Burgers's equation in one dimension. At moderate to high values of viscosity, we confirm that it exhibits no trace of instability. At very small values of viscosity, however, we report the existence of oscillations of bounded amplitude in the vicinity of the shock, where gradient scale lengths become comparable with the grid size. As the viscosity decreases, the amplitude at which these oscillations saturate tends to increase. This indicates that, in spite of their nonlinear stability, entropic lattice Boltzmann models may become inaccurate when the ratio of gradient scale length to grid spacing becomes too small. Similar inaccuracies may limit the utility of the entropic lattice Boltzmann paradigm as a subgrid model of Navier-Stokes turbulence.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Statistical thermodynamics of quantum Brownian motion: construction of perpetuum mobile of the second kind.

The Brownian motion of a quantum particle in a harmonic confining potential and coupled to harmonic quantum thermal bath is exactly solvable. Though this system presents at high temperatures a pedagogic example to explain the laws of thermodynamics, it is shown that at low enough temperatures the stationary state is non-Gibbsian due to an entanglement with the bath. In physical terms, this happens when the cloud of bath modes around the particle starts to play a nontrivial role, namely, when the bath temperature T is smaller than the coupling energy. Indeed, equilibrium thermodynamics of the total system, particle plus bath, does not imply standard equilibrium thermodynamics for the particle itself at low T. Various formulations of the second law are found to be invalid at low T. First, the Clausius inequality can be violated, because heat can be extracted from the zero point energy of the cloud of bath modes. Second, when the width of the confining potential is suddenly changed, there occurs a relaxation to equilibrium during which the entropy production is partly negative. In this process the energy put on the particle does not relax monotonically, but oscillates between particle and bath, even in the limit of strong damping. Third, for nonadiabatic changes of system parameters the rate of energy dissipation can be negative, and, out of equilibrium, cyclic processes are possible which extract work from the bath. Conditions are put forward under which perpetuum mobility of the second kind, having one or several work extraction cycles, enter the realm of condensed matter physics. Fourth, it follows that the equivalence between different formulations of the second law (e.g., those by Clausius and Thomson) can be violated at low temperatures. These effects are the consequence of quantum entanglement in the presence of the slightly off-equilibrium nature of the thermal bath, and become important when the characteristic quantum time scale variant Planck's over 2pi /k(B)T is larger than or comparable to other time scales of the system. They show that there is no general consensus between standard thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. The known agreements occur only due to the weak coupling limit, which does not pertain to low temperatures. Experimental setups for testing the effects are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Realizability of stationary spherically symmetric transonic accretion.

The spherically symmetric stationary transonic (Bondi) flow is considered a classic example of an accretion flow. This flow, however, is along a separatrix, which is usually not physically realizable. We demonstrate, using a pedagogical example, that it is the dynamics which selects the transonic flow.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Rare event statistics in reaction-diffusion systems.

We present an efficient method to calculate probabilities of large deviations from the typical behavior (rare events) in reaction-diffusion systems. This method is based on a semiclassical treatment of an underlying "quantum" Hamiltonian, encoding the system's evolution. To this end, we formulate the corresponding canonical dynamical system and investigate its phase portrait. This method is presented for a number of pedagogical examples.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Integral equation approach to time-dependent kinematic dynamos in finite domains.

The homogeneous dynamo effect is at the root of cosmic magnetic field generation. With only a very few exceptions, the numerical treatment of homogeneous dynamos is carried out in the framework of the differential equation approach. The present paper tries to facilitate the use of integral equations in dynamo research. Apart from the pedagogical value to illustrate dynamo action within the well-known picture of the Biot-Savart law, the integral equation approach has a number of practical advantages. The first advantage is its proven numerical robustness and stability. The second and perhaps most important advantage is its applicability to dynamos in arbitrary geometries. The third advantage is its intimate connection to inverse problems relevant not only for dynamos but also for technical applications of magnetohydrodynamics. The paper provides the first general formulation and application of the integral equation approach to time-dependent kinematic dynamos, with stationary dynamo sources, in finite domains. The time dependence is restricted to the magnetic field, whereas the velocity or corresponding mean-field sources of dynamo action are supposed to be stationary. For the spherically symmetric alpha2 dynamo model it is shown how the general formulation is reduced to a coupled system of two radial integral equations for the defining scalars of the poloidal and toroidal field components. The integral equation formulation for spherical dynamos with general stationary velocity fields is also derived. Two numerical examples--the alpha2 dynamo model with radially varying alpha and the Bullard-Gellman model--illustrate the equivalence of the approach with the usual differential equation method. The main advantage of the method is exemplified by the treatment of an alpha2 dynamo in rectangular domains.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Random walks with shrinking steps: first-passage characteristics.

We study the mean first-passage time of a one-dimensional random walker with step sizes decaying exponentially in discrete time. That is step sizes go like lambda(n) with lambda< or =1. We also present, for pedagogical purposes, a continuum system with a diffusion constant decaying exponentially in continuous time. Qualitatively both systems are alike in their global properties. However, the discrete case shows very rich mathematical structure, depending on the value of the shrinking parameter, such as self-repetitive and fractal-like structure for the first-passage characteristics. The results we present show that the most important quantitative behavior of the discrete case is that the support of the distribution function evolves in time in a rather complicated way in contrast to the time independent lattice structure of the ordinary random walker. We also show that there are critical values of lambda defined by the equation lambda(K) + 2lambda(P)-2=0 with {K,N}[formula: see text] where the mean first-passage time undergoes transitions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Rare events and the convergence of exponentially averaged work values.

Equilibrium free energy differences are given by exponential averages of nonequilibrium work values; such averages, however, often converge poorly, as they are dominated by rare realizations. I show that there is a simple and intuitively appealing description of these rare but dominant realizations. This description is expressed as a duality between "forward" and "reverse" processes, and provides both heuristic insights and quantitative estimates regarding the number of realizations needed for convergence of the exponential average. Analogous results apply to the equilibrium perturbation method of estimating free energy differences. The pedagogical example of a piston and gas [R.C. Lua and A.Y. Grosberg, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 6805 (2005)] is used to illustrate the general discussion.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Locality of quark-hadron duality and deviations from quark counting rules above the resonance region.

We show how deviations from the dimensional scaling laws for exclusive processes may be related to a breakdown in the locality of quark-hadron duality. The essential principles are illustrated in a pedagogic model of a composite system with two spinless charged constituents, for which a dual picture for the low-energy resonance phenomena and high-energy scaling behavior can be established. We introduce the concept of "restricted locality" of quark-hadron duality and show how this results in deviations from the perturbative quantum chromodynamics quark counting rules above the resonance region. In particular, it can be a possible source for oscillations about the smooth quark counting rule, as seen, e.g., in the 90-degree differential cross sections for gammap-->pi(+)n.

Journal Article↗