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PubMed2000

Race/ethnicity, social class and their relation to physical inactivity during leisure time: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.

BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity is more prevalent among racial and ethnic minorities than among Caucasians. It is not known if differences in participation in leisure time physical activity are due to differences in social class. Thus, this paper provides estimates of the prevalence of physical inactivity during leisure time and its relationship to race/ethnicity and social class. METHODS: This was a national representative cross-sectional survey with an in-person interview and medical examination. Between 1988 and 1994, 18,885 adults aged 20 or older responded to the household adult and family questionnaires as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey . Mexican-Americans and African-Americans were over-sampled to produce reliable estimates for these groups. Multiple assessment of social class included education, family income, occupation, poverty status, employment status, and marital status. RESULTS: The age-adjusted prevalence (per 100) of adults reporting leisure time inactivity is lower among Caucasians (18%) than among African-Americans (35%) and Mexican-Americans (40%). African-American and Mexican-American men and women reported higher prevalence of leisure time inactivity than their Caucasian counterparts across almost every variable, including education, family income, occupation, employment, poverty and marital status. CONCLUSIONS: Current indicators of social class do not seem to explain the higher prevalence of physical inactivity during leisure time among African-American and Mexican-American. More research is needed to examine the effect of other constructs of social class such as acculturation, safety, social support and environmental barriers in promoting successful interventions to increase physical activity in these populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The geography of highly skilled international migration.

"The present paper provides a research review of recent literature on international migration by the highly skilled. Its principal aim is to identify the themes which are being discussed, and suggest where research into the subject might best proceed.... [The authors outline] the two most important perspectives in extant research, economic and socio-cultural, [and review] what is known about the geography of migration by the highly skilled.... The paper proposes...a reconceptualisation of migration by the highly skilled as one element in the international movement of expertise."

Culture↗
PubMed1996

Optimal immigration, education and growth in the long run.

"The paper extends Manning's model on education and balanced growth to include labour immigration. Each immigration unit is assumed to consist of one skilled worker and some unskilled members. The optimal immigration policy which maximizes the per capita steady-state consumption of the host country is derived. We show that optimal immigration policy can reduce the steady-state skilled labour ratio. More interesting still, contrary to the widespread belief that immigration of skilled workers hurts local skilled workers, it is the unskilled local workers whose interests are threatened by optimal immigration policy."

Demography↗
PubMed1995

Migrant selectivity and returns to skills: the case of Taiwanese immigrants in the United States.

"This article examines the selection of international migration from Taiwan to the United States in terms of the skills and abilities of emigrants. Micro data from Taiwan and the U.S. are used to test Borjas' self-selection model (1987).... Based on the assumption that emigrants choose to move to the destination that can maximize their expected lifetime earnings and provide higher returns to their human capital, Heckman (1979) developed a two-stage method that allows one to correct the problem of selectivity bias and to estimate directions of the selection on the basis of observed characteristics (the levels of skills or education) and unobserved characteristics (innate ability or motivation) for both emigrants and non-emigrants." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Americas↗
PubMed1996

International trade in services: a growing trend among highly skilled migrants with special reference to Asia.

"An essential component of trade in services is cross-border movements of service providers.... On the one hand, there are international movements of skilled transients who emigrate for individual reasons in a long term perspective. On the other hand, there are skilled temporary migrants who perform services abroad without the intention or right to settle or seek employment in the host country. This study aims to clarify these differences using the example provided by the Asian Pacific region. Moreover, this study shows that the dynamics of skilled international migration is largely determined by the circulatory movement of skills of international service providers and has emerged as an essential component of economic development strategy of the countries in the region."

Asia↗
PubMed1997

The vulnerability of Asian women migrant workers to a lack of protection and to violence.

"The paper argues that women moving abroad as domestic workers are, in many instances, unprepared, unprotected, and therefore open to exploitation and violent treatment. It suggests that the factors resulting in this common outcome are clear, and that an examination of the situation and the relevant factors leads us to a set of intervention strategies which are feasible. Six areas of intervention are identified: conventions, legislation, government control of processes, supervision, preparation and empowerment of the women, and support NGOs [nongovernmental organizations] including self-help groups."

Asia↗
PubMed2001

The prevalence of asthma and heart disease in transport workers: a practice-based study.

BACKGROUND: There has been widespread concern that the increasing incidence of asthma observed during the late 1980s might have arisen because of environmental pollution, and in particular vehicle pollution. The General Practice Morbidity Survey in 1991/92 (MSGP4) collected data on occupation, employment status, and smoking habit linked individually to each patient record. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether people with occupations that have high exposure to vehicle exhaust fumes have an increased prevalence of asthma, acute respiratory infections, and ischaemic heart disease (IHD). METHOD: Men aged 16 to 64 years were grouped by Standard Occupational Classification codes; 93,692 employed and 20,858 not-employed men were studied separately. Those with likely high occupational exposure were grouped together ('all-exposed')--the remainder occupations in corresponding chapters of the code were used as controls. We compared 12-month age and smoking standardised disease prevalence ratios for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory infections (IHD), and all circulatory disorders in the all exposed and individual exposed occupations with their matching controls. Also the mean frequency of consultations per person consulting was calculated for each occupational group and disease. RESULTS: For employed persons, the prevalence ratio (PR) for asthma in the all-exposed, (116, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 101-130) exceeded that for all employed persons (100); however, the difference compared with chapter-matched controls (PR = 97, 95% CI = 92-103), was not statistically significant. Results for COPD were similar. Prevalence ratios in motor mechanics, a high-exposure group, were 98 (95% CI = 70-127) 96 (95% CI = 70-123) for asthma and COPD respectively. Among the employed, prevalence ratios for IHD in all but one of the individual occupation groups examined did not differ from the average, however among those not employed the ratio in the all-exposed (PR = 152, 95% CI = 128-174) exceeded that in the controls (PR = 112, 95% CI = 104-120). CONCLUSION: Occupational groups exposed to motor vehicle pollution have a marginally increased prevalence of asthma compared with working males generally, though not compared with occupation matched controls. This study has demonstrated a methodology for using GP data to examine occupation-related disease. This could be used in future by augmenting GP data with occupation and smoking information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Migration processes among the highly skilled in Europe.

"This article seeks to show that the migration process for highly skilled workers in contemporary Europe is part of the structuring of European business. It focuses on the employer's perspective and role in articulating movement, using data from various official sources as well as survey evidence from the United Kingdom. It suggests that the increasing importance of this form of mobility is related to the process of internationalization by large employers and that the particular form of movement is dependent on the evolution of corporate business."

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Differential mortality in women of reproductive age].

"This paper begins by reviewing some conceptual frameworks for the study of female mortality and indicates some of its application problems. Next it presents results of mortality of women in reproductive-age classified by age, causes of death, and socio-demographic traits (marital status, schooling, and occupation) for ten states [in Mexico] differentiated according to level of development and well-being. The data suggests differences according to age, marital status, and schooling. Finally, testing of the mutual independence and partial independence hypotheses indicates that age, marital status, and schooling correlate to the degree of development of each state." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗