Development and implementation of a school-based nutrition and fitness promotion program for ethnically diverse middle-school girls.
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Adolescent↗
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Psychosocial factors in nutrition education for hypercholesterolemic children.
The goals were to assess psychosocial effects of labeling children as hypercholesterolemic and to measure changes in child well-being as a function of participation in nutrition education interventions. Older (6-10 years old) and younger (4-6 years old) children with (> 4.55 mmol/l; > 176 mg/dL) and without elevated total cholesterol levels were identified by cholesterol screening. Psychosocial functioning (self-esteem, perceived dietary competence, health beliefs, parental control of eating) was assessed and at-risk children were randomized into a home-based, self-contained nutrition education program (the Parent-Child Autotutorial, or PCAT program), dietary counseling with a registered dietician, or an at-risk control group. At three, six, and twelve months following baseline, children's psychosocial functioning again was assessed; parents also provided data at baseline, three months, and twelve months. Analyses of data from 189 at-risk and 74 not-at-risk children revealed that: (a) Older hypercholesterolemic children reported poorer health beliefs than non-labeled children; (b) Older girls in nutrition education programs reported lower self-esteem than control group girls; (c) Older children's feelings of efficacy at choosing a healthful diet were positively related to their health beliefs and self-esteem; (d) Younger children's reports of parents' dietary control were negatively related to children's feelings of acceptance; and (e) Parents of older children in the PCAT program reported increases over time in children's ability to choose a healthful diet. The quasi-experimental design means that conclusions about negative labeling effects should be drawn cautiously, but the evidence suggests that education interventions can have an impact on child efficacy and potentially child adjustment. Factors associated with adverse reactions to labeling (parental control or feelings of efficacy) should be taken into account in the development of intervention programs for children.
Adolescent↗
Assessment of nutrition education of dental students.
This study was undertaken to determine the source and quality of the nutrition education received and to determine the nutritional knowledge gained by dental students. The assessment of the dental education program revealed a limited nutrition component uidely scattered among a number of departments and offered diversely in each of the four years. Faculty interviews and a review of course outlines indicated that some material was presented on foods; disorders; diets; nutrition, biochemistry, and physiology; and anatomical terms. A "self-instructional unit" contained seven tapes on aspects of nutrition. National Dental Board Examinations contained nutrition-related questions which would be helpful in developing a nutrition program, including the development of a dental-related nutritional knowledge test. Such a test, developed within the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, was administered to the dental students on an honor-code basis early in the fall semester. Tests were completed by 178 students. The mean per cent score, 58.7 +/- 10.2, was below the mean for undergraduate students who had completed a basic course in nutrition with a grade of "C". Evidence is presented indicating that the general nutritional knowledge of the dental students increased only during the first year of their program. A gain in nutritional knowledge was noted in the categories of: Nutrition, biochemistry, and physiology; disorders, diets, and organisms.
Counseling↗
The great beginnings program: impact of a nutrition curriculum on nutrition knowledge, diet quality, and birth outcomes in pregnant and parenting teens.
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Adolescent↗
Nutrition education in postmenopausal women: changes in dietary and cardiovascular indices.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to examine whether a diet rich in dairy products followed by a nutrition education program for the prevention of osteoporosis could have any adverse effect on certain cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors over a 5-month intervention period. METHODS: A total sample of 82 women (55-65 years old) was randomized to a dietary intervention group (IG: n=42), attending biweekly nutrition education program and provided with low-fat, fortified dairy products and to a control group (CG: n=40). Changes in dietary, biochemical and clinical indices related to CVD were determined at the end of the 5-month intervention period. RESULTS: The IG was found to have a higher decrease in the percentage of energy intake derived from total fat and a higher increase in the intake of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium compared to the CG (p<0.05). Furthermore, the IG subjects were found to have a lower increase in BMI (0.7+/-0.1 versus 1.4+/-0.2 Kg/m(2), p=0.011) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (2.5+/-2.9 versus 7.8+/-2.2 mmHg, p=0.040) and a higher decrease in serum total cholesterol (-5.2+/-3.3 versus 6.9+/-5.1 mg/dl, p=0.042) and LDL-cholesterol levels (-20.0+/-2.6 versus -12.4+/-4.2 mg/dl, p=0.034) compared to the CG. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the current study indicate that a dietary intervention aiming to minimize the risk for osteoporosis did not have any adverse effects on CVD risk factors. On the contrary, it has induced favourable changes in BMI, serum lipids and SBP.
Aged↗
Nutritional support of bone marrow transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing total parenteral nutrition to an enteral feeding program.
Although standard supportive care for bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients includes total parenteral nutrition (TPN), it has not been shown that this is the most appropriate method of nutritional support. To determine whether current BMT recipients require TPN during the early recovery period, we conducted a prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing TPN and an individualized enteral feeding program (counseling, high protein snacks and/or tube feeding). Nutritional assessment included measurement of serum proteins, anthropometry, and body composition analysis. For the latter, total body water and extracellular fluid were measured by standard radioisotope dilution techniques and used to quantitate body cell mass and body fat plus extracellular solids (FAT + ECS). In 27 TPN patients, body composition 28 days after BMT, expressed as a percentage of baseline, was body cell mass, 100%, extracellular fluid, 108%, FAT + ECS, 108%, and in 30 enteral feeding program patients, was body cell mass, 93%, extracellular fluid, 104%, and FAT + ECS, 94%. Only the difference in FAT + ECS was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Compared to the enteral feeding program, TPN was associated with more days of diuretic use, more frequent hyperglycemia, and more frequent catheter removal (prompted by catheter-related complications), but less frequent hypomagnesemia. There were no significant differences in the rate of hematopoietic recovery, length of hospitalization, or survival, but nutrition-related costs were 2.3 times greater in the TPN group. We conclude that TPN is not clearly superior to individualized enteral feeding and recommend that TPN be reserved for BMT patients who demonstrate intolerance to enteral feeding.
Adolescent↗
Effect of nutrition education on the nutritional status of low-income pregnant women of Mexican descent.
Low-income pregnant women of Mexican descent were studied to determine whether their food habits could be improved by nutrition education. Biochemical indices of nutritional status were also investigated. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained at an initial interview and again at a final interview after a nutrition education program, which was offered to a randomly selected treatment group. At the initial interview, the mean nutrient intakes that were most often below two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) were iron, vitamin A, thiamin, and calcium. The mean energy value of the diets was also frequently below the RDA. At the final intakes, although the mean energy values and the calcium and carbohydrate of both the control and treatment groups increased significantly, the following improvements in dietary intakes were seen only within the treatment group: 1) there were significant increases in the mean intake of protein, ascorbic acid, niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin, 2) there were significant decreases in the percentage of intakes below two-thirds of the RDA for ascorbic acid and riboflavin, and 3) there was a significant decrease in the incidence of multiple low nutrient intakes. These dietary improvements, which occurred only in the treatment group, suggest the effectiveness of the nutrition education program. The most common biochemical deficiencies were of folic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin. Except for an improvement in mean serum folate levels, the biochemical indices for the treatment group did not appear to be influenced by the nutrition education. It is possible that the vitamin and mineral supplements which were taken by 80% of the women could have obscured improvements in biochemical indices which may have been due to the education program.
Adult↗
Position of the American Dietetic Association, Society for Nutrition Education, and American School Food Service Association--Nutrition services: an essential component of comprehensive school health programs.
It is the position of the American Dietetic Association (ADA), the Society for Nutrition Education (SNE), and the American School Food Service Association (ASFSA) that comprehensive nutrition services must be provided to all of the nation's preschool through grade twelve students. These nutrition services shall be integrated with a coordinated, comprehensive school health program and implemented through a school nutrition policy. The policy should link comprehensive, sequential nutrition education; access to and promotion of child nutrition programs providing nutritious meals and snacks in the school environment; and family, community, and health services' partnerships supporting positive health outcomes for all children. Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is directly attributed to physical inactivity and diet. Schools can play a key role in reversing this trend through coordinated nutrition services that promote policies linking comprehensive, sequential nutrition education programs, access to and marketing of child nutrition programs, a school environment that models healthy food choices, and community partnerships. This position paper provides information and resources for nutrition professionals to use in developing and supporting comprehensive school health programs. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:505-514.
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[Dietary habits and food consumption in Spanish children and adolescents (1998-2000): socioeconomic and demographic factors].
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although children and adolescents have special nutritional requirements due to their physical development, little is known about the concept of a healthy diet. This study shows the food consumption of the Spanish population aged 2-24 years in relation to socio-economic and geographic factors. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A representative sample of the Spanish population (n = 3.534 individuals, 1.905 female and 1.629 male) was studied. Both a 24-hours recall and a general questionnaire with socio-economic, demographic and life style items were administered. RESULTS: Most individuals consumed meals at home. The consumption of vegetables (90.4 g), cereals (181.1 g) and potatoes (69.7 g) was low, the consumption of red meat (71.6 g) and sausages (46.8 g) was high, and fish consumption was low (47.7 g). Girls had insufficient intakes of milk (280.9 g). We noticed geographical differences in food consumption which may be reflected in various health outcomes in adulthood. The familiar socioeconomic status and the educational level of the mother showed some influence on the intakes of meat, fish, fruits and vegetables, yoghurt and cheese. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional education programs are needed to settle the observed nutritional inadequacies in the food habits of Spanish children and adolescents so that the future health of the population improves. It is also needed to reduce the inequalities linked to geographic and socio-economic factors.
Adolescent↗
National Dairy Council Award for Excellence in Medical/Dental Nutrition Education Lecture, 1993: some early beginnings and what now?
In 1942 the Department of Nutrition was established at Harvard University jointly in the schools of public health and medicine. It continues to stimulate and expand the teaching of nutrition in these schools, as well as in the school of dental medicine and similar schools in other universities. Nutrition is so broadly involved in health and disease that it should be woven, in an organized fashion, into many of the standard courses in these and other health professional schools. A separate, more detailed course in nutrition may be made available for those who wish to learn more about nutrition. Exposing nutrition quackery and other types of nutrition misinformation should be part of any program in nutrition education, particularly in schools of medicine, public health, and dentistry. Stimulating the teaching of nutrition in schools for health professionals requires the enthusiastic support of the dean and faculty as well as adequate financial support.
Awards and Prizes↗
Infant feeding practices in Ottawa-Carleton: the introduction of solid foods.
Infant feeding guidelines regarding the introduction of solid foods are generally not well known in Canada. The guidelines recommend that solid foods be introduced between four to six months of age, depending on the developmental readiness of the infant. In order to understand the underlying factors and patterns which contribute to the introduction of solid foods in infants, data were analyzed from three cross-sectional surveys of parents of six-month-old infants from the Ottawa-Carleton region (n = 373, 1988; n = 330, 1992; n = 338, 1996) conducted by the Ottawa-Carleton Health Department. Multivariable analysis showed that mothers who: did not breastfeed, were younger, had lower education, smoked or had partners that smoked, and lacked support after birth, were more likely to introduce solid foods before four months of age. These data support the need for nutrition education programs to increase adherence to the new Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants guidelines.
Adult↗
[Nutritional status and certain risk factor for health status of youths in Subotica].
Nutritional status represents the satisfaction of the human body with nutritive and protective substances and is the reflection of these physical and physiological characteristics, bio-chemical composition, functional capability and the health status. The aim of the examinations and nutritional status monitoring was the early discovery of nutritive disorders in an individual and/or population and undertaking of the appropriate preventive measures. During 1996 in Subotica was performed the measuring of body height, body weight, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 887 youths, aged 17-24, during the systematic examinations. Analyzing the nutritional status of youths aged 17-24 in Subotica in relation to the reference values of body mass index--BMI (kg/m2) we have registered 25.03% of youth with values of BMI < 20, 55.81% with values of BMI 20-25. Overweight (BMI > 25) was discovered in 19.16%. We have registered 3.34% of young men with systolic hypertension and 1.67% with diastolic hypertension. Increased values of total cholesterol were found in 21.69% and hypertriglyceridemia compared in 20.40% to the total number of examinees. Monitoring of nutritional status of youths by the application of consistent methodology and information system, might represent the measure of health care and the potential of the population. Besides, on the national level, it is an important indicator of health status and the basis for population nutrition improvement through the interventive and preventive programs of nutrition.
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Nutrition labeling of raw fruit, vegetables, and fish.
In response to certain requirements of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (the 1990 amendments), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed a voluntary nutrition labeling program for the 20 most frequently consumed raw fruit, vegetables, and fish in the United States. FDA used data on retail sales and food consumption to identify which foods to include in the program and developed guidelines for retailers to use in setting up the labeling program in their stores. FDA provided interim nutrition labeling data for retail use. These data are to be revised and updated at least every 2 years. A representative sample of 2,000 grocery stores will be used to assess compliance of retailers with the nutrition labeling guidelines. Substantial compliance with the guidelines is defined as compliance by 60% of the 2,000 stores.
Animals↗
The importance of nutritional support for the geriatric surgical patient.
An appropriately designed program of nutritional support will allow the geriatric patient to undergo necessary surgical therapy with fewer risks and improved results. The selection of the route of administration and the specific agent(s) will depend on the functional status of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the patient's protein and calorie requirements. Table 6 summarizes our recommendations in the delection process. Our obvious preference is the gastrointestinal tract route if possible. When this optimum method of nutritional management is not available, sequential or concurrent supplemented feedings or intravenous hyperalimentation may be required to achieve adequate protein calorie intake. Regardless of the route chosen, careful monitoring of the geriatric patient's response to nutritional therapy is required. Only through careful planning and execution of nutritional therapy can optimum results be achieved in this group of patients.
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Streamlining and implementing nutritional assessment: the dietary approach.
Early methods of assessing food intake were developed to provide nutrition services for individuals in health care. Dietary methodologies increased in number and complexity as they were used in nutrition surveys of populations and as tools for nutrition research. Recent expansion of community health programs with nutrition components, and greater emphasis on nutritional assessment in health care require the use of streamlined methods of dietary inquiry and screening. The specialized knowledge and skills of the nutritionist/dietitian are best reserved for persons identified through screening as being at high risk for malnutrition.
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Nutrition at school: preparing for the future. The Thirteenth Annual Nutrition Symposium.
Two of the best ways to improve the quality of childhood nutrition are (a) more collaboration at the national, State, and local levels and (b) adoption of innovative and multimedia learning methods, according to the leaders of nutrition education. These themes were discussed at the 13th Annual Nutrition Symposium, which was held March 9, 1994, in Washington, DC. In recognition of National Nutrition Month, a collaborative effort of the Public Health Service's Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the meeting was attended by more than 300 public and private sector nutrition educators and public health professionals. Their assignment was to analyze school-based nutrition education programs and the research being conducted on nutrition. Keynote speaker Surgeon General M. Joycelyn Elders, MD, issued the challenge for all Federal and State agencies to work with schools and nutrition education professionals to overcome limited resources and children's current eating habits to improve the nutritional status of children. Responding to that challenge, speakers from the Department of Health and Human Services, the agency sponsoring the meeting, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Education, as well as from the Congress, business, and public schools addressed several initiatives.
Adolescent↗
Sri Lanka: an innovative approach to the implementation of integrated parasite control, nutrition and family planning projects.
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Asia↗
Nationwide implementation of guided supermarket tours in The Netherlands: a dissemination study.
The purpose of this study was to assess adoption, implementation and maintenance of a guided supermarket tour program of nutrition education by Dutch Public Health Services (PHSs), and the factors associated with program dissemination. A first questionnaire was sent to all 60 PHSs, and measured program adoption, perceived program attributes, and characteristics of the adopting organization and person. A second questionnaire was only sent to adopting PHSs, and measured extent and success of implementation, intentions to continue the program, and characteristics of the main implementing person. Of the 59 PHSs who responded, 30 adopted the program and 17 implemented it sufficiently. Perceived program complexity, social influence within the PHS toward program participation and existence of a separate health education department were predictors of adoption. Perceived program complexity was also a predictor of extent of implementation. The number of health educators within each PHS was a predictor of sufficient implementation. It was concluded that adoption and implementation of the program was reasonable, considering the limited dissemination strategy. Dissemination might have been more successful if the program had been less complex and required less effort, if positive social influence had been generated, and if specific attention had been given to PHSs without a separate health education department.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗